MISCELLANEOUS  PAPERS 


OF  THE 


BOTANY  OF  MICHIGAN 


BY 


CHARLES  KEENE  DODGE 


QH105 
M5 
A3 
no. 6 


i.  m.  Bill  library 


}  (Eamltna  £>tate  HmnprHTtg 

QH105 
M5 
A3 
no»6 


THIS  BOOK  IS  DUE  ON  THE  ] 
INDICATED  BELOW  AND  IS 
JECT  TO  AN  OVERDUE  FIN 
POSTED  AT  THE  CIRCUIT 
DESK. 


v.. 


CHARLES    KEEXE    DODGE 


MICHIGAN  GEOLOGICAL  AND  BIOLOGICAL<SUKYEY 

Publication  31 
Biological  Series  (> 


MISCELLANEOUS  PAPERS 

ON  THE 

BOTANY    OF    MICHIGAN 

By 
C.  K.  DODGE 


PREPARED     UNDER    THE    DIRECTION    OF 

ALEXANDER  G.  RUTHVEX 


CHIEF    NATURALIST 


sAAAA^, 


PUBLISHED    AS    A    PART    OF    THE    ANNUAL    REPORT    OF    THE    BOARD    OF 

GEOLOGICAL    SURVEY    FOR    1920 


LANSING,  MICHIGAN 
WYNKOOP    HALLENBECK    CRAWFORD    CO..    STATE    PRINTERS 

1921 


BOARD  OF  GEOLOGICAL  AND   BIOLOGICAL  SURVEY,   1920 


EX-OFFICIO 


The  Governor  of  the  State 
HON.  ALBERT  E.  SLEEPER 

The  Superintendent  of  Public  Instruction 
HON.  THOMAS  E.  JOHNSON 

The  President  of  the  State  Board  of  Education 

HON.  FRED  JEFFERS 


director 
R.  A.  SMITH 


SCIENTIFIC   ADVISORS 

Geologists.— Dr.  L.  L.  Hubbard,  Houghton;  Prof.  W.  H.  Hobbs, 
Ann  Arbor;  Prof.  W.  H.  Sherzer,  Ypsilanti;  Prof.  E.  C.  Case, 
Ann  Arbor. 

Botanists. — Prof.  E.  A.  Bessey,  East  Lansing;  Prof.  F.  C.  Newcomb, 
Ann  Arbor. 

Zoologists. — Prof.  W.  B.  Barrows,  East  Lansing;  Prof.  J.  Reighard, 
Ann  Arbor;  Dr.  Bryant  Walker,  Detroit. 


LETTERS  OF  TRANSMITTAL. 

To  the  Honorable  the  Board  of  Geological  and  Biological  Survey  of  the 
State  of  Michigan: 

Gov.  Albert  E.  Sleeper. 
Hon.  Thomas  E.  Johnson. 
Hon.  Fred  Jeffers. 

Gentlemen: — I  have  the  honor  to  transmit  herewith  a  manuscript 
containing  miscellaneous  papers  on  the  botany  of  Michigan  by  the  late 
Charles  Keene  Dodge,  which  is  a  contribution  to  the  Biological  Survey 
of  the  State  authorized  bv  Act  No.  250  of  the  Session  of  1905.  I  recom- 
mend  that  it  be  printed  and  bound  as  Publication  31,  Biological  Series  6. 

Respectfully  }Tours, 

R.  A.  SMITH, 

Director . 


Lansing,  Michigan,  December  20,  1920. 

Sir: — I  submit  herewith  for  publication  a  number  of  manuscripts  on 
the  botany  of  Michigan  prepared  by  the  late  Charles  Keene  Dodge. 
Most  of  the  field  work,  the  results  of  which  these  papers  represent,  was 
done  under  the  direction  of  the  Chief  Naturalist  and  supported  by  the 
Survey. 

Respectfully, 

ALEXANDER  C.  RUTHVEN, 

Chief  Naturalist. 
R.  A.  Smith,  Director, 

Michigan  Geological  and  Biological  Survey. 


PREFATORY  NOTE 

By  Cecil  Billington 

The  several  lists  of  plants  comprising  this  volume  were  prepared  by 
Charles  Keene  Dodge  and  include  all  of  the  unpublished  manuscript 
left  by  him  at  his  death.  The  papers  were  evidently  complete,  as  they 
were  marked  "ready  for  the  printer".  As  this  volume  will  be  the  last 
publication  of  his  writings  it  is  deemed  fitting  to  include  a  photograph 
of  Mr.  Dodge  as  a  frontispiece,  a  short  biological  sketch,  and  a  complete 
list,  so  far  as  they  are  known,  of  his  publications. 

CHARLES  KEENE  DODGE 

Born  April  26,  1844  Died  March  22,  1918 

Charles  Keene  Dodge  was  born  on  a  farm  in  the  township  of  Black- 
man,  Jackson  Count}',  Michigan,  five  miles  north  of  the  city  of  Jackson, 
April  26,  1844.  He  received  his  education  entirely  in  the  schools  of  his 
native  state,  graduating  from  a  classical  course  at  the  University  of 
Michigan,  in  1870. 

After  leaving  the  University  he  taught  school  two  years  in  Rockland, 
Michigan,  and  two  years  at  Hancock,  Michigan.  He  then  studied  law 
one  3^ear  at  Hancock,  and  in  1875  was  admitted  to  the  bar.  He  at  once 
removed  to  Port  Huron,  Michigan,  where  he  practiced  his  profession 
actively  until  1893.  At  this  time  he  was  appointed  to  the  staff  of  the 
United  States  customs  office  at  Port  Huron,  which  position  he  hold 
until  his  death. 

On  August  4,  1897,  he  was  married  to  Miss  Millie  Burns  and  they 
made  their  home  in  Port  Huron  with  the  exception  of  two  years  spent 
in  the  west  and  south. 

Mr.  Dodge  began  to  take  an  interest  in  systematic  botany  at  about 
the  time  he  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1875.  He  had  had  a  six  weeks' 
course  in  botany  under  Alexander  Winchell  and  this,  together  with  his 
natural  love  of  the  great  out-of-doors  furnished  the  incentive  for  an 
active  interest  in  this  subject.  At  one  time  he  wrote  "Without  any 
apparent  mental  effort  I  took  to  botany  and  was  never  able  to  let  it 
alone.  Everything  described  within  the  limits  of  Gray's  Manual  inter- 
ested me.  Woods,  trees,  fields,  all  formed  an  irresistible  attraction.' 
He  has  told  the  writer  how  at  first  he  would  go  to  the  woods  or  fiekN. 
bringing  in  a  few  plants  carefully  hidden  under  his  coat   so  that   his 


8  PREFATORY  NOTE 

friends  and  neighbors  could  not  see  them.  They  nicknamed  him  "  Posy  " 
Dodge,  which  name  he  did  not  relish  and  tried  to  avoid  occasion  for  its 
use  as  much  as  possible.  However,  this  feeling  gradually  wore  off,  and 
Mr.  Dodge,  carrying  his  much-battered  vasculum,  was  a  familiar  figure 
on  the  streets  of  Port  Huron,  particularly  those  streets  leading  to  the 
country. 

In  his  early  study  of  botany  he  was  greatly  encouraged  by  the  late 
Professor  C.  F.  Wheeler  and  by  Professor  C.  K.  Davis,  both  of  whom 
strongly  urged  him  to  take  up  systematic  botany  seriously,  keep  field 
notes,  and  establish  an  herbarium  so  that  others  might  receive  the 
benefit  of  his  labor.  He  carried  on  this  work  until  1893,  when  he  be- 
came dissatisfied  with  his  collection  and  "threw  most  everything  out 
of  the  back  window  and  began  over  again".  His  ambition  now  was  to 
have  an  herbarium  embracing  the  flora  of  North  America,  and  he  engaged 
in  exchanging  material  and  building  up  a  general  collection.  After  a 
time,  however,  he  came  to  the  conclusion  that  he  could  do  more  effective 
work  by  confining  himself  to  Michigan  and  adjacent  territory,  and  his 
last  herbarium  labels  read:    "Plants  of  the  Great  Lakes  Region.' ; 

In  1908  he  became  associated  with  the  Michigan  Geological  and  Bio- 
logical Survey,  and  through  the  aid  and  encouragement  of  Dr.  A.  G. 
Ruthven,  Chief  Naturalist  of  the  Survey  and  Director  of  the  Museum 
of  Zoology  at  the  University  of- Michigan,  Mr.  Dodge  made  many  of 
his  later  and  more  important  botanical  expeditions  to  Chippewa,  Luce, 
Alger,  Schoolcraft,  Marquette,  Houghton  and  other  northern  counties. 
In  the  fall  of  1917  he  began  an  investigation  of  the  flora  of  Berrien 
County,  which  he  did  not  five  to  complete. 

As  a  recognition  of  his  services  in  extending  the  knowledge  of  the 
flora  of  Michigan,  he  was  appointed,  in  1912,  Associate  Curator  of 
Botany  in  the  Museum  of  Zoology,  University  of  Michigan,  and  con- 
tinued a  valued  member  of  the  staff  until  his  death.  His  splendid 
herbarium,  consisting  of  between  30,000  and  40,000  finery  prepared 
specimens  was  left  at  his  death  to  the  Museum  of  Zoology  at  Ann  Arbor, 
where  it  will  be  available  to  other  students  of  systematic  botanv. 

Mr.  Dodge  was  an  excellent  correspondent  and  numbered  the  fore- 
most botanists  of  the  country  among  his  friends.  He  was  not  interested 
in  the  study  of  plants  for  the  purpose  of  naming  new  species,  and  had 
little  use  for  the  "splitters",  as  he  called  that  group  of  botanists  who 
are  continually  creating  new  genera  and  species  b}r  breaking  up  the  old 
groups.  He  was  interested  principally,  as  he  put  it,  "in  finding  out 
what  grows  wild  in  Michigan",  and  he  often  expressed  the  wish  that  he 
might  live  until  he  had  made  a  complete  survey  of  the  State.  He  con- 
fined his  botanical  publications  mainly  to  lists  of  plants  of  Michigan  and 
Ontario,  but  had  under  preparation  at  the  time  of  his  death  an  ambitious 
book  giving  a  list  of  all  the  known  higher  plants  of  the  Great  Lakes 


PREFATORY  NOTE  9 

Region,  with  their  scientific  and  common  names,  medicinal  properties, 
and  any  other  obtainable  information.  If  he  had  lived  to  complete  this 
work  it  would  have  been  a  very  valuable  addition  to  the  botanical  in- 
formation of  the  district. 

So  great  was  his  interest  in  botany,  and  so  strong  was  his  desire  that 
others  should  know  the  joy  of  plant  study,  that  he  gave  to  the  high 
school  in  Port  Huron  a  nearly  complete  set  of  the  plants  of  that  vicinity. 
He  was  also  very  generous  with  his  papered  specimens,  and  there  are 
doubtless  few  herbariums  of  importance  in  the  country  that  have  not 
some  of  his  material.  He  was  always  willing  and  anxious  to  help  be- 
ginners in  systematic  botany  and  took  many  long  tramps,  through  ter- 
ritory which  afforded  him  nothing  new,  to  assist  them  in  adding  to  their 
collections.  Any  and  all  information  he  possessed  was  freely  given  to 
others. 

He  was  an  indefatigable  worker,  whether  in  the  field  or  his  herbarium. 
The  writer  had  the  privilege  of  accompanying  him  on  some  of  his  later 
excursions,  and  notwithstanding  his  age  Mr.  Dodge  could  hold  his  own 
on  a  tramp  with  most  of  the  younger  men  of  a  party.  Up  to  the  last 
year  of  his  life  he  would  tramp  all  day  in  the  hot  sun  and  work  far  into 
the  night  putting  up  his  specimens  for  drying,  and  seemingly  be  as 
fresh  as  ever  for  the  next  day's  tramping.  He  would  examine  herbarium 
specimens  until  the  small  hours  of  the  morning,  and  it  always  afforded 
him  great  pleasure  when  he  found  a  plant  he  had  not  seen  before.  In 
later  years  he  belonged  to  a  nature  club  in  Detroit  and  frequently  took 
the  long  car  ride  necessary  to  attend  their  meetings.  He  was  keenly 
interested  in  all  branches  of  natural  science,  but  would  not  allow  himself 
to  wander  far  from  his  botanical  work. 

In  spite  of  his  all-absorbing  interest  in  botany  he  was  active  in  local 
civic  affairs  and  contended  strongly  with  interests  in  Port  Huron  which 
sought  to  destroy  in  a  measure  the  beauty  of  his  home  city.  He  took 
more  than  an  ordinary  interest  in  political  affairs,  both  state  and  national, 
and  his  advanced  age  was  undoubtedly  all  that  kept  him  from  joining 
in  the  activities  of  the  Great  War,  the  events  of  which  he  followed  closely. 
His  love. of  nature  and  his  kindly  disposition  made  him  tolerant  of  his  fel- 
low man,  and  it  was  a  rare  thing  to  hear  him  speak  ill  of  anyone. 

It  was  apparent  to  those  who  saw  Mr.  Dodge  in  the  latter  part  of  1917 
that  his  health  was  failing.  He  had  been  suffering  for  some  time,  and 
the  condition  continued  to  grow  acute  until  the  next  March,  when  he 
determined  to  undergo  an  operation  and  accordingly  went  to  the  Uni- 
versity Hospital  at  Ann  Arbor  for  that  purpose.  The  shock  of  the 
operation  proved  more  than  he  could  stand,  and  he  died  on  March  22, 
1918.  With  his  passing  the  science  of  botany  in  Michigan  suffered  irre- 
parably, and  his  many  friends  and  associates  lost  a  personality  which 
had  long  been  an  inspiration  and  help  to  them. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  CHARLES  KEENE  DODGE 

Flora  of  St.  Clair  County.     Ann.  Rent.  Mich.  Horticultural  Soc,  1899. 

Observations  on  the  Crataegi  in  the  Vicinity  of  Port  Huron.    Ann.  Rept.  Mich. 
Acad.  Sci.,  1907,  123-125. 

A  Botanical  Trip  to  Thunder  Bay  Island.     Ibid.,  1908,  40-42. 

Results  of  the  Mershon  Expedition  to  the  Charity  Islands,  Lake  Huron.     Ibid., 
1911,  173-191. 

Catalog  of  Plants,  in  Biological  Survey  of  the  Sand  Dune  Region  on  the  South 
Shore  of  Saginaw  Bav,  Michigan.     Mich.  Geol.  and  Biol.  Surv.,  Pub.    4,  Biol.  Ser. 
2   1911   65-121. 
'  The  Fern  Flora  of  Michigan.     The  Fern  Bulletin,  Vol.  XX,  1912,  Xo.  1,  6-8. 

Flora  of  St.  Clair  County.    History  of  St.  Clair  County,  1912,  Vol.  I,  Chap.  V, 
30-41. 

The  Flowering  Plants,  Ferns  and  Their  Allies  of  Mackinac  Island.     Ann.  Rept. 
Mich.  Acad.  Sci.,  1913,  218-238. 

The  Flowering  Plants.  Ferns  and  Fern  Allies  Growing  Without  Cultivation  in 
Lambton  County,  Ontario.     Ibid.,  1914,  132-201. 

Annotated  List  of  Flowering  Plants  and  Ferns  of  Point  Pelee,  Ontario,  and  Xeigh- 
boring  District.     Canada  Dept.  of  Mines,  Ottawa,  1914. 

Contributions  to  the  Botanv  of  Michigan,  I.  Misc.  Publications,  Mus.  of  Zool., 
Univ.  of  Mich.,  Xo.  4,  February,  1918,  1-4. 

Contributions  to  the  Botany  of  Michigan,  II.    Misc.  Publications,  Mus.  of  Zool., 
Univ.  of  Mich.,  Xo.  5,  July,  1918.     [Posthumous.] 


CONTENTS 

Page 

Letters  of  Transmittal 

Prefatory  Note  by  Mr.  Cecil  Billington.  ~ 

Bibliography  of  Charles  Keene  Dodge 10 

Observations  on  the  Flowering  Plants,  Ferns,  and  Fern  Allies  on  and  near  the  shore  of 
Lake  Huron  from  Linwood  Park  near  Bay  City,  Bay  County,  to  Mackinaw  City, 
Cheboygan  County,  including  the  vicinity  of  St.  Ignace,  Mackinac  and  Bois  Blanc 
Islands,  Mackinac  County,  Michigan,  by  C.  K.  Dodge L5 

Observations  on  the  Flowering  Plants,  Ferns,  and  Fern  Allies  growing:  wild  in  School- 
craft County  and  Vicinity  in  the  Upper  Peninsula  of  Michigan  in  1915,  by  C.  K. 
Dodge 7" 

Observations  on  the  Wild  Plants  at  Whitefish  Point  and  Vermilion,  near  the  South 
Shore  of  Lake  Superior,  and  other  parts  of  Chippewa  County,  Michigan,  in  1914, 
by  C.  K.  Dodge 125 

Observations  on  the  Flowering  Plants,  Ferns,  and  Fern  Allies  growing  without  Culti- 
vation in  Tuscola  County,  Michigan,  by  C.  K.  Dodge 165 


ILLUSTRATIONS 

Portrait  of  Charles  Keene  Dodge Frontispiece 

Map  of  Michigan 


MISCELLANEOUS  PAPERS 

ON   THE 

BOTANY    OF    MICHIGAN 

BY 

C.  K.  Dodge 


OBSERVATIONS  ON  THE  FLOWERING  PLANTS,  FERNS,  AND 
FERN  ALLIES  ON  AND  NEAR  THE  SHORE  OF  LAKE  HURON 
FROM  LINWOOD  PARK  NEAR  BAY  CITY,  BAY  COUNTY, 
TO  MACKINAW  CITY,  CHEBOYGAN  COUNTY,  INCLUDING 
THE  VICINITY  OF  ST.  IGNACE,  MACKINAC  AND  BOIS 
BLANC  ISLANDS,  MACKINAC  COUNTY,  MICHIGAN. 

Through  a  suggestion  of  the  late  Professor  C.  A.  Davis,  the  writer 
for  a  number  of  years  had  contemplated  a  botanical  examination  of  the 
eastern  part  of  the  lower  peninsula  of  Michigan  along  the  lakes  and 
their  connecting  waters  from  the  southern  state  line  to  Mackinaw  City 
in  Cheboygan  County.  The  opportunity  to  begin  was  offered  in  1908, 
under  the  direction  of  Dr.  A.  G.  Ruthven  while  making  a  biological  sur- 
vey of  the  sand  dune  region  in  Huron  County  on  the  south  shore  of 
Saginaw  Bay.  During  that  year  and  in  1909  the  whole  shore  line  and 
vicinity  of  Huron  County  and  nearly  all  the  islands  in  Saginaw  Bayr 
were  carefully  examined,  the  results  reported  and  published.*  In  1910 
an  examination  of  the  Saginaw  Bay  shore  was  extended  west  to  tin 
border  of  Bay  County  and  most  of  Tuscola  County  looked  over.  The 
plants  noticed  have  been  catalogued  but  not  published.  In  1911  it  was 
decided  that  a  botanical  survey  of  the  Lake  Huron  Shore  farther  north 
was  desirable,  provision  made  for  it,  and  the  work  begun  in  June  1912 
and  followed  up  from  time  to  time  to  and  including  a  part  of  1914. 

Ground  Traversed 

The  work  was  begun  June  18,  1912,  at  a  point  two  miles  south  of 
Lin  wood  Park  in  Bay  County,  going  northward  as  near  Lake  Huron  as 
possible.  Much  of  the  journey  was  made  over  new  and  almost  impass- 
able roads  near  the  lake,  plent}r  of  time  being  taken  to  examine  the 
vegetation.  Stops  and  examinations  were  made  at  the  following  plac 
in  1912,  and  the  country  examined  about  and  between  them:  Linwood 
and  Pinconning,  Bay  County;  Omer  and  Au  Gres,  Arenac  County; 
Tawas  City,  Oscoda  and  Au  Sable,  Iosco  County;  Harrisville,  Alcona 
County;  Alpena,  Alpena  County;  Rogers,  Presque  Isle  County;  Che- 
boygan and  Mackinaw  City,  Cheboygan  County;  St.  Ignace  and  Macki- 
nac Island,  Mackinac  County.  Afterward  in  1913  many  of  these  places 
were  revisited  and  in  addition,  Bois  Blanc  Island  and  Round  Island, 
Mackinac  County;  Hillman,  Atlanta,  and  Lewiston,  Montmorency 
County;  Mio,  Oscoda  County;  and  Rose  City,  Ogemaw  County.    The 

*A  Biological  Survey  of  the  Sand  Dune  Region  on  the  South  Shore  of  Saginaw  Bay,   Michigan, 
page  65.     Publication  4,  Biological  Series,  2,  1911. 


16  BOTANY  OF  MICHIGAN 

following  list  of  plants  covers  the  region  above  mentioned.  Vegetation 
from  the  south  line  of  Huron  County  to  the  south  state  -line  has  also 
been  examined  as  well  as  might  be  but  observations  covering  that  part 
are  reserved  for  another  report.  To  indicate  what  has  been  attempted 
about  the  Great  Lakes  it  may  be  observed  here  also  that  the  plants  of 
Lambton  County,  Ontario  (the  county  in  Ontario  lying  opposite  St. 
Clair  County,  Michigan)  have  been  catalogued  and  published.1  Re- 
search has  been  carried  as  far  as  Bruce  County  and  Georgian  Bay,  in 
Ontario.  And  investigations  have  been  made  in  Ontario  south  along 
St.  Clair  River  around  Lake  St.  Clair  to  Detroit  River,  along  that  river 
to  Lake  Erie  and  east  on  the  north  shore  of  Lake  Erie  to  Point  Pelee 
including  Pelee  Island  in  Lake  Erie.  In  1910-11,  Essex  County,  Ontario, 
opposite  Wayne  County,  Michigan,  was  examined,  plants  listed  and  a 
report  made  which  was  published  by  the  Dominion  Government  of 
Ontario.2 

Lake  Huron  Shore 

The  distance  from  Linwood  Park  in  Bay  Count}'  along  the  Lake 
Huron  shore  to  Mackinaw  City  is  approximately  200  miles.  A  full 
description  here  will  not  be  attempted,  general  features  only  being  men- 
tioned. From  Bay  City  around  to  Au  Gres  in  Arenac  County  the  shore 
of  Saginaw  Bay  is  very  low,  and  the  land  back  of  it  is  very  low,  flat,  and 
difficult  to  drain.  The  Bay  is  shallow  for  a  long  distance  out  and  much 
obscured  by  a  dense  growth  of  water  loving  plants.  From  Au  Gres  to 
Mackinaw  City  the  beach  is  generally  sandy,  but  occasionally  backed 
by  a  bluff  or  sand  ridge  as  below  and  above  Harrisville.  The  rock  out- 
croppings  are  comparatively  few.  There  are  quarries  at  Alpena  and 
near  Rogers. 

Some  Land  and  Surface  Features 

The  land  in  Bay  and  Arenac  counties  is  generally  very  flat,  and  was 
formerly  covered  mostly  with  a  dense  growth  of  elm,  red  maple,  ash,  and 
mountain  maple.  In  Ogemaw,  Oscoda,  Montmorency  and  Presque  Isle 
counties  there  is  much  hilly  and  rough  country.  About  Rose  City, 
Ogemaw  County,  the  hills  are  covered  with  hardwoods  and  the  soil 
good.  Jack  pine  plains,  swamps,  and  marshy  areas  are  frequent  as 
are  ponds  and  small  lakes.  Small  hardwood  tracts  and  streaks  were 
noticed  throughout.  Evidence  of  destructive  and  devastating  forest 
fires  were  seen  throughout.  There  are  thousands  of  acres  of  dead 
standing  and  fallen  timbers  yet  to  be  seen.  The  complete  destruction 
by  an  invading  forest  fire  of  the  villages  of  Au  Sable  and  Oscoda,  Iosco 
County,    in    1911  was  still  prominently  in    evidence  June    23,    1912. 

!The  Flowering  Plants,  Ferns  and  Fern  Allies  Growing  without  Cultivation  in  Lambton  Co., 
Ontario.     Sixteenth  Annual  Report  Michigan  Academy  of  Science,  p    132. 

2Annoted  List  of  Flowering  Plants  and  Ferns  of  Point  Pelee,  Ontario  and  Neighboring  Dis- 
tricts by  C.  K.  Dodge.     Canada,  Department  of  Alines,  Geological  Survey. 


SHORE  OF  LAKE  HURON  17 

Scarcely  any  attempt  had  yet  been  made  to  rebuild  except  here  and 
there  a  small  structure.  These  two  villages  were  completely  swept  out 
of  existence.  Sawmills,  piles  of  lumber,  stores,  residences,  bridges, 
and  even  street  shade  trees  were  consumed.  No  substantial  business 
had  yet  returned.  It  is  a  remarkable  example  of  the  sudden  and  com- 
plete blotting  out  of  villages  and  business  by  fire. 

Limitation  of  Species  North  and  South  Near  and  Along  Lake 

Huron  Shore 

In  the  following  annotated  list  of  plants  the  limitation  of  any  species 
north  or  south  in  the  region  visited  is  noted,  but  it  seemed  that  several 
plants  were  worthy  of  special  mention.  The  last  individual  specimen 
of  shellbark  hickory  was  noticed  in  the  northern  part  of  Arenac  County, 
last  yellow  barked  oak  near  Oscoda  in  Iosco  County,  white  oak  near 
Cedar  Lake  in  Alcona  County,  Nyssa  sylvatica  near  Omer  in  Arenac 
County.  Acer  pennsylvanicum  was  observed  first  about  two  miles  north 
of  Harris ville  in  Alcona  County,  and  it  was  common  from  there  north- 
ward. The  white  flowering  raspberry,  Rubus  parviflorus,  was  first  seen 
a  few  miles  northwest  of  Rogers  in  Presque  Isle  County,  and  was  abun- 
dant from  that  point  northward,  while  the  last  of  the  purple  flowering 
raspberry,  Rubus  odoratus,  was  noted  there  and  not  again  observed 
northward. 

Beach  Plants 

Particular  attention  was  paid  to  characteristic  beach  plants.  For  the 
whole  distance  there  was  not  much  variation.  The  following  appeared 
throughout:  Beach  pea,  Pitcher's  thistle,  tall  wormwood,  sea  sand  reed, 
long-leaved  reed  grass,  Agropyron  dasystachyum,  Elymus  canadensis,  and 
Cakile  edentula. 

The  writer  is  much  indebted  to  Agnes  Chase,  scientific  assistant  in 
systematic  agrostology,  United  States  Department  of  Agriculture,  for 
examining  the  grasses;  to  Kenneth  K.  Mackenzie  of  New  York  City 
for  looking  over  the  Carices  and  other  difficult  species;  to  F.  F.  Forbes 
of  Brookline,  Massachusetts,  for  naming  the  willows;  and  to  M.  L. 
Fernald  of  the  Cray  Herbarium  at  Harvard  College  for  examining  the 
Vacciniums  and  other  plants. 

Annotated  List 
POLYPODIACEAE.     Fern  Family 

Phegopteris  dryopteris  (L.)  Fee.  Oak  fern.  Rich  open  woods  through- 
out.    Common. 

Adiantum  pedatum  L.     Maidenhair.     Rich  open  or  partially  shaded 
gro  und .     Frequent . 
3 


18  BOTANY  OF  MICHIGAN 

Pteris  aquilina  L.  Common  brake.  Abundant  throughout  in  damp, 
dry,  open  or  shaded  ground. 

Asplenium  filix-femina  (L.)  Bemh.  Lady  fern.  In  damp  shaded 
places  throughout.     Plentiful. 

Aspidium  thelypteris  (L.)  Sw.  Marsh  shield-fern.  Very  common 
throughout  in  damp  marshy  places  or  rich  open  woods. 

Aspidium  marginale  (L.)  Sw.  Evergreen  wood-fern.  Rich  shaded 
ground.     Frequent  throughout.  * 

Aspidium  cristatum  (L.)  Sw.  Crested  shield-fern.  In  swampy  open 
or  partially  shaded  places.     Frequent. 

Aspidium  spinulosum  (O.  F.  Miiller)  Sw.  Spinulose  shield-fern.  Rich 
open  woods  throughout.     Common. 

Aspidium  spinulosum  intermedium  (Muhl.)  D.  C.  Eaton.  American 
shield-fern.    Damp  rich  woods  and  thickets.    Frequent  throughout. 

Cystopteris  bulbifera  (L.)  Bemh.  Bulblet  Cystopteris.  Common  on 
rocky  ground  and  in  shaded  places.  Frequent  throughout.  Very  abun- 
dant on  Mackinac  Island. 

Cystoperis  fragilis  (L.)  Bemh.  Brittle  fern.  Frequent  in  rich  woods 
throughout. 

Onoclea  sensibilis  L.  Sensitive  fern.  Damp,  open  or  shaded 
ground.     Frequent  and  often  abundant  throughout. 

Onoclea  slruthiopteris  (L.)  Iioffm.  Ostrich  fern.  Fine  specimens  near 
Alpena  and  near  Rogers  in  Presque  Isle  County.  In  alluvial  shaded 
ground  along  streams.     Throughout. 

N 

OSMUNDACEAE.     Flowering  Fern  Family 

Osmunda  regalis  L.  Flowering  fern.  Wet  swampy  open  or  shaded 
places.     Seldom  abundant. 

Osmunda  claytoniana  L.  Clayton's  fern.  Noticed  near  Omer,  Arenac 
County,  Harrisville,  Alcona  County,  and  Rogers,  Presque  Isle  County. 
Frequent  throughout  in  open  or  partially  shaded  rich  ground. 

Osmunda  cinnamomea  L.  Cinnamon  fern.  In  damp  open  or  shaded 
ground  throughout,  but  seldom  abundant.     Fine  specimens  observed. 

OPHIOGLOSSACEAE.     Adder's  Tongue  Family 

Botrychium  virginianum,  (L.)  Sw.  Rattlesnake  fern.  Rich  shaded 
ground.     Plentiful  throughout. 

EQUISETACEAE.     Horsetail  Family 

Equisetum  arvense  L.  Common  horsetail.  Damp  sandy  open  ground. 
Common  throughout. 

Equisetum  sylvaticum  L.  Wood  horsetail.  Damp  shaded  ground. 
Frequent  throughout. 


SHORE  OF  LAKE  HURON  19 

Equisetum  fluviatilcL.    Swamp  horsetail.    Pipes.    Wet  swampy  places, 

often  in  shallow  water.     Abundant. 

Equisetum  hyemale  intermedium.  A.  A.  Eaton.  Seouring  rush.  Dry 
open  or  shaded  ground.     Plentiful  throughout. 

Equisetum  hyemale  robustum  (A.  Br.)  A.  A.  Eaton.  Stout  scouring 
rush.    Dry,  open  or  partially  shaded  ground.    Occasional  throughout. 

Equisehim  variegatum  Schleich.  Variegated  equisetum.  Usually  in 
damp  sand  on  or  near  Lake  Huron  beach.     Often  plentiful. 

Equisetum  scirpoides  Michx.  Sedge-like  equisetum.  Dryish,  open  or 
shaded  places.  Common  and  in  spots  abundant  about  St.  Ignace  and 
on  Mackinac  Island. 

LYCOPODIACEAE.     Club  Moss  Family 

Lycopodium ■  lucididiwi  Michx.  Shining  club-moss.  Damp  rich  woods. 
Frequent  throughout. 

Lycopodium  annotinum  L.  Stiff  club-moss.  Usually  in  rich  shaded 
ground.     Frequent  throughout.     Plentiful  in  hardwoods. 

Lycopodium  clavatum  L.  Common  club-moss.  Usually  in  dryish 
shaded  ground.     Frequent  throughout. 

Lycopodium  obscurum  L.  Ground  pine.  In  woods.  Frequent  through- 
out. 

Lycopodium  obscurum  dendroideum  (Michx.)  D.  C.  Eaton.  Tree-like 
ground  pine.     Noticed  mostly  in  rich  woods.     Frequent  throughout. 

Lycopodium  complanatum  L.  Trailing  christmas-green.  Dryish 
shaded  ground.     Occasional  throughout. 

SELAGINELLACEAE.     Selaginella  Family 

Selaginella  selaginoides  (L.)  Link.  Collected  on  Mackinac  Island.  By 
E.  J.  Hill  according  to  botanical  notes  of  the  late  Prof.  C.  F.  Wheeler. 

Selaginella  apus  (L.)  Spring.  Creeping  selaginella.  Damp  open 
ground.    Frequent  throughout.    A  small  very  pretty  moss-like  plant. 

TAXACEAE.     Yew  Family 

Taxus  canadensis  Marsh.  American  yew.  In  the  shade  of  evergreens 
or  in  damp  hardwoods  and  often  abundant  from  Bay  County  to  Macki- 
nac Island,  Mackinac  County. 

PINACEAE.     Pine  Family 

Pinus  strobus  L.  White  pine.  Small  trees  throughout  and  a  few 
large  ones.  Formerly  very  abundant.  Thousands  of  seedlings  and 
small  trees  noticed. 

Pinus  banksiana  Lamb.  Jack  pine.  Noticed  from  near  Au  Ores  in 
Iosco  County  to  Rogers  in  Presque  Isle  County.  Very  abundant  in 
3 


20  BOTANY  OF  MICHIGAN 

Iosco  Country  and  often  in  large  groves.  Southern  limit  on  east  side  of 
the  State  near  Port  Austin,  Huron  County.  In  Presque  Isle  County  near 
Onaway  and  near  Mio,  Oscoda  County;  often  one  foot  and  more  in 
diameter,  straight  and  free  from  limbs,  being  often  cut  for  lumber. 

Pinus  resinosa  Ait.     Red  pine.     Norway  pine.     Frequent  and  often 
abundant  in  dry  sandy  ground  from  Arenac  County  to  Mackinac  Island 
Small  trees  and  seedlings  abundant.    Southern  limit  on  east  side  of  state 
near  Port  Huron,  St.  Clair  County. 

Larix  laricina  (Du  Roi)  Koch.  Tamarack.  Scattering  throughout 
and  trees  usually  small  in  wet  swampy  ground.  Reported  as  formerly 
abundant . 

Picea  canadensis  (Mill.)  BSP.  White  spruce.  Occasional  from  near 
Bay  City  (G.  M.  Bradford)  to  Mackinaw  City  in  dryish  ground.  Abun- 
dant about  St.  Ignace  and  on  Mackinac  Island. 

Picea  mariana  (Mill.)  BSP.  Black  spruce.  In  swamps  often  with 
tamaracks.     Frequent  throughout. 

Abies  balsamea  (L.)  Mill.  Balsam.  First  noticed  south  of  Tawas  City 
in  Iosco  County  and  frequent  from  there  to  Mackinac  Island  where  it  is 
abundant.  Southern  limit  on  east  side  of  State  near  Port  Austin  in 
Huron  Count  v. 

Tsuga  canadensis  (L.)  Carr.  Hemlock.  Occasional  from  Bay  County 
to  Mackinac  Island.  Trees  usually  small.  Southern  limit  on  east  side 
of  State  near  Port  Huron,  St.  Clair  County. 

Thuja,  occidental-is  L.  Arbor  vitae.  White  cedar.  More  or  less  abun- 
dant throughout  near  the  Lake  Huron  shore.  Trees  usually  small. 
Formerly  often  abundant  in  "cedar  swamps"  now  destroyed  by  lum- 
bering and  fires.  Southern  limit  near  shore  on  east  side  of  State  is  Port 
Huron,  St.  Clair  County. 

Juniperus  communis  L.  Common  juniper.  Xear  Alpena  and  St. 
Ignace.     Apparently  infrequent. 

Juniperus  communis  depressa  Ait.  Low  juniper.  Common  on  or  near 
the  Lake  Huron  shore  from  Bav  County  to  Mackinaw  City.  Abundant 
about  St.  Ignace  and  on  Mackinac  Island. 

Juniperus  horizontalis  Moench.  Shrubby  red  cedar.  First  noticed  on 
and  near  the  sandy  beach  of  Lake  Huron  and  on  Thunder  Bay  Island 
in  Alpena  County.     Frequent  from  there  to  St.  Ignace. 

TYPHACEAE.     Cat-tail  Family 

Typha  latifolia  L.  Common  cat-tail.  Common  and  often  abundant 
throughout  in  wet  swampy  places  and  shallow  water. 

Typha  angustifoUa  L.  Narrow-leaved  cat -tail.  Bay  County  in 
swampy  ground.     G.  M.  Bradford. 


SHORE  OF  LAKE  HURON  21 

SPARGANIACEAE.     Bur-reed  Family 

Sparganium  eurycarpum  Engelm.    Broad-fruited  bur-reed.    In  shallow 

water  and  damp  places  from  Bay  County  to  St.  Ignace  and  on  Mackinac 
Island.     Common. 

Sparganium  americanum  androcladum  (Engelm.)  Fernald  &  Eames. 
Branching  bur-reed.    Bay  County  in  swampy  ground.    G.  M.  Bradford. 

NAJADACEAE.     Pondweed  Family 

Potamogeton  nutans  L.  Common  floating  pondweed.  In  coves  of  slow- 
streams  and  very  wet  places  near  Lake  Huron  shore.  Occasional 
throughout. 

Potamogeton  americanus  C.  &  S.  Long-leaved  pondweed.  In  ponds 
and  coves  of  slow  streams.     Frequent  throughout. 

JUNCAGINACEAE.     Arrow  Grass  Family 

Triglochin  maritima  L.  Seaside  arrow  grass.  Wet  marshy  ground. 
Frequent  throughout. 

Triglochin  palustris  L.  Marsh  arrow  grass.  In  damp  open  ground  on 
east  side  of  Mackinac  Island,  and  on  Bois  Blanc  Island,  Mackinac 
County.    Plentiful.    Probably  plentiful  throughout  but  overlooked. 

ALISMACEAE.     Water-plantain  Family 

Sagittaria  latifolia  Willd.  Broad-leaved  arrow-head.  In  shallow 
water  and  damp  places  from  Bay  County  to  Mackinaw  City.  Plentiful 
throughout. 

Alisma  planiago-aquatica  L.  Water  plantain.  In  shallow  water  and 
muddy  places.    Frequent  throughout. 

HYDROCHARITACEAE.     Frog's  Bit  Family 

Elodea  canadensis  Michx.  Water-weed.  Ponds,  small  lakes  and  in 
stagnant  or  slowly  moving  water.    Plentiful  throughout. 

Vallisneria  spiralis  L.  Wild  celery.  In  slowly  moving  water  of 
streams  near  the  Lake  Huron  shore  from  Bay  Count}'  to  Mackinaw  (  ity. 
Plentiful  throughout. 

GRAMINEAE.     Grass  Family 

Andropogon  scoparius  Michx.  Broom  beard-grass.  Dry  open  ground 
from  Bay  County  to  Bois  Blanc  Island,  Mackinac  County.  Frequent. 
Common  on  jack  pine  plains  in  Presque  Isle,  Montmorency,  Oscoda  and 
Ogemaw  counties. 

Andropogon  furcatus  Muhl.  Forked  beard-grass.  Dry  open  ground 
from  Bay  County  to  St.  Ignace,  Mackinac  County.    Frequent,    More 


22  BOTANY  OF  MICHIGAN 

frequent  on  the  jack  pine  plains  of  Presque  Isle,  Montmorency,  Oscoda 
and  Ogemaw  counties. 

Digitaria  humifusa  Pers.  Small  crab-grass.  Cultivated  and  waste 
grounds  from  Bay  County  to  Mackinaw  City,  Cheboygan  County. 
Frequent. 

Digitaria  sanguinalis  (L.)  Scop.  Crab-grass.  A  weed  about  fishery 
and  farm  buildings,  in  fields  and  gardens.    Plentiful  throughout. 

Panicum  capillare  L.  Old-witch  grass.  A  common  weed  about  cities, 
villages,  in  fields,  and  gardens.     Plentiful  throughout. 

Panicum  flexile  (Gattinger)  Scribn.  Wiry  witch-grass.  Damp  marshy 
open  ground  from  Bay  County  to  Bois  Blanc  Island,  Mackinac  County. 
Frequent. 

Panicum  depauperatum  Muhl.  Starved  panicum.  In  dry  open 
ground.     Frequent  throughout. 

Panicum  boreale  Nash.  Northern  panicum.  In  damp  grassy  open 
ground  near  Linwood,  Bay  County.     Plentiful  at  this  place. 

Panicum  lindheimeri  Nash.  Lindheimer's  panic-grass.  Dry  open 
ground  on  Bois  Blanc  Island.     Apparently  infrequent. 

Panicum  tsugetorum  Nash.  Hemlock  panicum.  In  sand}'  ground  near 
Au  Gres,  Arenac  County.     Plentiful. 

Echinochloa  crusgalli  (L.)  Beauv.  Barnyard  grass.  In  and  near  cul- 
tivated grounds  and  in  damp  places.     Plentiful  throughout. 

Setaria  glauca  (L.)  Beauv.  Foxtail.  A  weed  about  dwellings  and  in 
cultivated  grounds.     Common  throughout. 

Setaria  viridis  (L.)  Beauv.  Green  foxtail.  A  weed  in  gardens  and 
other  cultivated  grounds.     Frequent  throughout. 

Cenchrus  coroliniamts  Walt.  Sandbur.  Bur  grass.  Sandy  roadsides, 
Sand}7  pastures  and  fields,  and  in  waste  places  of  cities  and  villages. 
Frequent  throughout. 

Zizania  palustris  L.  Indian  rice.  Wild  rice.  Occasional  in  shallow 
water  as  if  introduced. 

Zizania  aquatica  L.  Water  oats.  In  mud  and  shallow  water.  In- 
frequent. 

Leersia  oryzoides  (L.)  Sw.  Rice  cut-grass.  Scratch  grass.  Ditches, 
low  banks  of  small  streams  and  low  places.    Frequent  throughout. 

Phalaris  arundinacea  L.  Reed  canary  grass.  In  wet  marsh}'  open 
places.     Frequent  throughout. 

Phalaris  arundinacea  picla  L.  Ribbon  grass.  Noticed  in  many  wet 
marshy  places  as  an  apparently  permanent  escape  from  cultivation. 

Hierochloe  odoroia  (L.)  Wahlenb.  Vanilla  grass.  Abundant  in  spots 
on  the  east  side  of  Mackinac  Island.  Probably  frequent  throughout 
but  overlooked. 

Milium  effusum  L.  Millet  grass.  Rich  shaded  ground  especially  in 
rich  woods.     Frequent  throughout. 


SHORE  OF  LAKE  HURON  23 

Oryzopsis  pungens  (Fair.)  Hitchc.  Slender  mountain  rice.  Dry  open 
ground  from  Bay  County  to  Mackinac  Island,  Mackinac  County. 
Frequent. 

Oryzopsis  asperifolia  Michx.  White-grained  mountain  rice.  Dryish 
open  or  partially  shaded  ground.     Frequent  throughout. 

Stipa  spartea  Trin.  Porcupine  grass.  In  sand}^  ground  near  Linwood, 
Bay  County.    Plentiful  near  the  sandy  beach  at  this  place. 

Muhleribergia  racemosa  (Michx.)  BSP.  Marsh  muhlenbcrgia.  Dam}) 
open  ground  with  other  grasses.     Frequent  throughout. 

Brachyelytrum  erectum  (Schreb.)  Beauv.  Bearded  short-husk.  Rich 
woods.     Frequent  throughout. 

Phleiwi  prepense  L.  Timothy.  Along  roads  and  in  waste  places. 
Apparently  introduced.     Plentiful  throughout. 

Alopercurus  geniculatus  aristulatus  Torr.  Floating  foxtail.  In  very 
wet  places  near  Linwood,  Bay  County.  Plentiful.  Probably  frequent 
throughout. 

Sporobolus  cryptandrus  (Torr.)  Gra}\  Sand  drop-seed.  On  and  near 
sandy  beach  of  Lake  Huron.     Frequent  throughout. 

Agrostis  alba  L.  Red  top.  Damp  rich  meadow-like  ground  and  often 
abundant  in  damp  sand.     Plentiful  throughout. 

Agrostis  hyemalis  (Walt.)  BSP.  Hair  grass.  Dry  or  moist  open 
ground.  Frequent  throughout.  Plentiful  on  jack  pine  plains  in  Presque 
Isle,  Montmorency,  Oscoda  and  Ogemaw  counties. 

Calamovilfa  long i folia  (Hook.)  Hack.  Long-leaved  reed-grass.  <  )n 
the  sandy  beach  of  Lake  Huron,  usually  above  the  wave  line.  An  ef- 
ficient sand  binder  against  the  action  of  winds.  Frequent  throughout. 
Seldom  abundant. 

Calamagrostis  canadensis  (Michx.)  Beauv.  Blue-joint  grass.  In  wet 
open  marshy  places.     Often  abundant  throughout. 

Ammophila  arenaria  (L.)  Link.  Sea  sand-reed.  In  spots  throughout 
on  the  sandy  beach  of  Lake  Huron.  Often  abundant  below  the  wave 
line.  One  of  the  best  known  sand  binders  against  the  action  of  both 
wind  and  wave. 

Dcschampsia  flexuosa  (L.)  Trin.  Common  hair  grass.  Near  Au  Sable, 
Iosco  County.    In  dry  shaded  ground.    Noticed  as  frequent  throughout. 

Deschampsia  caespitosa  (L.)  Beauv.  Tufted  hair-grass.  Wet  open 
ground  on  Bois  Blanc  Island.     Apparently  infrequent. 

Danthonia  spicata  (L.)  Beauv.  Common  wild  oat  grass,  Dry  sandy 
open  ground.     Common  throughout. 

Pfiragmites  communis  Trin.  Reed.  Margins  of  swamps  and  in  marshy 
ground.     Frequent  throughout. 

Eragrostis  pilosa  (L.)  Beauv.  Tufted  eragrostis.  Sandy  open  ground. 
Frequent  near  cities  and  villages. 


24  BOTANY  OF  MICHIGAN 

Eragrostis  megastachya  (Koeler)  Link.  Strong-scented  love-grass. 
Gardens  and  waste  places.     Frequent  throughout. 

Melica  striata  (Michx.)  Hitchc.  Purple  oat.  In  spruce-cedar  woods 
near  St.  Ignace.     Apparently  infrequent. 

Dactylis  glomerate  L.  Orchard  grass.  Waste  places,  streets  and  road- 
sides in  and  near  cities  and  villages.     Frequent  throughout. 

Poo  annua  L.  Low  spear  grass.  Roadsides  and  in  lawns  and  yards  of 
cities  and  villages.     Plentiful  throughout. 

Poa  compressa  L.  Canada  blue  grass.  Dry  open  ground.  Frequent 
throughout. 

Poa  triflora  Gilib.  Fowl  meadow  grass.  In  damp  ground  on  the  east 
side  of  Mackinac  Island.    Apparently  infrequent.    Perhaps  overlooked. 

Poa  pratensis  L.  June  grass.  In  patches  throughout.  Seldom  thriv- 
ing in  dry  sandy  ground.  Common  in  cities  and  villages  and  in  old 
pastures. 

Poa  debilis  Torr.  Weak  spear  grass.  In  open  rocky  places  on  the 
east  side  of  Mackinac  Island.  Apparently  infrequent.  Perhaps  over- 
looked. 

Glyceria  canadensis  (Michx.)  Trin.  Rattlesnake  grass.  Damp  open 
places.     Plentiful  throughout. 

Glyceria  nervata  (Willd.)  Trin.  Nerved  manna-grass.  In  damp  open 
or  partially  shaded  ground.     Common  throughout. 

Glyceria  grandis  Wats.  Reed  meadow  grass.  Banks  of  streams  and 
wet  meadow-like  ground.     Frequent  throughout. 

Festuca  octoflora  Walt.  Slender  fescue-grass.  In  dry  open  or  slightly 
shaded  ground.     Frequent  throughout. 

Festuca  occidentalis  Hook.  Western  fescue-grass.  Woods  about  St. 
Ignace  and  on  Mackinac  Island.    Plentiful.    Apparently  infrequent. 

Festuca  ovina  L.  Sheep's  fescue.  Open  sandy  ground.  Frequent 
throughout. 

Bromus  inermis  Leyss.  Hungarian  brome-grass.  Apparently  a  per- 
manent escape  from  cultivation  in  old  fields  above  Alpena.  Apparently 
infrequent. 

Bromus  secalinus  L.  Common  chess.  Waste  places  of  cities  and  vil- 
lages and  about  farm  dwellings.     Frequent  throughout. 

Bromus  ciliatus  L.  Fringed  broom-grass.  "Damp  slightly  shaded 
ground.     Frequent  throughout. 

Bromus  kalmii  Gray.  Wild  chess.  Near  St.  Ignace  and  on  Mackinac 
Island  in  damp  open  ground.    Plentiful.    Also  near  Mio,  Oscoda  County. 

Bromus  pumpellianus  melicoid.es  Shear.  Pumpelly's  brome-grass. 
Plentiful  on  the  sandy  beach  at  Mackinaw  City.  Apparently  well  es- 
tablished. A  western  grass  perhaps  not  before  noticed  in  Michigan. 
Not  yet  included  in  our  present  manuals.  Said  to  exist  in  Illinois. 
(Agnes  Chase.  I 

N.  G.  State  Collet 


SHORE  OF  LAKE  HURON  25 

Agropyron  smithii  Rydb.     Western  wheat-grass.     In  cities,  villag 
and  waste  places  from  Bay  County  to  Bois  Blanc  Island,  Mackinac 
County.     Frequent. 

Agropyron  repens  (L.)  Beauv.  Quack-grass.  In  cities,  villages  and 
cultivated  grounds.     Frequent  throughout. 

Agropyron  dasystachyum  (Hook.)  Scribn.  Northern  wheat-grass.  In 
spots  on  the  sandy  beach  of  Lake  Huron.  A  sand  binder  against  the 
action  of  wind.     Seldom  abundant.     Occasional  throughout. 

Agropyron  ca?iinum  (h.)  Be&uv.  Awned  sheat-grass.  Near  Linwood 
in  Bay  County  in  dryish  open  ground.    Apparently  infrequent. 

Secale  cereale  L.  Rye.  On  the  sandy  beach  of  Lake  Huron  near  Lin- 
wood in  Bay  County.    Apparently  a  permanent  escape.    Plentiful. 

Hordeum  jubatum  L.  Squirrel-tail  grass.  Noticed  now  in  waste  places 
of  all  cities  and  villages.    Frequent  throughout.    From  the  west. 

Elymus  virginicus  L.  Virginia  wild  rye.  In  damp  shaded  ground. 
Apparently  infrequent. 

Elymus  canadensis  L.  Nodding  wild  rye.  On  and  near  sandy  beach 
of  Lake  Huron.  A  good  sand  binder  against  the  action  of  wind.  Plenti- 
ful throughout. 

Hystrix  patuia  Moench.  Bottle-brush  grass.  Open  or  shaded  ground 
from  Bay  County  to  Mackinaw  City.  Frequent.  Noticed  in  particular 
near  Mio,  Oscoda  County. 

CYPERACEAE.     Sedge  Family 

Cyperus  filicuhnis  Vahl.  Slender  cyperus.  Dry  open  ground  near 
Mio,  Oscoda  County.     Plentiful. 

Dulichium  arundinaceum  (L.)  Britton.  Dulichium.  In  wet  open 
places  and  on  borders  of  ponds.     Plentiful  throughout. 

Eleocharis  obtusa  (Willd.)  Schultes.  Blunt  spike-rush.  In  damp, 
muddy,  mostly  open  places,  often  in  damp  sand.    Frequent  throughout. 

Eleocharis  palustris  (L.)  R.  &  S.  Creeping  spike-rush.  In  wet  marshy 
open  ground.     Plentiful  throughout. 

Eleocharis  palustris  glaucescens  (Willd.)  Gray.  Slender  creeping 
spike-rush.  In  damp  open  ground  at  St.  Ignace.  Plentiful.  Perhaps 
existing  throughout,  but  overlooked. 

Eleocharis  palustris  vigens  Bailey.  Large  creeping  spike-rush.  In 
shallow  water  of  small  lakes,  and  slow  streams.    Frequent  throughout. 

Eleocharis  acicularis  (L.)  R.  &  S.  Needle  spike-rush.  Wet  muddy  or 
.wet  sandy  places  near  Lake  Huron  shore,  and  in  springy  spots.  Fre- 
quent throughout. 

Eleocharis  tenuis  (Willd.)  Schultes.  Slender  spike-rush.  Wet  marshy 
open  places.     Frequent  throughout. 

Eleocharis  rostellata  Torr.     Beaked  spike-rush.     On  the  east  side  of 


26  BOTANY  OF  MICHIGAN 

Mackinac  Island,  in  wet  swampy  ground.    Plentiful  at  that  place.    Ap- 
parently infrequent. 

Scirpus  pauciflorus  Lightf.  Few-flowered  club-rush.  Wet  open 
ground  near  Alpena  along  Lake  Huron  shore.  Abundant  in  spots 
throughout. 

Scirpus  caespitosus  L.  Tufted  club-rush.  Wet  marshy  open  places  on 
Bois  Blanc  Island.     Frequent. 

Scirpus  hudsonianus  (Michx.)  Fernald.  Alpine  cotton-grass.  Open 
boggy  places  in  Presque  Isle  County.     Plentiful. 

Scirpus  subterminalis  Torr.  Water  club-rush.  Ponds  and  borders  of 
slow  streams.     Frequent  throughout. 

Scirpus  americanus  Pers.  Three-square.  In  very  'wet  places  along 
the  Lake  Huron  shore,  on  borders  of  small  lakes  and  along  low  banks 
of  streams.     Plentiful  throughout. 

Scirpus  validus  Vahl.  Great  bulrush.  In  wet  marshy  places  near 
shore  of  Lake  Huron  and  about  small  lakes.    Plentiful  throughout. 

Scirpus  occidentalis  (Wats.)  Chase.  Western  bulrush.  From  Bay 
County  to  Mackinac  Island.  Very  abundant  in  shallow  water  of  Lake 
Huron  above  Bay  City.  Also  in  marshes,  swamps,  on  the  margins  of 
streams,  and  in  and  about  small  lakes. 

Scirpus  fluviatilis  (Torr.)  Gray.  River  bulrush.  In  very  wet  places 
near  Lin  wood,  Bay  County.     Plentiful. 

Scirpus  atrovirens  Muhl.  Dark  green  bulrush.  Marshy  open  ground. 
Common  throughout. 

Scirpus  cyperinus  pelius  Fernald.  Wool-grass.  In  damp  marshy 
open  places.     Common  throughout. 

Eriophorum  callitrix  Cham.  Sheathed  cotton-grass.  In  open  bogs. 
Frequent  throughout. 

Eriophorum  gracile  Roth.  Slender  cotton-grass.  Near  lighthouse  in 
Presque  Isle  County,  in  a  swamp}7  open  place.    Frequent  throughout. 

Eriophorum  viridi-carinatum  (Engelm.)  Fernald.  Tall  cotton-grass. 
Common  throughout  in  open  or  partially  shaded  boggy  places. 

Eriophorum  virginicum  L.  Virginia  cotton-grass.  Bogs  and  damp 
meadow-like  ground.     Frequent  throughout. 

Rynchospora  alba  (L.)  Vahl.  White  beaked-rush.  Open  bogs.  Fre- 
quent throughout. 

Rynchospora  capillacea  Torr.  Capillary  beaked-rush.  Wet  open 
ground.     Plentiful  throughout. 

Cladium  mariscoides  (Muhl.)  Torr.  Twig  rush.  Bogs  and  wet  sandy 
ground.     Common  throughout. 

Carex  scoparia  Schkuhr.  Pointed  broom  sedge.  Low  open  ground. 
Frequent  throughout. 

Carex  tribidoides  Wahlenb.  Blunt  brown  sedge.  Damp,  usually 
shaded  ground.     Frequent  throughout. 


SHORE  OF  LAKE  HURON  27 

Carex  tribuloides  reducta  Bailey.  Smaller  blunt  brown  sedge.  Damp, 
partially  shaded  ground.     Frequent  throughout. 

Carex  siccata  Bailey.  Hillside  sedge.  Dry  open  ground  from  Bay 
County  to  St.  Ignace,  Mackinac  County.     Plentiful. 

Carex  cristata  Schwein.  Crested  sedge.  Usually  in  wet  shaded 
ground.     Frequent  throughout. 

Carex  mirabilis  Dewey.  Larger  straw  sedge.  Dry  open  or  partially 
shaded  ground.     Frequent  throughout. 

Carex  mirabilis  tincta  Fernald.  Smaller  straw  sedge.  Dry  open  or 
partially  shaded  ground,  Bois  Blanc  Island.  Plentiful.  Probably  to  be 
found  throughout,  but  overlooked. 

Carex  straminea  Willd.  Straw  sedge.  Dry  open  or  partially  shaded 
ground.     Frequent  throughout. 

Carex  festucacea  Olney.  Fescue  sedge.  Dry  open  ground.  Frequent 
throughout. 

Carex  bebbii  Olney.  Bsbb's  sedge.  Low  open  ground,  from  Bay 
County  to  Bois  Blanc  Island,  Mackinac  County.     Frequent. 

Carex  aenea  Fernald.  Wiry  sedge.  Open  sandy  ground  near  Cheboy- 
gan, Cheboygan  County.     Plentiful. 

Carex  stellulata  Good.  Little  prickly  sedge.  Open  low  ground.  Fre- 
quent throughout. 

Carex  stellulata  cephalantha  (Bailey)  Fernald.  Larger  prickly  sedge. 
Marshy  open  ground.     Plentiful  throughout. 

Carex  scirpoides  Schkuhr.  Inland  sedge.  Noticed  in  particular  near 
Alpena  and  on  Mackinac  Island.     Frequent  throughout. 

Carex  canescens  L.  Silvery  sedge.  Wet  open  or  partially  shaded 
ground.     Frequent  throughout. 

Carex  bromoides  Schkuhr.  Brome-like  sedge.  In  swampy  places  and 
damp  shaded  ground.     Frequent  throughout. 

Carex  deweyana  Schwein.  Dewey's  sedge.  Rich  shaded  ground. 
Mostly  in  rich  open  woods.     Frequent  throughout. 

Carex  tenui flora  Wahlenb.  Sparce-flowered  sedge.  Wet  boggy  open 
or  partially  shaded  ground.     Frequent  throughout. 

Carex  trisperma  Dewey.  Three-fruited  sedge.  Wet  boggy  ground. 
Noticed  mostly  in  tamarack-black  spruce  swamps.  Frequent  through- 
out. 

Carex  tenella  Schkuhr.  Soft-leaved  sedge.  Swampy  shaded  ground 
especially,  in  damp  woods.     Frequent  throughout. 

Carex  rosea  Schkuhr.  Stellate  sedge.  Dryish  shaded  ground  and 
open  woods.     Frequent  throughout. 

Carex  miihle?ibergii  Schkuhr.  Muhlenberg's  sedge.  Dry  open  ground 
near  Pinconning,  Bay  County.     Plentiful. 

Carex  vulpinoidea  Michx.  Fox  sedge.  Low  wet  open  ground.  Fre- 
quent throughout. 


2S  BOTANY  OF  MICHIGAN 

Carex  diandra  Schrank.  Lesser  panicled  sedge.  Wet  marshy  or 
meadow-like  ground.     Frequent  throughout. 

Carex  stipata  Muhl.  Awl-fruited  sedge.  In  very  wet  open  or  par- 
tially shaded  ground.     Common  throughout. 

Carex  sartwellii  Dewey.  Sartwell's  sedge.  In  wet  marshy  open 
ground  from  Bay  County  to  Mackinac  Island.     Plentiful. 

Carex  crinita  Lam.  Fringed  sedge.  Wet  open  or  partially  shaded 
ground.     Plentiful  throughout. 

Carex  aquatilis  subtricta  Kukenthal.  Smaller  water  sedge.  On  Thun- 
der Bay  Island  in  Alpena  County  and  on  Mackinac  Island.  Usually 
in  wet  marshy  open  ground.     Plentiful  throughout. 

Carex  striata  Lam.  Tussock  sedge.  Very  wet  usually  open  ground 
growing  in  bunches.     Frequent  throughout. 

Carex  aurea  Nutt.  Golden-fruited  sedge.  Noticed  throughout  in 
open  or  shaded  grassy  ground.     Plentiful.    . 

Carex  hassii  Baile}^.  Hasse's  sedge.  In  damp  sand,  usually  not  far 
from  Lake  Huron  shore,  from  Sand  Point  in  Huron  County  to  Bois 
Blanc  Island  in  Mackinac  County.    Formerly  referred  to  C.  bicolor  All. 

Carex  leptalea  Wahlenb.  Bristle-stalked  sedge.  Bogs  and  very  wet 
meadow-like  ground.     Abundant  throughout. 

Carex  polygama  Schkuhr.  Brown  sedge.  Wet  marshy  places  and  open 
bogs.     Plentiful  throughout. 

Carex  gracillima  Schwein.  Graceful  sedge.  Damp  open  or  shaded 
ground,  usually  in  rich  woods.     Frequent  throughout. 

Carex  scirpoidea  Michx.  Scirpus-like  sedge.  On  and  near  beach  of 
Thunder  Bay  Island  in  Alpena  County.  Plentiful  at  that  place.  Not 
noticed  elsewhere. 

Carex  umbellata  Schkuhr.  Umble-like  sedge.  Dry  sandy  open  ground. 
Apparently  infrequent. 

Carex  albicans  Willd.  White-tinged  sedge.  In  open  woods  about  St. 
Ignace  and  on  Mackinac  Island.    Plentiful.    Not  noticed  elsewhere. 

Carex  communis  Bailey.  Fibrous-rooted  sedge.  Dryish  open  woods 
throughout.     Plentiful. 

Carex  varia  Muhl.  Emmon's  sedge.  Dry  open  ground  near  Pin- 
conning  in  Bay  County.     Plentiful. 

Carex  pennsylvanica  Lam.  Pennsylvania  sedge.  In  dry  open  ground. 
Frequent  throughout. 

Carex  livida  (Wahlenb.)  Willd.  Livid  sedge.  Open  bogs.  Frequent 
throughout. 

Carex  tetanica  Schkuhr.  Wood's  sedge.  Noticed  in  damp  ground  near 
Lin  wood  in  Bay  County.     Probably  growing  throughout. 

Carex  limosa  L.  Mud  sedge.  Open  bogs,  Bois  Blanc  Island,  Macki- 
nac County.     Plentiful. 


SHORE  OF  LAKE  HURON  .     29 

Carex  eburnea  Boott.  Brittle-leaved  sedge.  On  shaded  hillsides  and 
bluffs  and  in  dry  open  or  shaded  ground.     Frequent  throughout. 

Carex  laxiflora  patulifolia  (Dewey)  Carey.  Two-edged  sedge.  Rich 
shaded  ground.     Frequent  throughout. 

Carex  laxiflora  varians  Bailey.  Woodland  sedge.  In  open  woods  on 
Mackinac  Island.     Frequent  throughout. 

Carex  granulans  haleana  (Olney)  Porter.  Schriver's  sedge.  In  open 
ground  from  Bay  County  to  Mackinac  Island.     Frequent. 

Carex  crawei  Dewey.  Crawe's  sedge.  Thunder  Bay  Island  in  Alpena 
County,  1907.     Probably  to  be  found  throughout. 

Carex  flava  L.  Yellow  sedge.  In  wet  marshy  places  throughout. 
Common. 

Carex  oederi  Retz.  Oeder's  sedge.  In  damp  sand  near  Rogers,  ( !he- 
bojTgan  Count}^    Plentiful  in  damp  sandy  open  ground  near  shores. 

Carex  oederi  pumila  (Cosson  &  Germain)  Fernald.  Smaller  Oeder's 
sedge.  Damp  sandy  ground  and  plentiful  on  Mackinac  Island.  F.  \\". 
Hunnewell  2d. 

Carex  castanea  Wahlenb.     Chestnut  sedge.     In  alluvial  woods  i-  . 
Rogers,  Presque  Isle  County.    Plentiful.    Probably  growing  throughout. 

Carex  capillaris  L.  Hair-like  sedge.  Open  damp  ground  on  Thunder 
Bay  Island  in  Alpena  Count}'  and  on  Mackinac  Island,  Mackinac 
County.     Plentiful.     Often  abundant. 

Carex  capillaris  elongata  Olney.  Tall  hair-like  sedge.  Open  or  par- 
tially shaded  ground  on  Mackinac  Island,  Mackinac  County.    Plentiful. 

Carex  arctata  Boott.  Drooping  wood  sedge.  In  open  woods  through- 
out.    Plentiful. 

Carex  debilis  rudgei  Baile}^.     Rudge's  sedge.     Open  woods  and  op 
meadowlike  ground  in  Arenac  County  and  Alcona  County.    Plentiful. 
Probably  growing  throughout. 

Carex  filiformis  L.     Slender   sedge.     In   very  wet   marshy   pla< 
Abundant  throughout. 

Carex  lanuginosa  Michx.     Wooly  sedge.     In  wet  low  open  groui] 
especially  in  damp  open  sand.     Plentiful  throughout. 

Carex  oligosperma  Michx.  Few-seeded  sedge.  Open  boggy  ground. 
Plentiful  throughout. 

Carex  riparia  W.  Curtis.  River  bank  sedge.  Very  wet  swampy 
places.     Frequent  throughout. 

Carex  pseudo-cyperus.  Cyperus-like  sedge.  In  marshy  open  ground 
throughout.     Frequent. 

Carex  coniosa  Boott.  Bristly  sedge.  Open  marshy  and  swampy 
ground.     Frequent  throughout. 

Carex  hystericina  Muhl.  Porcupine  sedge.  Wet  open  marshy  places. 
Common  throughout.  * 


30  BOTANY  OF  MICHIGAN 

Carex  retrorsa  Schwein.  Retrorse  sedge.  In  marshy  open  or  partially 
shaded  ground.     Plentiful  throughout. 

Carex  inlumescens  Rudge.  Bladder  sedge.  In  swampy,  wet  woods 
and  meadows.     Frequent  throughout. 

Carex  lupulina  Muhl.  Hop  sedge.  Open  marshy  places.  Frequent 
throughout. 

Carex  rostrata  Stokes.  Beaked  sedge.  Very  wet  open  ground.  Fre- 
quent throughout. 

ARACEAE.     Arum  Family 

Arisaema  IriphyUum  (L.)  Schott.  Jack-in-t he-pulpit.  Damp  rich 
shaded  ground.     Common  throughout. 

Peltandra  virginica  (L.)  Kunth.  Green  arrow  arum.  In  shallow  water 
near  Bay  Cit3r,  Bay  County.     Plentiful.     G.  M.  Bradford. 

LEMNACEAE.     Duckweed  Family 

Spirodela  polyrhiza  (I..)  Schleid.  Greater  duckweed.  Covering 
shallow  water  in  pools,  ponds  and  coves  throughout.  Frequent  and 
often  abundant. 

Lemna  minor  L.  Lesser  duckweed.  Covering  shallow  stagnant  water 
and  often  on  mud.     Common  throughout. 

* 
ERIOCAULACEAE.     Pipewort  Family 

Eriocaulon  articulatum  (Huds.)  Morong.  Seven-angled  pipewort. 
Margin  of  Long  Lake  in  Cheboygan  County.  Plentiful.  Apparently 
infrequent. 

XYRIDACEAE.     Yellow-eyed  Grass  Family 

Xyris  flexuosa  Muhl.  Slender  yellow-eyed  grass.  In  a  very  wet 
marshy  place  near  Au  Sable,  Iosco  County.    Apparently  infrequent. 

PONTEDERIACEAE.     Pickerel-weed  Family 

Pontederia  cordata  L.  Pickerel-weed.  In  shallow  water  on  borders  of 
small  lakes,  in  large  ponds,  and  coves  of  streams,  from  Bay  County  to 
Mackinaw  City.     Frequent  throughout. 

Heteranthera  dtibia  (Jacq.)  MacM.  Water  star-grass.  Shallow  water 
near  Bay  City,  Bay  County.     G.  M.  Bradford. 

JUNCACEAE.     Rush  Family 

J  uncus  bufonius  L.  Toad  rush.  Damp  open  ground.  Common 
throughout. 

Juncus  tenuis  Willd.  Slender  rush.  Fields,  roadsides,  and  along 
paths.     Common. 


SHORE  OF  LAKE  HURON  31 

Juncus  dudleyi  Wiegand.  Dudley's  rush.  Damp  open  ground  from 
Bay  City,  Bay  County,  to  Mackinac  Island,  Mackinac  County.  Plenti- 
ful. 

Juncus  balticus  litloralis  Engelm.  Baltic  rush.  Sandy  beaches  of 
Lake  Huron  and  in  dry  or  damp  open  ground,  but  seldom  abundant. 
On  the  sandy  beach  of  Lake  Huron  it  is  an  efficient  sand  binder. 

Juncus  ejfusus  L.  Common  rush.  Low  damp  open  ground.  Common 
throughout. 

Juncus  brachycephalus  (Engelm.)  Buchenau.  Small-headed  rush. 
Wet  marshy  places  near  Bay  City  in  Bay  County.  Frequent.  Probably 
growing  throughout. 

Juncus  brevicaudatus  (Engelm.)  Fernald.  Narrow  panicled-rush. 
Wet  muddy  open  places.     Frequent  throughout. 

Juncus  canadensis  J.  Gay.  Canada  rush.  Marshy  open  places.  Fre- 
quent throughout. 

Juncus  pelocarpus  Mey.  Brown-fruited  rush.  Wet  sandy  open  plat  •  - 
and  damp  sandy  shores.    .Frequent  throughout. 

Juncus  nodosus  L.  Knotted  rush.  Wet  marshy  places  and  in  damp 
sand.     Frequent  throughout. 

Juncus  torreyi  Coville.  Torrey's"  rush.  Damp  low  sandy  ground  near 
Bay  City,  Bay  County.     G.  M.  Bradford. 

Juncus  alpinus  insignis  Fries.  Richardson's  rush.  Damp  sand  on 
and  near  Lake  Huron  beach  from  Bay  City,  Bay  County  to  Mackinac 
Island.     Plentiful. 

Luzula  saltuensis  Fernald.  Hairy  wood-rush.  Dryish  open  woods 
throughout.     Plentiful. 

Luzula  campestris  -multi flora  (Ehrh.)  Celak.  Common  wood-rush. 
Fields  and  meadow-like  ground.     Frequent  throughout. 

LILIACEAE.     Lily  Family 

Tofieldia  glutinosa  (Michx.)  Pers.  Glutinous  tofieldia.  In  marshy 
or  damp  sandy  open  ground.     Plentiful  throughout. 

Zygadenus  chloranthus  Richards.  Glaucous  zygadenus.  In  damp 
sandy  ground  at  St.  Ignace  and  on  Mackinac  Island.    Plentiful. 

Uvularia  grandi flora  Sm.  Large-flowered  bellwort.  Rich  woods. 
Frequent  throughout. 

Oakesia  sessilifolia  (L.)  Watts.  Sessile-leaved  bellwort.  In  open 
woods  or  open  ground.     Frequent.     Often  plentiful. 

Allium  tricoccum  Ait.  Wild  leek.  Rich  hardwoods.  Plentiful 
throughout. 

Hemerocallis  fulva  L.  Common  day  lily.  A  permanent  escape 
throughout  in  and  near  cities  and  villages. 

Lilium   philadelphicum   andinum    (Nutt.)    Ker.      Western   red    lily. 


32  BOTANY  OF  MICHIGAN 

Damp  rich  open  or  partially  shaded  ground  or  in  sandy  places.    Common 
and  often  abundant  throughout  especially  along  railroads. 

Lilium  swperbwn  L.  Turk's-cap  lily.  Rich  open  or  slightly  shaded 
ground  on  north  side  of  Bois  Blanc  Island,  Mackinac  County.  Appar- 
ently infrequent. 

Erythronium  americanum  Ker.  Yellow  adder 's-tongue.  In  rich  open 
woods  from  Bay  City,  Bay  County  to  Mackinac  Island,  Mackinac 
'Count}'.     Frequent  throughout.     Often  abundant. 

Erythronium  albidum  Nutt.  White  adder's-tongue.  Rich  partially 
shaded  ground.    From  Bay  County  to  Alpena  County.    Frequent. 

Asparagus  officinalis  L.  Garden  asparagus.  Noticed  as  a  permanent 
escape  near  cities  and  villages  throughout. 

Clintonia  borealis  (Ait.)  Ruf.  Yellow  clintonia.  Moist  woods  and 
shaded  swampy  places.     Common  throughout. 

Smilacina  racemosa  (L.)  Desf.  False  spikenard.  Usually  in  rich 
shaded  ground.     Plentiful  throughout. 

Smilacina  stellata  (L.)  Desf.  Star-flowered  Solomon's  seal.  Equally 
at  home  in  dry  sandy  open  ground  or  in  rich  woods.  Common  through- 
out. 

Smilacina  trifolia  (L.)  Desf.  Three-leaved  Solomon's  seal.  Swampy 
and  boggy  ground.     Frequent  throughout. 

Maianthemwn  canadense  Desf.  False  lify-of-the-valley.  Rich  shaded 
ground.     Common  throughout. 

Streptopus  amplexifolius  (L.)  DC.  Clasping-leaved  twisted-stalk. 
In  damp  rich  woods  on  Mackinac  Island,  Mackinac  County,  also  on 
Bois  Blanc  Island.     F.  W.  Hunnewell  2d. 

Streptopus  roseus  Michx.  Sessile-leaved  twisted-stalk.  Damp  rich 
woods.  Plentiful  throughout. 

Polygonatum  biflorum  (Walt.)  Ell.  Small  Solomon's  seal.  Rich 
shaded  ground.     Common  throughout. 

Medeola  virginiana  L.  Indian  cucumber-root.  In  beech  and  maple 
woods  near  St.  Ignaee  and  Rogers.  Plentiful.  Probably  frequent 
throughout. 

Trillium  grancliflorum  (Michx.)  Salisb.  Large-flowered  wake-robin. 
In  rich  shaded  ground.     Common  throughout. 

Trillium  cernuum  L.  Nodding  wake-robin.  On  Thunder  Bay  Island 
in  Alpena  County  in  rich  woods.    Probably  frequent  throughout. 

Smilax  hispida  Muhl.  Hispid  greenbriar.  Rich  damp  thickets  near 
Au  Gres,  Arenac  County,  and  in  Cheboygan  County.  Plentiful  near 
Mio,  Oscoda  Count}'.     Apparently  infrequent. 

AMARYLLIDACEAE.     Amaryllis    Family 

Hypoxis  hirsuta  (L.)  Coville.  Star  grass.  In  damp  open  ground  near 
Linwood,  Bay  County.     Abundant. 


SHORE  OF  LAKE  HURON  33 

IRIDACEAE.     Iris  Family 

Iris  versicolor  L.  Larger  blue  flag.  Occasional  in  low  and  damp  open 
ground  throughout. 

Iris  lacustris  Nutt.  Lake  dwarf  iris.  First  noticed  near  Alpena  and 
not  far  from  the  Lake  Huron  shore  in  damp  or  dry  and  open  or  slightly 
shaded  ground.  Very  abundant  in  spots  from  there  to  St.  Ignace,  and 
on  Bois  Blanc  Island  in  Mackinac  County. 

Sisyrinchium  august i folium  Mill.  Pointed  blue-eyed  grass.  In  damp 
open  ground  from  Bay  County  to  Mackinac  Island,  Mackinac  County. 
Frequent. 

ORCHIDACEAE.     Orchis  Family 

Cypripedium  arieiinum  R.  Br.  Ram's  head  lady's  slipper.  Said  to 
be  plentiful  in  swamps  near  Huron  Beach  north  of  Alpena.  Not  seen 
by  writer. 

Cypripedium  parviflorum  Salisb.  Smaller  yellow  lady's  slipper.  In 
damp  rich  shaded  ground  from  Bay  County  to  St.  Ignace  and  on  Macki- 
nac Island,  Mackinac  County.     Frequent. 

Cypripedium  parviflorum  pubescens(  Willd.)  Knight.  Larger  yellow 
lady's  slipper.  In  rich  shaded  ground  from  Bay  County  to  St.  Ignace 
and  on  Mackinac  Island,  Mackinac  County.     Frequent. 

Cypripedium  hirsutum  Mill.  Showy  lad3^'s  slipper.  Occasional 
throughout  in  damp  or  wet  open  or  slightly  shaded  ground.  Abundant 
in  spots  in  Presque  Isle  and  Cheboygan  counties. 

Cypripedium  acaule  Ait.  Stemless  lady's  slipper.  In  shaded  sandy 
ground  throughout  but  seldom  abundant. 

Orchis  spectabilis  L.  Showy  orchis.  Rich  woods.  Occasional  through- 
out. 

Habenaria  bracteata  (Willd.)  R.  Br.  Long  bracted  orchis.  In  rich 
woods  from  Alpena  to  St.  Ignace  and  on  Mackinac  Island,  Mackinac 
County.     Frequent. 

Habenaria  flava  (L.)  Gray.  Tubercled  orchis.  In  wet  open  or  shaded 
places  from  Alpena  to  St.  Ignace  and  on  Mackinac  Island.     Frequent. 

Habenaria  hyperborea  (L.)  R.  Br.  Tall  leafy  green  orchis.  In  damp 
woods  from  Alpena  to  St.  Ignace  and  on  Mackinac  Island.    Frequent. 

Habenaria  dilatata  (Pursh)  Gray.  Tall  white  bog  orchis.  In  very 
wet  open  boggy  places  from  Bay  City,  Bay  County,  to  St.  Ignace  and  on 
Mackinac  Island,  Mackinac  County.     Frequent. 

Habenaria  clavellata  (Michx.)  Spreng.  Small  green  wood  orchis.  Bn^ 
and  moist  ground.     Frequent. 

Habenaria  obtusata  (Pursh)  Richards.  Small  northern  bog  orchis. 
Rich  woods.     Frequent  throughout. 

Habenaria   hookeri  Torr.      Hooker's  orchis.     Dry  or  damp  shaded 


34  BOTANY  OF  MICHIGAN 

ground  from  Bay  County  to  Mackinac  Island,  Mackinac  County.   Fre- 
quent. 

Habenaria  orbiculata  (Pursh)  Torr.  Large  round-leaved  orchis.  Rich 
shaded  ground  from  Bay  County  to  Mackinac  Island,  Mackinac  County. 
Apparently  infrequent. 

Habenaria  lacera  (Michx.)  R.  Br.  Ragged  fringed  orchis.  In  open 
ground  from  Bay  County  to  Mackinac  Island,  Mackinac  County. 
Frequent. 

Habenaria  psycodes  (L.)  Sw.  Smaller  purple-fringed  orchis.  Wet 
places  and  in  damp  meadow-like  ground.     Frequent  throughout. 

Pogonia  ophioglossoides  (L.)  Ker.  Rose  pogonia.  Wet  boggy  ground. 
Occasional  throughout. 

Calopogon  pulchellus  (Sw.)  R.  Br.  Calopogon.  Grass  pink.  In  boggy 
open  ground  from  Bay  County  to  Mackinaw  City,  Cheboygan  County. 
Apparently  infrequent. 

Arethusa  bulbosa  L.  Arethusa.  In  an  open  bog  near  the  life  saving 
station  above  Cheboygan,  Cheboygan  County.  Probably  frequent 
throughout. 

Spiranthes  gracilis  (Bigel)  Beck.  Slender  ladies'  tresses.  Dry  open 
ground.     Occasional  throughout.     Probably  often  overlooked. 

Spiranthes  cernua  (L.)  Richards.  Nodding  ladies'  tresses.  Bogs  and 
damp  open  ground.  Frequent  throughout.  Abundant  in  damp  open 
ground  at  St.  Ignace  and  on  Mackinac  Island,  Mackinac  County. 

Epipactis  repens  ophioides  (Fernald)  A.  A.  Eaton.  Lesser  rattle- 
snake plantain.  Rich  woods  from  Alpena,  Alpena  County  to  St.  Ignace, 
Mackinac  County.     Apparently  infrequent. 

Epipactis  tesselata  (Lodd.)  A.  A.  Eaton.  Checkered  rattlesnake  plan- 
tain. In  damp  rich  woods  on  Mackinac  Island,  Mackinac  County.  Ap- 
parently infrequent.  The  late  Prof.  C.  F.  Wheeler  noted  this  plant  in 
Michigan  as  early  as  1901. 

Epipactis  decipiens  (Hook.)  Ames.  Menzies'  rattlesnake  plantain. 
In  rich  shaded  ground  about  St.  Ignace  and  on  Mackinac  Island,  Macki- 
nac County.     Apparently  infrequent. 

Listera  convallarioides  (Sw.)  Torr.  Broad-lipped  twayblade.  Damp 
rich  shaded  ground  on  Mackinac  Island.  Plentiful.  Apparently  in- 
frequent. 

Corallorrhiza  trifida  Chatelain.  Early  coral-root.  In  rich  shaded 
ground  about  St.  Ignace  and  abundant  on  Mackinac  Island,  Mackinac 
County.     Noticed  from  Bay  County  to  Mackinac  Island. 

Corallorrhiza  maculata  Raf.  Large  coral-root.  Usually  in  rich  shaded 
ground.  Noticed  as  occasional  from  Alpena  to  St.  Ignace.  Very  abun- 
dant on  Mackinac  Island,  Mackinac  Count}^. 

Corallorrhiza  striata  Lindl.     Striped  coral-root.     Noticed  from  near 


SHORE  OF  LAKE  HURON  35 

Alpena  to  St.  Ignace  and  on  Mackinac  Island.  Usually  in  rich  shaded 
ground.     Plentiful  on  Thunder  Bay  Island,  Alpena  County. 

Microstylis  unifolia  (Michx.)  BSP.  Green  adder's-mouth.  Rich 
woods  near  Bay  City,  Bay  County.     G.  M.  Bradford. 

Liparis  leoselii  (L.)  Richards.  Fen  orchis.  From  Bay  County  to 
Mackinac  Island,  Mackinac  County.     Frequent. 

Calypso  bulbosa  (L.)  Oakes.  Calypso.  In  rich  shaded  ground  on 
Thunder  Bay  Island  in  Alpena  County.     Apparently  infrequent. 

SALICACEAE.     Willow  Family 

Salix  nigra  Marsh.  Black  willow.  Banks  of  streams  and  in  damp 
places  from  Bay  County  to  Mackinaw  City,  Cheboygan  County. 
Usually  small  trees  or  mere  shrubs.     Plentiful. 

Salix  nigra  falcata  (Pursh)  Torr.  Falcate-leaved  black  willow.  Along 
small  streams  near  Bay  City,  Bay  County.    Frequent.    G.  M.  Bradford. 

Salix  amygdaloides  Anders.  Peach-leaved  willow.  Common  from 
near  Linwood,  Bay  County,  through  Arenac  County.  Not  noticed 
farther  north.  Reported  in  Michigan  Flora  as  near  Harrisville  in 
Alcona  County. 

Salix  lucida  Muhl.  Shining  willow.  Wet  open  ground.  Common 
throughout. 

Salix  serissima  (Bailey)  Fernald.  Autumn  willow.  Damp  open 
ground  from  Bay  County  to  Mackinaw  City,  Cheboygan  County.  Oc- 
casional throughout. 

Salix  alba  L.  White  willow.  Frequently  planted  but  seldom  escaping 
so  far  as  observed. 

Salix  longifolia  Muhl.  Sand  bar  willow.  Noticed  as  quite  frequent 
on  and  near  the  Lake  Huron  beach  from  Bay  County  to  Mackinaw  City, 
Cheboygan  County. 

Salix  cor  data  Muhl.  Heart-leaved  willow.  Along  small  streams  and 
in  damp  places  with  other  willows.     Frequent  throughout. 

Salix  glaucophylla  Bebb.  Broad-leaved  willow.  Noticed  as  frequent 
from  Arenac  County  to  St.  Ignace  and  on  Mackinac  Island,  Mackinac 
Count}'.  Usually  in  sandy  ground  on  or  near  sandy  beach  of  Lake 
Huron. 

Salix  syrticola  Fernald.  Furry  willow.  On  and  near  the  Lake  Huron 
beach  from  Point  Lookout  in  Arenac  County  to  St.  Ignace  and  on  Macki- 
nac Island.     Common. 

Salix  pedicellaris  Pursh.  Bog  willow.  In  very  swampy  places  from 
Bay  County  to  Cheboygan,  Cheboygan  County.     Frequent. 

Salix  discolor  Muhl.  Glaucous  willow.  Along  streams  and  in  low 
ground.     Frequent  throughout. 

Salix  pctiolaris  Sin.    Slender  willow.    In  wet  marshy  places  from  Bay 


36  BOTANY  OF  MICHIGAN 

County  to  St.   Ignace  and  on  Mackinac  Island,   Mackinac  County. 
Plentiful. 

Salix  humilis  Marsh.  Prairie  willow.  In  dry  sandy  ground  from 
Linwood  in  Baj-  County  to  Mackinaw  City,  Cheboygan  County. 
Common. 

Salix  sericea  Marsh.  Silky  willow.  In  wet  marslw  ground  from  Bay 
County  to  St.  Ignace  and  on  Mackinac  Island,  Mackinac  County. 
Frequent. 

Salix  rostrata  Richards.  Bebb's  willow.  In  dry  or  damp  open  ground. 
Frequent  throughout. 

Salix  Candida  Fliigge.  Sage  willow.  In  boggy  open  ground  from  Bay 
County  to  St.  Ignace  and  on  Mackinac  Island,  Mackinac  County. 
Frequent. 

Populus  alba  L.  White  poplar.  Occasionally  planted  especially  in 
cities  and  villages  and  often  spreading  by  root. 

Popidus  tremuloides  Miehx.  American  aspen.  Common  throughout, 
especially  on  burnt  over  ground. 

Populus  grandidentata  Michx.  Large-toothed  aspen.  Common 
throughout. 

Populus  balsamifera  L.  Balsam  poplar.  Very  abundant  throughout 
on  and  near  the  Lake  Huron  shore.  Many  large  trees  noticed  from 
Alpena  to  Mackinaw  City,  Cheboygan  County. 

Populus  deltoides  Marsh.  Cotton-wood.  Noticed  in  Bay  and  Arenac 
Counties,  but  not  farther  north.  Plentiful.  A  sort  of  horticultural 
form  cultivated  as  a  street  and  road  tree  noticed  in  cities  and  villages, 
under  common  name  of  " large-leaved  poplar"  or  " Carolina  poplar.' 

Popidus  nigra  italica  DuRoi.  Lombardy  poplar.  Planted  in  cities 
and  occasionally  spreading  by  root. 

MYRICACEAE.     Sweet  Gale  Family 

Myrica  gale  L.  Sweet  gale.  In  wet  open  places.  Common  through- 
out. Noticed  south  as  far  as  Sand  Point,  Huron  County.  Noticed  also 
in  Oakland  County  by  C.  Billington. 

Myrica  asplenifolia  L.  Sweet  fern.  Sandy  open  ground  from  near 
Omer  in  Arenac  County  to  Mackinaw  City,  Cheboygan  County. 
Abundant  on  jack  pine  plains. 

JUGLANDACEAE.     Walnut  Family 

Juglans  cinerea  L.  Butternut.  From  Bay  Count3T  to  the  north  line 
of  Alpena  County.  Frequent.  One  very  large  tree  and  a  number  of 
small  ones  near  center  of  Bois  Blanc  Island,  Mackinac  County. 

Juglans  nigra  L.    Black  walnut.     Planted  occasionally  in  cities  and 


SHORE  OF  LAKE  HURON  37 

villages  and  about  farm  houses.  As  a  native  tree  probably  not  farther 
north  than  Tuscola  County  and  the  Saginaw  valley. 

Carya  ovata  (Mill.)  K.  Koch.  Shag-bark  hickory.  From  near  Pin- 
conning  in  Bay  County  to  the  north  line  of  Arenac  County.  Frequent. 
Not  noticed  farther  north. 

Carya  cordiformis  (Wang)  K.  Koch.  Bitter-nut.  Rich  ground  with 
other  trees  from  Pinconning,  Bay  County,  to  Alpena  County.    Frequent. 

BETULACEAE.     Birch  Family 

Corylus  americana  Walt.  Common  hazelnut.  Rich  open  ground  near 
Pinconning,  Bay  Courrty,  but  not  noticed  farther  north  along  or  near  the 
Lake  Huron  shore. 

Corylus  rostrata  Ait.  Beaked  hazelnut.  Rich  open  ground  from  Bay 
County  to  St.  Ignace  and  on  Mackinac  Island,  Mackinac  County. 
Common. 

Ostrya  virginiana  (Mill)  K.  Koch.  Ironwood.  In  rich  woods  with 
other  trees  from  Bay  County  to  St.  Ignace  and  on  Mackinac  Island, 
Mackinac  County.     Plentiful. 

Carpinus  caroliniana  Walt.  Blue  beech.  Noticed  only  in  Bay  and 
Arenac  counties,  in  rich  woods  with  other  trees.    Frequent. 

Betula  lutea  Michx.  f.  Yellow  birch.  Rich  ground  usually  with  beech 
and  sugar  maple  from  Bay  County  to  St.  Ignace  and  on  Mackinac 
Island  where  fine  specimens  of  this  species  now  exist.  Betula  lenta  L., 
cherry  birch,  was  not  noticed. 

Betula  alba  papyrifera  (Marsh.)  Spach.  White  birch.  Dryish  ground 
with  other  trees  from  Bay  County  to  St.  Ignace  and  on  Mackinac  Island, 
Mackinac  County.  Often  abundant  on  burnt-over  ground  and  fre- 
quently mingled  with  beech  maple  and  j^ellow  birch. 

Betula  pumilali.  Low  birch.  In  low  swampy  open  ground.  Frequent 
throughout. 

Alnus  incana  (L.)  Moench.  Speckled  alder.  In  low  wet  ground  from 
Bay  County  to  St.  Ignace  and  on  Mackinac  Island,  Mackinac  County. 
Abundant. 

FAGACEAE.     Beech  Family 

Fagus  grandifolia  Ehrh.  Beech.  With  sugar  maple  and  yellow  birch 
forming  hardwood  forests  from  Bay  County  to  St.  Ignace  and  on  Macki- 
nac Island,  Mackinac  County.  Formerly  abundant  in  spots  and  streaks, 
now  much  reduced  by  lumbering. 

Quercus  alba  L.  White  oak.  Found  from  Bay  County  to  a  point  just 
south  of  Harrisville  in  Alcona  County,  and  not  noticed  farther  north 
near  the  Lake  Huron  shore.  Frequent  on  the  Michigan  divide.  Noticed 
near  Mullet  Lake  in  Chebo3rgan  County,  also  near  Lewiston,  Mont- 
morency County,  where  it  is  plentiful. 


38  BOTANY  OF  MICHIGAN 

Quercus  macrocarpa  Michx.  Bur  oak.  Rich  ground  with  other  trees 
from  Bay  County  to  Mackinaw  City,  Cheboygan  County.  Seldom 
plentiful. 

Quercus  bicolor  Willcl.  Swamp  white  oak.  Rich  ground  with  other 
trees  from  Bav  Countv  to  Bois  Blanc  Island,  Mackinac  County.  Seldom 
plentiful. 

Quercus  ellipsoidalis  E.  J.  Hill.  Hill's  oak.  Near  Lewiston,  Mont- 
mo  renc}r  County.     Plentiful. 

Quercus  rubra  L.  Red  Oak.  Fringing  the  Lake  Huron  shore  more 
or  less  from  Bav  Countv  to  Mackinac  Island,  Mackinac  County. 
Abundant  on  Mackinac  Island  and  Bois  Blanc  Island,  Mackinac 
County. 

Quercus  velutina  Lam.  Yellow-barked  oak.  Dry  sandy  open  ground. 
With  other  trees  from  Bay  County  to  Alpena  and  Montmorency 
counties.     Frequent. 

URTICACEAE.     Nettle  Family 

Ulmusfulva  Michx.  Slippery  elm.  Said  to  be  plentiful  in  Bay  County. 
G.  M.  Bradford.  Reported  but  not  seen  near  Tawas  City  in  Iosco 
County.  Said  to  be  plentiful  in  Montmorency  County.  Noticed  near 
Rose  City,  Ogemaw  County. 

Ulmus  americana  L.  American  elm.  Common  from  Bay  County  to 
Mackinaw  City,  Cheboygan  County.  A  few  large  trees  on  Mackinac 
Island,  Mackinac  County.  Plentiful  and  trees  large  on  Bois  Blanc 
Island,  Mackinac  County. 

Ulmus  racemosa  Thomas.  Rock  Elm.  Rich  ground  with  other  trees 
and  plentiful  in  Preqsue  Isle,  Montmorency,  Oscoda  and  Ogemaw 
counties. 

Celtis  occidentalis  L.  Sugarberrv.  At  Point  Lookout  in  Arenac 
County.  Perhaps  its  northern  limit.  Prof.  C.  F.  Wheeler's  notes, 
dated  August  10,  1900.     On  Little  Charity  Island  in  Saginaw  Bay. 

Cannabis  saliva  L.  Hemp.  In  and  near  cities  and  villages  in  waste 
ground.     Often  plentiful. 

Humulus  lupulus  L.  Common  hop.  Apparently  an  escape  from  cul- 
tivation near  Linwood,  Bay  County,  and  about  Alpena,  Alpena  County. 

Urtica  gracilis  Ait.  Slender  nettle.  Damp,  open  or  partially  shaded 
ground  from  Bay  County  to  St.  Ignace,  Mackinac  County.  Seldom 
abundant. 

Laportea  canadensis  (L.)  Gaud.  Wood  nettle.  In  rich  shaded  ground 
from  Bay  County  to  Cheboygan  County.     Frequent. 

SANTALACEAE.     Sandalwood  Family 

Comandra  richardsiana  Fernald.  Richards'  bastard  toad-flax.  In 
dry  open  ground  from  Bay  County  to  St.  Ignace  and  on  Mackinac  Island, 


SHORE  OF  LAKE  HURON  39 

Mackinac  County.     Common  and  often  abundant.     C.  umbellata  (L.) 
Nutt.     Common  bastard  toad-flax,  not  noticed. 

LORANTHACEAE.     Mistletoe  Family 

Arceuthobium  pusillum  Peck.  Dwarf  mistletoe.  On  Picea  canadensis 
(Mill.)  BSP.,  white  spruce,  Bois  Blanc  Island,  Mackinac  County. 
Abundant.     Probably  throughout,  but  overlooked. 

POLYGONACEAE.     Buckwheat  Family 

Rumex  britannica  L.  Great  water  dock.  Wet,  marshy,  usually  open 
ground  from  Bay  County  to  St.  Ignace,  Mackinac  County.    Frequent. 

Runiex  crispus  L.  Yellow  dock.  A  weed  throughout  in  cities,  village 
and  cultivated  fields.     Often  plentiful  in  pastures. 

Rumex  mexica?ius  Meisn.  Willow-leaved  dock.  Growing  in  large 
bunches  on  and  near  sandy  beach  of  Lake  Michigan  west  of  St.  Ignace, 
also  on  and  near  sandy  beach,  Bois  Blanc  Island,  Mackinac  County. 

Rumex  obtusifolius  L.  Bitter  dock.  A  weed  along  roads  and  near 
dwellings  throughout.  Often  plentiful  in  pastures  and  cultivated 
grounds. 

Rumex  acetosella  L.  Field  sorrel.  In  cultivated  grounds.  Frequent 
throughout  and  often  abundant. 

Polygonum  aviculare  L.  Knotgrass.  About  dwellings  and  in  cities 
and  villages.     Common. 

Polygonum  erectum  L.  Erect  knotweed.  Roadsides  and  streets  in  and 
near  cities  and  villages.     Frequent  throughout. 

Polygonum  ramosissimum  Michx.  Bushy  knotweed.  Sandy  beach  on 
Bois  Blanc  Island,  Mackinac  County.  Plentiful.  Not  noticed  else- 
where. 

Polygonum  tenue  Michx.  Slender  knotweed.  Dry  open  sandy  ground 
from  Bay  County  to  Mackinaw  City,  Cheboygan  County.    Frequent. 

Polygonum  lapathifolium  L.  Pale  persicaria.  Wet  open  places  from 
Bay  County  to  Mackinaw  City.     Frequent  throughout. 

Polygonum  amphibium  L.  Water  persicaria.  About  ponds,  small 
lakes,  along  slow  streams,  often  floating  in  water.     Plentiful. 

Polygonum  amphibium  hartwrightii  (Gray)  Bissel.  Hartwright's 
persicaria.  Damp  open  ground  on  Bois  Blanc  Island,  appearing  quite 
distinct.     Plentiful  in  several  places. 

Polygonum  muhlenbergii  (Meisn.)  Wats.  Swamp  persicaria.  Bay 
County  to  St.  Ignace,  Mackinac  County.     Plentiful. 

Polygonum  pennsylvanicum  L.  Pennsylvania  persicaria.  Damp  open 
places.     Frequent  throughout. 

Polygonum  hydropiper  L.    Common  smartweed.    Damp  open  ground 


40  BOTANY  OF  MICHIGAN 

from  Bay  County  to  St.  Ignace,  Mackinac  County.  Frequent.  Often 
abundant . 

Polygonum  acre  HBK.  Water  smartweed.  Damp  open  ground  and 
along  streams.     Frequent  throughout. 

Polygonum  persicaria  L.  Lady's  thumb.  Damp  places  and  in  waste 
grounds  of  cities  and  villages.    Frequent  throughout. 

Polygonum  hydropiperoides  Michx.  Mild  water  pepper.  Along  low 
banks  of  streams  from  Bay  County  to  St.  Ignace,  Mackinac  County. 
Occasional  throughout. 

Polygonum  virginianum  L.  Virginia  knot-weed.  Rich  shaded  ground 
in  Bay  and  Arenac  counties.     Plentiful. 

Polygonum  sagittatum  L.  Arrow-leaved  tear-thumb.  Damp  open  or 
partially  shaded  places  from  Bay  County  to  St.  Ignace,  Mackinac 
Count}'.     Frequent  throughout. 

Polygonum  convolvulus  L.  Black  bindweed.  Noticed  as  a  weed  in 
cities,  villages  and  cultivated  grounds  generally.    Plentiful. 

Polygonum  cilinode  Michx.  Fringed  black  bindweed.  Dry  open  or 
rocky  ground  from  Bay  County  to  St.  Ignace,  Mackinac  County. 
Plentiful  throughout. 

Fagopyrum  esculentum  Moench.  Buckwheat.  Occasional  about 
cities  and  villages  and  in  cultivated  grounds.  Probably  not  a  permanent 
escape. 

Polygonella  articulata  (L.)  Meisn.  Coast  jointweed.  Noticed  in 
sandy  open  ground  from  Bay  County  to  Mackinaw  City.  Plentiful  and 
often  abundant.     Common  on  jack  pine  plains. 

CHENOPODIACEAE.     Goosefoot  Family 

Chenopodium  botrys  L.  Jerusalem  oak.  In  dry,  sandy  open  ground 
as  a  weed.     Frequent  and  often  plentiful  throughout. 

Chenopodium  capitatum  (L.)  Asch.  Strawberry  blite.  Damp  or 
dryish  open  ground  from  Bay  County  to  St.  Ignace,  Mackinac 
County.     Plentiful  throughout. 

Chenopodium  glaucum  L.  Oak-leaved  goosefoot.  As  a  weed  in  cities 
and  villages.     Frequent  throughout. 

Chenopodium  hybridum  L.  Maple-leaved  goosefoot.  Dryish  open  or 
partially  shaded  ground  from  Bay  Count}'  to  St.  Ignace,  Mackinac 
County.     Plentiful.     Often  a  weed  in  cultivated  grounds. 

Chenopodium  album  L.  Pigweed.  Lamb's  quarters.  A  common 
weed  in  cities,  villages  and  cultivated  grounds. 

Atriplex  patula  hastata  (L.)  Gray.  Halberd-leaved  orache.  Noticed 
only  as  a  weed  in  cities  and  villages.     Frequent  throughout. 

Atriplex  patula  littoralis  (L.)  Gray.  Shore  orache.  On  and  near  the 
sandy  beaches  of  Lake  Huron.     Occasional  throughout. 


SHORE  OF  LAKE  HURON  41 

Salsola  kali  tenuifolia  G.  F.  W.  Mey.  Russian  thistle.  A  weed 
throughout.     Not  frequent  or  troublesome. 

AMARANTHACEAE.     Amaranth  Family 

Amaranthus  retroflexus  L.  Amaranth  pigweed.  Noticed  as  a  weed 
throughout  in  cultivated  grounds.     Frequent. 

Amaranthus  graecizans  L.  Tumble-weed.  In  cultivated  ground- 
throughout.     Plentiful. 

Amaranthus  blitoides  Wats.  Prostrate  amaranth.  A  weed  about 
cities  and  villages  and  in  cultivated  grounds.    Plentiful  throughout. 

AIZOACEAE.     Carpet-weed  Family 

Mollugo  verticillata  L.  Carpet-weed.  In  open  sandy  ground  from 
Bay  County  to  St.  Ignace,  Mackinac  County.     Occasional. 

CARYOPHYLLACEAE.     Pink  Family 

Spergula  arvensis  L.  Corn  spurry.  Sandy  open  ground.  Occasional 
throughout,  in  and  near  cities  and  villages. 

Arenaria  serpyllofolia  L.  Thyme-leaved  sandwort.  Dry,  sandy,  open 
ground.     As  a  weed  throughout.     Plentiful. 

Stellar ia  longifolia  Muhl.  Long-stalked  stitchwort.  In  marshy,  open 
ground  from  Bay  County  to  Mackinaw  City.     Frequent. 

Stellaria  graminea  L.  Lesser  stitchwort.  Grassy  open  ground  near 
Pinconning,  Bay  County.     Plentiful  at  this  place. 

Stellaria  'media  (L.)  Cyrill.  Common  chickweed.  Noticed  as  a  weed 
in  cities,  villages  and  cultivated  grounds.     Often  plentiful. 

Cerastium  arvense  L.  Field  chickweed.  Mackinac  Island,  Mackinac 
County.  In  dryish  open  ground.  Abundant  in  one  place.  Not  noticed 
elsewhere. 

Cerastium  vulgatum  L.  Common  mouse-ear  chickweed.  Occasional 
in  clamp  or  dryish  open  ground.  As  a  weed  in  cities,  villages  and  culti- 
vated grounds.     Plentiful. 

Agrostemma  githago  L.  Common  cockle.  Occasional  about  cities  and 
villages  and  in  waste  grounds. 

Lychnis  alba  Mill.  White  campion.  Dry  fields  and  cultivated 
grounds,  and  about  cities  and  villages.     Frequent. 

Silene  antirrhina  L.  Sleepy  catchfly.  In  dry  and  sandy  open  ground 
from  Bay  County  to  St.  Ignace,  Mackinac  County.     Frequent. 

Silene  noctiflora  L.  Night-flowering  catchfly.  About  cities  and  vil- 
lages, and  in  waste  places  as  a  weed.     Frequent. 

Silene  latifolia  (Mill.)  Britten  &  Rendle.  Bladder  campion.  As  a 
weed  in  waste  places  of  cities  and  villages.    Occasional  throughout. 


42  BOTANY  OF  MICHIGAN 

Saponaria  officinalis  L.  Bouncing  bet.  In  sandy  open  ground  from 
Bay  County  to  Mackinaw  City.    Frequent  and  often  plentiful. 

Gypsophila  muralis  L.  Low  gypsophyll.  Well  established  in  an  old 
field  at  Misery  Bay  near  Alpena.     Plentiful. 

Gypsophila  elegans  Bieb.  Elegant  gypsophila.  Apparently  a  perma- 
nent escape  from  cultivation  in  and  about  the  village  of  Mackinac 
Island,  Mackinac  County.     Plentiful. 

PORTULACACEAE.     Purslane  Family 

Claytonia  virginica  L.  Spring  beauty.  Rich  shaded  ground  from 
Bay  County  to  St.  Ignace,  Mackinac  County.     Frequent. 

Claytonia  caroliniana  Michx.  Carolina  spring  beauty.  In  slightly 
shaded  ground  on  Mackinac  Island,  and  Bois  Blanc  Island,  Mackinac 
County.     Plentiful.     Not  noticed  farther  south. 

Portulaca  oleracea  L.  Common  purslane.  Occasional  as  a  weed  in 
cities,  villages,  cultivated  grounds  and  waste  places. 

NYMPHAEACEAE.     Water  Lily  Family 

Xymphaea  advena  Ait.  Yellow  water  lily.  More  or  less  frequent  in 
small  lakes,  ponds  and  coves  of  streams  from  Bay  County  to  St  Ignace, 
Mackinac  County. 

Castalia  odorata  (Ait.)  Woodville  &  Wood.  Sweet-scented  water 
lily.  Ponds,  small  lakes,  borders  of  slow  streams  and  coves  from  Alpena 
to  St.  Ignace,  Mackinac  County.     Plentiful. 

Castalia  tuberosa  (Paine)  Greene.  White  water  lily.  In  small  lakes, 
ponds,  and  coves  of  streams  from  Bay  Count}'  to  St.  Ignace,  Mackinac 
County.     Plentiful. 

Brasenia  shreberi  Gmel.  Water  shield.  In  shallow  water  of  small 
lakes  and  coves  of  streams  from  Bay  County  to  Mackinaw  City,  Cheboy- 
gan county.     Plentiful. 

RANUNCULACEAE.     Crowfoot  Family 

Ranunculus  circinatus  Sibth.  Stiff  water  crowfoot.  In  shallow  stag- 
nant water  from  Bay  County  to  St.  Ignace,  Mackinac  County.  Often 
abundant. 

Ranunculus  delphinifolius  Torr.  Yellow  water  crowfoot.  In  ponds, 
ditches  and  stagnant  water  from  Bay  County  to  St.  Ignace,  Mackinac 
County.     Often  abundant. 

Ranunculus  flammula  filijormis  (Michx.)  Hook.  Smaller  creeping 
spearwort.  Near  life  saving  station  above  Rogers  on  the  low  sandy 
beach  of  Lake  Huron.  Probably  frequent  on  sandy  and  gravelly  shores 
throughout  but  overlooked. 

Ranunculus  sceleratus  L.    Cursed  crowfoot.    In  very  wet  open  places 


SHORE  OF  LAKE  HURON  43 

from  Bay  County  to  St.  Ignace  and  on  Mackinac  Island,  Mackinac 
Count}'.     Plentiful. 

Ranunculus  abortivus  L.  Smaller-flowered  crowfoot.  In  damp  open 
or  shaded  ground  from  Bay  County  to  St.  Ignace  and  on  Mackinac- 
Island,  Mackinac  County.     Common  and  often  abundant. 

Ranunculus  recurvatus  Poir.  Hooked  crowfoot.  In  damp  open  or 
partially  shaded  ground  throughout.     Frequent. 

Ranunculus  sepientrionalis  Poir.  Swamp  buttercup.  In  damp  open 
or  shaded  ground.     Frequent  throughout. 

Ranunculus  bulbosus  L.  Bulbous  crowfoot.  In  dry  open  ground  near 
Bay  City,  Bay  County.     Plentiful.     G.  M.  Bradford. 

Ranunculus  acris  L.  Tall  crowfoot.  From  Bay  County  to  St.  Ignace 
in  Mackinac  County.  Plentiful.  From  Harrisville  to  St.  Ignace  and  on 
Mackinac  Island,  it  is  a  pernicious  weed,  covering  pastures  and  culti- 
vated grounds,  even  penetrating  woods  and  thickets. 

Ranunculus  pennsylvanicus  L.f.  Bristly  crowfoot.  Damp  open  ground. 
Frequent  throughout. 

Thalictrum  dioicum  L.  Early  meadow  rue.  In  damp  woods  and 
thickets  from  Bay  County  to  St.  Ignace,  Mackinac  County.    Plentiful. 

Thalictrum  dasycarpum  Fisch.  &  Lall.  Purplish  meadow  rue.  From 
Bay  County  throughout  in  open  or  shaded  ground.    Plentiful. 

Hepatica  triloba  Chaix.  Round-lobed  liver-leaf.  In  dryish  open  or 
shaded  ground.     Frequent  throughout. 

Hepatica  acutiloba  DC.  Sharp-lobed  liver-leaf.  In  beech-maple 
woods  from  Bay  County  to  St.  Ignace,  Mackinac  Countj^.    Frequent. 

Anemone  multifida  Poir.  Red  wind-flower.  First  noticed  in  sandy 
open  ground  near  Alpena  and  it  is  frequent  from  there  to  St.  Ignace. 
Mackinac  County,  on  or  near  the  sandy  beach  of  Lake  Huron. 

Anemone  cylindrica  Gray.  Long-fruited  anemone.  In  dry  open  or 
partially  shaded  sandy  ground  from  Bay  County  to  Alpena.  Plentiful. 
Common  on  jack  pine  plains. 

Anemone  virginiana  L.  Tall  anemone.  In  dryish  open  or  slightly 
shaded  ground  throughout.     Plentiful. 

Anemone  canadensis  L.  Canada  anemone.  In  damp  or  dryish  open  or 
partially  shaded  ground  from  Bay  Count}^  to  St.  Ignace,  Mackinac 
Count  v.     Plentiful. 

Anemone  quinquefolia  L.  Wood  anemone.  Rich  partially  shaded 
ground  from  Bay  County  to  St.  Ignace,  Mackinac  County. 

Clematis  virginiana  L.  Virginia  virgin's  bower.  Borders  of  rich 
woods,  damp  thickets  and  along  streams.     Plentiful  throughout. 

Caltha  palustris  L.  Marsh  marigold.  In  very  wet  open  or  shaded 
places.     Abundant  throughout. 

Coptis  trifolia  (L.)  Salisb.  Goldthread.  In  swampy  or  damp  open 
or  shaded  ground.     Common  throughout. 


44  BOTANY  OF  MICHIGAN 

Aquilegia  canadensis  L.  Wild  columbine.  In  sandy  or  rocky  open  or 
partially  shaded  ground  throughout.     Plentiful. 

Aquilegia  vulgaris  L.  Garden  columbine.  Apparently  permanently 
established  on  the  gravelly  beach  of  Mackinac  Island,  Mackinac  County. 

Actaea  rubra  (Ait.)  Willd.  Red  banebeny.  In  damp  rich  open  woods. 
Frequent  throughout. 

Actaea  rubra  forma  neglecta  (Gillman)  Robinson.  Gillmairs  bane- 
berry.  Noticed  as  frequent  on  Mackinac  Island  and  in  other  places. 
Pedicels  capillary,  berries  white. 

Actaea  alba  (L.)  Mill.  White  baneberry.  In  dryish  rich  open  woods. 
Plentiful  throughout. 

Hydrastis  canadensis  L.  Golden  seal.  Reported  as  occasional  in  rich 
woods  throughout  but  not  noticed  by  the  writer. 

BERBERIDACEAE.     Barberry  Family 

Caidophyllum  thalictroides  (L.)  Michx.  Papoose  root.  Rich  open 
woods.     Occasional  throughout. 

Berberis  vulgaris  L.  Common  Barberry.  Cultivated  as  an  orna- 
mental shrub  in  cities  and  villages  but  not  noticed  as  escaping. 

P  AP  AVER  ACE  AE.     Poppy  Family 

Sanguinaria  canadensis  L.  Bloodroot.  Open  rich  woods  from  Bay 
County  to  St.  Ignace,  Mackinac  County.     Plentiful. 

FUMARIACEAE.     Fumitory  Family 

Adlumia  fungosa  (Ait.)  Greene.  Climbing  fumatory.  Damp  shaded 
ground  from  Bay  County  to  St.  Ignace,  Mackinac  County.    Infrequent. 

Dicentra  cucullaria  (L.)  Bernh.  Dutchman's  breeches.  Rich  shaded 
ground  throughout.     Frequent. 

Dicentra  canadensis  (Goldie)  Walp.  Squirrel  corn.  Rich  woods  from 
Bay  County  to  St.  Ignace.     Frequent. 

Corydalis  sempervirens  (L.)  Pers.  Pale  corydalis.  Dry  open  ground 
from  Bay  County  to  St.  Ignace.    Often  abundant  on  burned  over  areas. 

Corydalis  aurea  Willd.  Golden  co^dalis.  Near  Alpena,  Alpena 
County,  in  open  sandy  ground.     Apparently  rare. 

CRUCIFERAE.     Mustard  Family 

Draba  arabisans  Michx.  Twisted  whitlow-grass.  On  rocl^y  bluff  east 
side  of  Mackinac  Island.     Abundant.     Not  noticed  elsewhere. 

Alyssum  alyssoides  L.  Yellow  alyssum.  In  dry  open  ground  about 
cities  and  villages.     Often  plentiful. 

Thlaspi  arvense  L.  Field  penny  cress.  From  Bay  County  to  St. 
Ignace,  Mackinac  County,  in  cities  and  villages.     Infrequent. 


SHORE  OF  LAKE  HURON  4^ 

Lepidium  virginicum  L.     Wild  peppergrass.     In  cities,  villages  and 

cultivated  grounds  as  a  weed.     Seldom  abundant. 

Lepidium  apetalum  Willd.  Apetalous  peppergrass.  A  weed  in  cities 
and  villages  throughout  but  apparently  infrequent. 

Capsella  bursa-pastoris  (L.)   Medic.     Shepherd's  purse.     Cultiva* 
grounds  and  waste  places.     Common. 

Camelina  sativa  (L.)  Crantz.     False  flax.     About  cities  and  village 
and  along  railroads  as  a  weed.     Infrequent. 

Cakile  edeniula  (Bigel.)  Hook.  American  sea  rocket.  On  and  near 
sandy  beach  of  Lake  Huron  throughout.     Seldom  abundant. 

Brassica  arvensis  (L.)  Ktze.  Common  mustard.  About  cities  and 
villages  and  in  cultivated  grounds  as  a  weed,  but  not  noticed  as  abundant 
anywhere. 

Brassica  nigra  (L.)  Koch.  Black  mustard.  Noticed  as  a  weed  about 
cities  and  villages.     Infrequent. 

Brassica  campestris  L.  Rutabaga.  Occasional  as  a  temporary  escape 
about  cities  and  villages  and  along  railways. 

Conringla  orientalis  (L.)  Dumont.  Hare's-ear  mustard.  Apparently 
well  established  about  cottages  and  in  cultivated  grounds  on  Bois  Blanc 
Island,  Mackinac  County. 

Sisymbrium  officinale  leiocarpum  DC.  Smooth  podded  hedge  mustard. 
About  cities  and  villages  and  in  cultivated  grounds.     Infrequent. 

Sisymbrium  altissimum  L.  Tumble  mustard.  About  depot  grounds 
in  cities  and  villages,  and  in  waste  places.     Frequent. 

Braya  humilis  (C.  A.  Mey.)  Robinson.  Low  rock  cress.  On  Mackinac 
Island.     G.  H.  Hicks.     Not  noticed  in  1912. 

Erysimum  cheiranthoides  L.  Worm-seed  mustard.  About  cities  and 
villages  and  in  waste  places  as  a  weed  throughout,  but  infrequent. 

Radicula  nasturtium-aquaticum  (L.)  Britten  &  Rendel.  True  water 
cress.  In  ditches,  small  creeks  and  about  springs  throughout.  Often 
plentiful. 

Radicula  palustris  (L.)  Moench.  Marsh  cress.  In  wet  open  ground 
from  Bay  County  to  St.  Ignace,  Mackinac  County.  Plentiful,  often 
abundant. 

Radicula  palustris  hispida  (Desv.)  Robinson.  Hispid  yellow  en  ss. 
Wet  open  ground  throughout.     Infrequent. 

Radicula  armoracia  (L.)  Robinson.  Horseradish.  Frequent  in  dam}) 
places  about  cities  and  villages.  Noticed  in  particular  as  a  well  estab- 
lished escape  in  an  old  field  at  Misery  Bay  near  Alpena,  Alpena  County. 

Barbarea  vulgaris  R.Br.  Common  winter  cress.  Low  open  ground. 
Frequent  throughout.  Abundant  in  spots  in  Cheboygan  County  and  on 
Mackinac  Island,  Mackinac  County. 

Dentaria  diphylla  Michx.     Two-leaved  toothwort.     In  rich  shaded 


46  BOTANY  OF  MICHIGAN 

ground  throughout.  Noticed  in  particular  near  St.  Ignace  and  on 
Mackinac  Island. 

Dentaria  laciniata  Muhl.  Cut -leaved  toothwort.  Rich  damp  shaded 
ground.     Occasional  throughout.     Probably  often  overlooked. 

Cardamine  bulbosa  (Schreb.)  BSP.  Spring  cress.  Wet  meadow-like 
ground  or  in  damp  and  spring}-  places.  In  Bay  and  Arenac  Counties. 
Perhaps  throughout  but  overlooked. 

Cardamine  douglassii  (Torr.)  Britton.  Purple  cress.  Rich  damp 
shaded  ground.     In  Bay  and  Arenac  counties.     Frequent. 

Cardamine  pennsylvanica  Muhl.  Pennsylvania  bitter-cress.  Wet 
springy  ground,  and  along  creeks  throughout.     Infrequent. 

Arabis  lyrata  L.  Lyre-leaved  rock-cress.  Dry  sandy  open  ground, 
usually  on  or  near  sandy  beach  of  Lake  Huron.    Frequent'  throughout. 

Arabis  glabra  (L.)  Bernh.  Tower  mustard.  Dry  open  or  partially 
shaded  ground.     Frequent  throughout. 

Arabis  drummondi  Gray.  Drummond's  rock-cress.  Dry  open  ground 
on  Mackinac  Island,  Mackinac  County,  and  also  near  Harrisville,  Alcona 
County.     Probably  to  be  found  throughout. 

Arabis  holboellii  Hornem.  Holboell's  rock-cress.  Dry  sandy  open 
ground  near  Alpena  and  on  sandy  beach  at  Mackinaw  City.    Frequent. 

CAPPARIDACEAE.     Caper  Family 

Polanisia  graveolens  Raf.  Clammy-weed.  Sandy  open  ground  at 
Bay  City.     G.  M.  Bradford. 

SARRACENIACEAE.     Pitcher-plant  Family 

Sarracenia  purpurea  L.  Pitcher  plant.  Swampy  ground  and  often 
abundant  in  damp  sand.     Common  throughout. 

DROSERACEAE.     Sundew  Family 

Drosera  rotundifolia  L.  Round-leaved  sundew.  Open  swampy  ground 
or  in  damp  sand.     Frequent  throughout. 

Drosera  longifolia  L.  Oblong-leaved  sundew.  In  bogs  near  Alpena. 
Plentiful.     H.  H.  Hindshaw. 

Drosera  linearis  Goldie.  Slender-leaved  sundew.  Wet  boggy  places 
on  Bois  Blanc  Island,  Mackinac  County.     Plentiful. 

CRASSAULACEAE.     Orpine  Family 

Penthorum  sedoides  L.  Ditch  stonecrop.  Open  swampy  ground  from 
Bay  County  to  St.  Ignace,  Mackinac  County.     Plentiful. 

Sedum  acre  L.  Mossy  stonecrop.  In  dry  sandy  open  ground  along 
roads,  in  cemeteries,  cities  and  villages.     Often  abundant. 

Sedum  purpureum  Tausch.  Live-for-ever.  Along  roads,  near  cities 
and  villages.     Frequent  throughout.     Seldom  blooming. 


SHORE  OF  LAKE  HURON  47 

SAXIFRAGACEAE.     Saxifrage  Family 

Tiarella  cordifolia  L.  False  miterwort.  In  rich  shaded  ground  from 
Bay  County  to  St.  Ignace,  Mackinac  County.     Frequent. 

Mitella  diphylla  L.  Two-leaved  bishop's  cap.  In  rich  damp  woods 
throughout.     Frequent. 

Mitella  nuda  L.  Naked  bishop's  cap.  In  damp  shaded  ground.  Plen- 
tiful throughout. 

Chrysospleniwn  americanum  Schwein.  Golden  saxifrage.  Wet,  usually 
shaded  places.     Frequent  throughout. 

Parnassia  parviflora  DC.  Small-flowered  grass-of-parnassus.  In 
marshy  open  ground  on  Mackinac  Island.  F.  W.  Hunnewell  2nd. 
Apparently  infrequent. 

Parnassia  caroliniana  Michx.  Carolina  grass-of-parnassus.  Com- 
mon throughout  in  low  marshy  open  ground. 

Ribes  cynosbati  L.  Prickly  gooseberry.  In  damp  open  or  shaded 
ground.     Frequent  from  Bay  County  to  St.  Ignace,  Mackinac  County. 

Ribes  gracile  Michx.  Missouri  gooseberry.  In  rich  shaded  ground 
fi'om  Bay  County  to  Mackinaw  City,  Cheboygan  County.    Frequent. 

Ribes  oxyacanthoides  L.  Smooth  gooseberry.  Damp  open  or  partially 
shaded  ground.     Frequent  throughout. 

Ribes  oxyacanthoides  calcicola  Fernald.  Low  wild  gooseberry.  In 
shaded  ground  on  Mackinac  Island.    F.  W.  Hunnewell  2nd.    Common. 

Ribes  floridum  L'Her.  Wild  black  currant.  Rich  shaded  ground. 
Common  throughout. 

Ribes  lacustre  (Pers.)  Poir.  Swamp  black  currant.  Common  in  damp 
shaded  ground  from  Alpena  to  St.  Ignace  and  on  Mackinac  Island. 

Ribes  prostratum  L'Her.  Skunk  currant.  In  damp  open  or  shaded 
ground  from  Alpena  to  St.  Ignace  and  on  Mackinac  Island.    Plentiful. 

Ribes  triste  Pall.  Swamp  red  currant.  Rich  damp  woods  throughout. 
Plentiful. 

Ribes  triste  albinervium  (Michx.)  Fernald.  Glabrous  swamp  red  cur- 
rant.   Rich  woods  on  Bois  Blanc  Island,  Mackinac  County.    Plentiful. 

Ribes  aurewu  Pursh.  Missouri  currant.  Cultivated  but  apparently 
not  escaping. 

HAMAMELIDACEAE.     Witch-hazel  Family 

Hamamelis  virginiana  L.  Witch-hazel.  Dry  open  ground  or  often 
in  slight  shade  of  other  trees.  Frequent  throughout.  Common  near 
Lewiston,  Montmorency  County. 

ROSACEAE.     Rose  Family 

Physocarpus  opidifolius  (L.)  Maxim.  Nine-bark.  Low  open  ground 
or  along  banks  of  streams.     Frequent  throughout. 


48  BOTANY  OF  MICHIGAN 

Spiraea  salicifolia  L.  'Meadow-sweet.  In  damp  open  or  slightly 
shaded  ground.     Common  throughout. 

Sorbaria  sorbifolia  (L.)  A.Br.  Ash-leaved  spiraea.  Cultivated 
throughout  but  apparently  not  spreading. 

Pyrus  malus  L.  Common  apple.  In  open  ground  on  borders  of  woods 
and  about  cities  and  villages.  Plentiful  throughout.  Abundant  on 
Thunder  Bay  Island,  Alpena  County,  where  it  seems  to  be  stunted, 
shrubs  two  feet  high  and  spreading  being  in  full  bloom  June  25,  1907. 

Pyrus  arbutifolia  atropurpurea   (Britton)   Robinson.     Purple-fruited 

chokeberry.     In  very  wet  places  and  swamps.     Frequent  throughout. 

.Pyrus  melanocarpa  (Michx.)  Willd.    Black  chokeberry.    In  moist  or 

dryish  open  ground  from  Bay  County  to  St.  Ignace,  Mackinac  County. 

Plentiful. 

Pyrus  americana  Marsh.  Americana  mountain  ash.  First  noticed 
near  Black  River  in  Alcona  Count}'.  Occasional  from  there  to  Mackinaw 
City,  Cheboygan  County.  Apparently  variable  and  approaching  Sorbus 
americana  decora  Sarg.  See  Manual  of  the  Trees  of  North  America,  by 
Prof.  C.  S.  Sargent,  page  357. 

Pyrus  sitchensis  (Roem.)  Piper.  Western  mountain  ash.  West  side 
of  Mackinac  Island,  Mackinac  County.  Forms  approaching  this  species 
noticed  as  far  south  as  Alpena. 

Amelanchier  sanguine  a  (Pursh)  DC.  Low  juneberry.  Open  dry  or 
damp  ground  and  along  streams.  Frequent  throughout.  See  Rhodora, 
Vol.  14-138. 

Amelanchier  florida,  Lindley.  Round-leaved  juneberry.  Sandy  open 
ground  near  Alpena,  Alpena  County.  Plentiful.  See  Rhodora,  Vol. 
14-143. 

Amelanchier  canadensis  (L.)  Medicus.  Common  juneberry.  Dryish 
ground.     Common  throughout. 

Crataegus  punctata  Jacq.  Large-fruited  thorn.  In  open  ground  or 
woods  throughout.     Plentiful. 

Crataegus  douglasii  Lindl.  (C.  brocJcwayae  Sarg.)  Douglas'  thorn. 
On  Bois  Blanc  Island.  Apparently  infrequent.  Dryish  open  or  par- 
tially shaded  ground. 

Fragaria  virginiana  Duchesne.  Common  strawberry.  This  and  the 
following  species  were  noticed  in  particular  as  very  abundant,  rank, 
thrifty,  and  producing  fruit  in  great  abundance  from  Alpena  to  Macki- 
naw City. 

Fragaria  vesca  americana  Porter.  American  wood  strawbeny.  Very 
common  throughout  in  damp  open  or  shaded  ground. 

Waldsteinia  fragarioides  (Michx.)  Trattinick.  Barren  strawberry. 
Usually  in  shaded  ground  and  noticed  from  Bay  County  to  Mackinac 
Island,  Mackinac  County.     Frequent. 


SHORE  OF  LAKE  HURON  49 

Potentilla  monspeliensis  L.  Rough  cinqucfoil.  About  cities  and  vil- 
lages and  in  cultivated  grounds.     Frequent. 

Potentilla  argentea  L.  Silvery  cinquefoil.  In  dry  open  ground  through- 
out and  often  abundant. 

Potentilla  palustris  (L.)  Scop.  Marsh  five-finger.  Wet  swampy 
ground  throughout.     Common. 

Potentilla  fruticosa  L.  Shrubby  cinquefoil.  In  damp  open  ground 
throughout.     Frequent. 

Potentilla  tridentata  Ait.  Three-toothed  cinquefoil.  Abundant  in 
a  dry  old  field  near  Oscoda,  Iosco  County.  Not  noticed  elsewhere. 
Very  probably  overlooked. 

Potentilla  anserina  L.  Silver  weed.  In  dry  sandy  open  ground  usually 
on  or  near  the  sandy  beach  of  Lake  Huron.  Noticed  as  a  bad  field  weed 
near  Alpena. 

Potentilla  canadensis  L.  Five-finger.  In  dry  open  ground  from  Bay 
County  to  St.  Ignace,  Mackinac  County.     Frequent. 

Geum  canadense  J  acq.  White  avens.  In  rich  open  woods  throughout. 
Plentiful. 

Geum  virginianum  L.  Rough  avens.  Damp  open  ground  in  Alpena 
and  Presque  Isle  counties.     Apparently  infrequent. 

Geum  strictum  Ait.  Yellow  avens.  In  damp  meadow-like  ground. 
Plentiful  throughout. 

Geum  rivale  L.  Water  avens.  Damp  open  or  rich  shaded  ground. 
Frequent  throughout. 

Rub-us  idaeus  acideatissimus  (C.A.Mey.)  Regal  &  Tiling.  Wild  red 
raspberry.    Common  throughout  in  dn^  open  or  shaded  ground. 

Rubus  occidentalis  L.  Black  raspberry.  In  damp  rich  shaded  ground 
from  Bay  County  to  Mackinaw  City.  Plentiful.  Also  near  Rose  City, 
Ogemaw  County. 

Rubus  odoratus  L.  Purple-flowering  raspberry.  First  noticed  near 
Alpena  and  from  there  quite  frequent  to  a  short  distance  north  west  of 
Rogers  where  the  next  species  apparently  takes  its  place.  For  several 
miles  the  two  species  intermingle.  Probably  frequent  from  Bay  ( 'utility 
to  Presque  Isle  County.  Southern  limit  on  east  side  of  Michigan  appears 
to  be  near  Port  Huron,  St.  Clair  County. 

Rubus  parviflorus  Nutt.  Salmon  berry.  First  noticed  a  few  miles 
northwest  of  Rogers  in  Presque  Isle  County.  Within  a  few  miles  the 
change  from  the  preceding  to  this  species  is  quite  complete.  Here  il  is 
a  vigorous  shrub  with  pure  white  flowers  often  over  two  inches  in  di- 
ameter. Common  from  this  point  to  St.  Ignace  and  on  Mackinac  Island, 
Mackinac  County. 

Rubus  triflorus  Richards.  Dwarf  raspberry.  In  wet  shaded  ground. 
Common  t  hroushout . 


50  BOTANY  OF  MICHIGAN 

Rubus  allegheniensis  Porter.  High  bush  blackberry.  In  dry  open  or 
slightly  shaded  ground.     Frequent  throughout. 

Rubus  pergratus  Blanchard.  Red  stemmed  raspberry.  Open  places 
in  beech-maple  woods  on  Mackinac  Island.  Plentiful.  By  F.  F.  Forbes. 
See  North  American  Flora  Vol.  22,  467. 

Rubus  hispidus  L.  Hispid  blackberry.  In  dryish  or  swampy  open 
or  shaded  ground  from  Bay  County  to  St.  Ignace,  Mackinac  County. 
Frequent. 

Rubus  villosus  Ait.  Dewberry.  In  dry  open  ground  from  Bay  County 
to  St.  Ignace,  Mackinac  County.  Frequent.  (Formerly  under  name  of 
R.  canadensis.) 

Agrimonia  gryposepala  Wallr.  Tall  hairy  agrimony.  In  dryish  open 
or  shaded  ground  from  Bay  City  to  St.  Ignace,  Mackinac  County.  Fre- 
quent.    Also  near  Mio,  Oscoda  County. 

Rosa  acicularis  Lindl.  Prickly  rose.  First  noticed  a  few  miles  north 
of  Harrisville  in  Alcona  County.  Common  from  there  and  often  abun- 
dant in  dryish  open  or  slightly  shaded  ground  to  St.  Ignace  and  on 
Mackinac  Island. 

Rosa  blanda  Ait.  Meadow  rose.  In  dry  open  or  slightly  shaded 
ground.  Plentiful.  Very  frequently  abundant  on  the  sandy  beach  of 
Lake  Huron  and  acting  as  a  sand  binder.  From  a  short  distance  north 
of  Harrisville  to  Mackinac  Island  it  grows  with  the  preceding  species. 

Rosa  spinosissima  L.  Scotch  rose.  Noticed  in  Bay  County  as  an 
escape  from  cultivation.     Apparently  infrequent. 

Rosa  rubiginosa  L.  Sweetbriar.  Near  cities  and  villages  from  Bay 
County  to  St.  Ignace  and  on  Mackinac  Island.     Plentiful. 

Rosa  Carolina  L.  Swamp  rose.  In  wet  open  ground  especially  on  low 
banks  of  small  streams.     Frequent  throughout. 

Prunus  serotina  Ehrh.  Wild  black  cherrv.  In  rich  woods  with  other 
trees  from  Bay  County  to  St.  Ignace.     Frequent. 

Prunus  virginiana  L.  Choke  cherry.  Damp  or  dry  ground  on  borders 
of  woods  or  near  sandy  beaches  of  Lake  Huron.    Common  throughout. 

Prunus  pennsylvanica  L.f.  Wild  red  cherry.  Dry  open  ground  with 
other  trees.    Often  abundant  on  burnt  over  lands.    Noticed  throughout. 

Prunus  cuneata  Raf.  Appalachian  cherry.  Damp  open  ground  above 
Au  Ores,  Arenac  County.     Common  on  jack  pine  plains. 

Prunus  pumila  L.  Sand  cherrv.  On  and  near  sandv  beach  of  Lake 
Huron  from  Bay  County  to  St.  Ignace,  Mackinac  County.    Abundant. 

Prunus  cerasus  L.  Common  garden  cherry.  Occasional  as  an  escape 
in  cities  and  villages  throughout. 

LEGUMINOSAE.     Pulse  Family 

Lupinus  perennis  L.  Wild  lupine.  Sandy  open  ground  near  Pincon- 
ning  in  Bay  County.    Apparently  infrequent.    Perhaps  overlook'1*  1. 


SHORE  OF  LAKE  HURON  51 

Trifolium  pratense  L.  Red  clover.  Growing  everywhere  like  a  native 
plant.  From  Rogers  to  Mackinaw  City  it  thrives  and  is  rank  on  sandy 
ground  and  in  open  woods  far  from  cultivated  grounds. 

Trifolium  repens  L.  White  clover.  In  fields,  pastures  and  along  roads. 
Plentiful.  From  Rogers  to  Mackinaw  City  it  grows  very  large  and  rank 
even  on  sandy  ground  and  in  open  woods  and  thickets  far  from  culti- 
vated land. 

Trifolium  hybridwn  L.  Alsike  clover.  About  cities  and  villages. 
Plentiful  from  Rogers  to  Mackinaw  City.  This  also  looks  thrifty.  The 
region  between  these  cities  seems  to  be  naturally  adapted  to  the  clovers. 

Melilotus  officinalis  (L.)  Lam.  Yellow  melilot.  About  cities  and  vil- 
lages.    Occasional. 

Melilotus  alba  Desr.  Sweet  clover.  In  cities  and  villages.  Frequent 
from  Bay  County  to  Alpena. 

Medicago  saliva  L.  Alfalfa.  Occasional  about  cities  and  villages  from 
Bay  County  to  Mackinac  Island,  Mackinac  County. 

Medicago  lupulina  L.  Black  medic.  About  cities  and  villages  and  in 
waste  places.     Frequent. 

Robiiria  pseudo-acacia  L.  Common  locust.  Planted  but  not  escaping 
in  cities  and  villages. 

Lespedeza  capitata  Michx.  Round-headed  bush-clover.  In  dry  open 
ground,  Bay  County.     Apparently  infrequent. 

Vicia  angustifolia  (L.)  Reichard.  Smaller  common  vetch.  Near  Pin- 
conning  in  Bay  County.     Apparently  infrequent. 

Vicia  cracca  L.  Tufted  vetch.  On  Mackinac  Island.  Apparently 
infrequent. 

Vicia  villosa  Roth.  Hairy  vetch.  In  waste  places  near  Pinconning 
in  Bay  County. 

Lathyrus  maritimus  (L.)  Bigel.  Beach  pea.  Common  on  sandy  beach 
of  Lake  Huron  from  Au  Gres  in  Arenac  County  to  St.  Ignace  and  on 
Mackinac  Island,  Mackinac  County. 

Lathyrus  palustris  L.  Marsh  vetchling.  In  marshy  open  ground 
throughout.     Plentiful. 

Lathyrus  palustris  linearifolius  Ser.  Winged  marsh  vetchling.  Near 
Lake  Huron  shore  and  on  margins  of  woods  from  Bay  County  to  Macki- 
nac Island,  Mackinac  County.     Plentiful. 

Lathyrus  ochroleucus  Hook.  Cream-colored  vetchling.  In  open  dry- 
ish woods  from  Bay  County  to  St.  Ignace.     Frequent. 

LINACEAE.     Flax  Family 

Linum  usitatissimum  L.  Common  flax.  Along  the  railroads  in  Bay 
County  and  about  cities  and  villages  to  St.  Ignace,  Mackinac  County. 


52  BOTANY  OF  MICHIGAN 

OXALIDACEAE.     Wood  Sorrel  Family 

O.valis  corniculata  L.  Lady's  sorrel.  About  cities  and  villages  ap- 
pearing as  if  introduced.     Apparently  infrequent. 

GERANIACEAE.     Geranium  Family 

Geranium  maculatum  L.  Wild  cranesbill.  In  open  woods  and  thickets 
throughout.     Plentiful. 

Geranium  robertianum  L.  Herb  robert.  In  damp  shaded  ground  from 
Alpena  to  St.  Ignace,  Mackinac  County.  Abundant  in  spots  on  Macki- 
nac Island. 

Geranium  bicknellii  Britton.  Bicknell's  cranesbill.  Open  or  partially 
shaded  ground  from  Arenac  County  to  St.  Ignace,  Mackinac  County. 
Often  very  abundant  on  low  recently  burnt  over  ground. 

RUTACEAE.     Rue  Family 

Zanthoxylum  americanum  Mill.  Northern  prickly  ash.  Near  Pin- 
conning  in  Bay  County  and  Standish,  Arenac  County.  Plentiful.  Also 
on  Bois  Blanc  Island,  Mackinac  County.  Common  about  Hillnian, 
Montmorency  County,  and  Mio,  Oscoda  County. 

SIMARUBACEAE.     Quassia  Family 

Ailanthus  glandulosa  Desf.  Ailanthus.  Tree  of  heaven.  Cultivated 
some  as  an  ornamental  tree  in  cities  throughout,  but  apparently  not 
permanently  escaping. 

POLYGALACEAE.     Milkwort  Family 

Polygala  pauciflora  Willd.  Fringed  polygala.  In  dry  shaded  ground 
from  Bay  County  to  Mackinac  Island,  Mackinac  County.    Plentiful. 

Polygala  polygama  Walt.  Pi acemed  milkwort.  Dry  open  sandy 
ground  throughout.  Frequent.  Common  on  jack  pine  plains  in  Mont- 
morency, Oscoda  and  Ogemaw  counties. 

Polygala  senega  L.  Seneca  snakeroot.  Dryish  open  or  partially 
shaded  ground  in  Bay  and  Alpena  counties.    Apparently  infrequent. 

EUPHORBIACEAE.     Spurge  Family 

Euphorbia  polygonifolia  L.  Seaside  Spurge.  Occasional  on  the  sandy 
beach  of  Lake  Huron  from  Arenac  County  to  Mackinaw  City,  Cheboy- 
gan County.     Often  in  drifting  sand. 

Euphorbia  maculata  L.  Milk  purslane.  Dry  open  ground  about  cities 
and  villages,  appearing  as  if  introduced. 

Euphorbia  helioscopia  L.    Wart  weed.    At  St.  Ignace  and  on  Mackinac 


SHORE  OF  LAKE  HURON  53 

Island,  Mackinac  Count}'.     Plentiful.     Perhaps  throughout  but  over- 
looked. 

Euphorbia  cyparissias  L.  Cypress  spurge.  Along  roads,  about  cities 
and  villages,  and  in  cemeteries.    In  spots  abundant  throughout. 

ANACARDIACEAE.     Cashew  Family 

Rhus  typhina  L.  Staghorn  sumach.  Dryish  open  ground  on  borders 
of  woods.     Frequent  throughout. 

Rhus  glabra  L.  Smooth  sumach.  Dry  open  ground  from  Bay  County 
to  St.  Ignace,  Mackinac  County.     Plentiful. 

Rhus  toxicodendron  L.  Poison  ivy.  In  dry  or  damp  open  or  shaded 
1  ground.    Common  along  and  near  the  sandy  beach  of  Lake  Huron. 

AQUIFOLIACEAE.     Holly  Family 

Ilex  verticillata  (L.)  Gray.  Winterberry.  Low  open  ground  from  Bay 
County  to  Mackinaw  City,  Cheboygan  County.     Frequent. 

Nemopanthus  m.ucronata  (L.)  Trel.  Mountain  holhr.  Damp  places 
with  other  shrubs  from  Bay  County  to  St.  Ignace,  Mackinac  County. 
Plentiful. 

CELASTRACEAE.     Staff  Tree  Family 

Celastrus  scandens  L.  Bittersweet.  In  woods  and  thickets.  Common 
throughout. 

ACERACEAE.     Maple  Family 

Acer  pennsylvanicuni  L.  Striped  maple.  First  noticed  in  a  small 
piece  of  timber  about  two  miles  north  of  Harrisville  in  Alcona  County. 
Common  in  woods  with  other  trees  from  that  point  to  St.  Ignace  and  on 
Mackinac  Island. 

Acer  spicatum  Lam.  Mountain  maple.  Damp  woods  and  thickets. 
Abundant  throughout. 

Acer  saccharum  Marsh.  Sugar  maple.  Rich  ground.  One  of  the 
principal  trees  forming  hardwoods  and  common  throughout.  Formerly 
very  abundant. 

Acer  saccharinum  L.  Silver  maple.  Cultivated  as  an  ornamental  tree 
in  cities  and  villages  but  not  noticed  as  escaping. 

Acer  rubrum  L.  Red  maple.  Usually  in  damp  rich  ground  with  o1  her 
trees.    Plentiful  from  Bay  County  to  St.  Ignace,  Mackinac  County. 

Acer  negundo  L.  Box  elder.  Cultivated  as  an  ornamental  tree  in 
cities  and  villages  but  apparently  not  spreading. 

SAPINDACEAE.     Soapberry  Family 

Aesculus  hippocastanum  L.  Common  horse-chestnut.  Cultivated  as 
an  ornamental  street  tree  in  cities  and  villages  throughout,  but  appar- 
ently not  spreading. 


54  BOTANY  OF  MICHIGAN 

BALSAMINACEAE.     Touch-me-not  Family 

Impatiens  biflora  Walt.  Spotted  touch-me-not.  Damp  open  or  par- 
tially shaded  ground.     Abundant  throughout. 

RHAMNACEAE.     Buckthorn  Family 

Rhamnus  alnifolia  L'Her.  Alder-leaved  buckthorn.  Damp  open  or 
shaded  ground.     Plentiful  throughout. 

Ceanothus  americanus  L.  New  Jersey  tea.  Dry  open  ground  near 
Onaway,  Presque  Isle  County.     Apparent ly  infrequent. 

Ceanothus  ovatus  Desf.  Smaller  red-root.  Dry  open  ground  from 
Bay  County  to  Mackinaw  City.     Frequent  throughout. 

VITACEAE.     Vine  Family 

Psedera  vitacea  (Knerr)  Greene.  American  woodbine.  Damp  shaded 
ground  from  Bay  County  to  St.  Ignace,  Mackinac  County.  Frequent 
throughout.    Noticed  also  near  Lewiston,  Montmorency  County. 

Vitis  vulpina  L.  River-bank  grape.  From  Bay  County  to  Round 
Island  and  Bois  Blanc  Island,  Mackinac  County.  Frequent.  Noticed 
as  frequent  in  Moiitmorency,  Oscoda  and  Ogemaw  counties. 

TILIACEAE.     Linden  Family 

Tilia  americana  L.  Basswood.  Rich  ground  with  other  trees,  espec- 
ially in  hardwoods.    Frequent  throughout.    Trees  often  very  large. 

MALVACEAE.     Mallow  Family 

Malva  rotundifolia  L.  Common  mallow.  About  dwellings  and  in 
cities  and  villages.     Common  throughout. 

Malva  moschata  L.  Musk  mallow.  Noticed  along  roads  and  in  old 
fields,  Presque  Isle  County.     Occasional  throughout. 

HYPERICACEAE.     St.  John's-wort  Family 

Hypericum  ascyron  L.  Great  St.  John's-wort.  Damp  places  and 
banks  of  streams  throughout.     Infrequent. 

Hypericum  perforatum  L.  Common  St.  John's-wort.  In  fields  and 
pastures  and  along  roads.     Frequent  throughout. 

Hypericum  kalmianum  L.  Kami's  St.  John's-wort.  Usually  in  dry 
sandy  ground  on  and  near  the  sandy  shores  of  Lake  Huron.  Frequent 
throughout. 

Hypericum  virginicum  L.  Marsh  St.  John's-wort.  Open  marshy 
ground  throughout.     Frequent. 


SHORE  OF  LAKE  HURON  55 

CISTACEAE.     Rockrose  Family 

Helianthemum  canadense  (L.?)  Miehx.  Common  frostweed.  In  sandy 
open  ground  from  Bay  County  to  St.  Ignace,  Mackinac  County.  Fre- 
quent throughout. 

Hudsonia  tomentosa  Nutt.  False  heather.  Noticed  from  above  Au 
Ores  in  Arenac  County  to  St.  Ignace,  Mackinac  County.  In  spots  very 
abundant,  often  covering  open  or  shaded  sandy  ground  on  or  near  sandy 
beaches  of  Lake  Huron. 

Lechea  intermedia  Leggett.  Large-podded  pin  weed.  Dry  sandy  open 
ground.    Frequent  throughout.    Also  near  Mio,  Oscoda  County. 

VIOLACEAE.     Violet  Family 

Viola  cucullata  Ait.  Marsh  blue  violet.  In  very  wet  marshy  open 
places  throughout.     Plentiful. 

Viola  nephrophylla  Greene.  Small  mottled  blue  violet.  In  damp, 
open  or  shaded  ground.     Plentiful  throughout. 

Viola  lanceolata  L.  Lance-leaved  violet.  In  damp  open  ground  from 
Bay  County  to  St.  Ignace,  Mackinac  County.     Plentiful. 

Viola  pollens  (Banks)  Brainard.  Northern  white  violet.  Wet,  springy 
open  or  partially  shaded  ground.     Frequent  throughout. 

Viola  blanda  Wild.  Sweet  white  violet.  Moist  rich  shaded  ground 
from  Bay  County  to  St.  Ignace,  Mackinac  County.  Frequent  through- 
out. 

Viola  incognita  Brainard.  Large-leaved  white  violet.  In  rich  woods 
from  Bay  County  to  St.  Ignace,  Mackinac  County.     Plentiful. 

Viola  renifolia  Gray.  Kidney-leaved  violet.  Rich  shaded  ground 
throughout.  Plentiful.  A  form  such  as  is  noticed  on  Mackinac  Island, 
Mackinac  County,  has  been  named  V.  renifolia  brainerdii  Fernald, 
Brainerd's  sweet  violet.     It  is  abundant  north. 

Viola  pubescens  Ait.  Downy  yellow  violet.  Dryish  sand}T  shaded 
ground  from  Bay  County  to  Bois  Blanc  Island,  Mackinac  County. 
Frequent. 

Viola  scabriuscula  Schwein.  Smooth  3-ellow  violet.  In  damp  rich 
shaded  ground  throughout.     Plentiful. 

Viola  canadensis  L.  Canada  violet.  In  rich  shaded  ground  from  Bay 
County  to  St.  Ignace,  Mackinac  County.     Plentiful. 

Viola  conspersa  Reichenb.  American  dog  violet.  In  rich  shaded 
ground  from  Bay  County  to  St.  Ignace,  Mackinac  County.  Plentiful, 
often  abundant. 

Viola  arenaria  DC.  Sand  violet.  Sandy  sterile  open  ground  from 
Bay  County  to  Mackinaw  City,  Cheboygan  County.     Frequent. 


56  BOTANY  OF  MICHIGAN 

CACTACEAE.     Cactus  Family 

Opantia  rafinesquii  Engelm.  Western  prickly  pear.  Reported  west 
of  Alpena,  Alpena  County,  in  open  sandy  ground.    Not  seen  by  writer. 

THYMELAEACEAE.     Mezereum  Family 

Dirca  pahtstris  L.  Moose-wood.  Feather-wood.  Rich  open  woods. 
Frequent.  Noticed  in  particular  near  Presque  Isle  Bay  in  Presque  Isle 
County. 

ELAEAGNACEAE.     Oleaster  Family 

Shepherdia  canadensis  (L.)  Nutt.  Canadian  buffalo-berry.  In  dry 
open  or  partially  shaded  ground.     Frequent  throughout. 

« 

ONAGRACEAE.     Evening  Primrose  Family 

Ludvigia  polycarpa  Short  &  Peter.  Many-fruited  ludvigia.  Wet  open 
places  in  Bay  County.     Plentiful. 

Ludvigia  palustris  Walt.  Water  purslane.  Ditches  and  very  wet 
places  throughout.     Often  abundant. 

Epilobium  angustifolium  L.  Great  willow-herb.  Fireweed.  In  dryish 
open  or  shaded  ground,  being  very  abundant  throughout  on  burnt  over 
land. 

Epilobium  molle  Torr.  DoAvny  willow-herb.  In  marshy  or  boggy 
ground  from  Bay  County  to  Mackinaw  City,  Cheboygan  Coiuny.  Fre- 
quent. 

Epilobium  densum  Raf.  Linear-leaved  willow-herb.  Low  marsh}- 
open  ground.     Frequent  throughout. 

Epilobium  adenocaulon  Haussk.  Northern  willow-herb.  In  damp 
open  ground  from  Bay  County  to  St.  Ignace.     Plentiful. 

Oenothera  biennis  L.  Common  evening  primrose.  In  dry  open  or 
shaded  ground  throughout.  Often  abundant  on  and  near  the  sandy 
beach  of  Lake  Huron. 

Circaea  lutetiana  L.  Enchanter's  nightshade.  Beech-maple  woods 
throughout.     Frequent.     Often  plentiful. 

Circaea  xdpina  L.  Smaller  enchanter's  nightshade.  In  damp  woods 
throughout.     Common.     Often  abundant. 

HALORAGIDACEAE.     Water  Milfoil  Family 

Myriophyllum  spicatum  L.  Spiked  water  milfoil.  In  shallow  water 
along  slow  streams,  on  margins  of  ponds,  in  old  ditches  and  coves.  Fre- 
quent throughout. 

Myriophyllum  heterophyllum  Michx.  Various-leaved  water-milfoil. 
In  shalloAv  water  of  ponds,  old  ditches,  and  slow  streams.  Frequent 
throughout. 


SHORE  OF  LAKE  HURON  57 

Proserpinaca  palustris  L.  Mermaid-weed.  Very  wet  places  and  often 
in  shallow  water.     Frequent  throughout. 

Hippuris  vulgaris  L.  Mare's-taii.  Ponds,  slow  shallow  streams,  and 
coves.     Plentiful  throughout. 

ARALIACEAE.     Ginseng  Family 

Aralia  racemosa  L.  Spikenard.  In  rich  woods  and  thickets,  through- 
out.    Frequent. 

Aralia  hispida  Vent.  Bristly  sarsaparilla.  In  open  dry  ground  from 
Bay  County  to  St.  Ignace.  Plentiful.  Abundant  on  dry  burned  over 
ground. 

Aralia  nudicaulis  L.  Wild  sarsaparilla.  In  rich  shaded  ground. 
Abundant  throughout. 

Panax  quinquefolium  L.  Ginseng.  Reported  throughout  but  not- 
seen.  Collected  near  Vanderbilt,  Otsego  County,  by  Prof.  A.  E.  Bessev, 
1912. 

Panax  trifolium  L.  Dwarf  ginseng.  Ground  nut.  Beech-maple 
woods.     Plentiful  throughout. 

UMBELLIFERAE.     Parsley  Familv 

Sanicula  marilandica  L.  Sanicle.  In  rich  shaded  ground  throughout. 
Plentiful. 

Osmorhiza  claytoni  (Michx.)  Clarke.  Wooly  sweet  cicily.  In  rich 
open  woods  throughout.     Common. 

Osmorhiza  longistylis  (Ton*.)  DC.  Smoother  sweet  cicily.  Rich  open 
woods  from  Bay  County  to  St.  Ignace,  Mackinac  County.    Frequent. 

Osmorhiza  divaricata  Nutt.  Western  sweet  cicily.  Rich  shaded  ground 
on  Thunder  Bay  Island,  Alpena  County.  Plentiful.  Also  on  Mackinac 
Island.     F.  W.  Hunnewell  2d. 

Conium  maculatum  L.  Poison  hemlock.  About  St.  Ignace  and  on 
Mackinac  Island.     Frequent  about  cities  and  villages  in  waste  places. 

Cicuta  maculata  L.  Water  hemlock.  Marshy  open  ground  from  Bay 
County  to  Mackinaw  City,  Cheboygan  County.  Noticed  in  particular 
near  Onaway,  Presque  Isle  County. 

Cicuta  bulbifera  L.  Bulb-bearing  water  hemlock.  In  wet  open  ground 
from  Bay  County  to  St.  Ignace,  Mackinac  County.     Plentiful. 

Carum  carvi  L.  Caraway.  As  a  weed  throughout  in  and  about  cities 
and  villages.     Often  abundant. 

Stum  cicutae 'folium  Schrank.     Water  parsnip.      In   very  wet   o] 
places  from  Bay  County  to  St.  Ignace.     Plentiful. 

Taenidia  integerrima  (L.)  Drude.  Yellow  pimpernel!  Dry  open 
shaded  ground  throughout.     Frequent. 

Pastinaca  sativa  L.    Parsnip.    Along  roads  arid  about  cities  and  vii- 


58  BOTANY  OF  MICHIGAN 

lages  as  an  escape.  Abundant  in  many  places  in  Cheboygan  County, 
growing  in  open  woods  and  thickets  like  a  native  plant. 

Heracleum  lanatum  Michx.  Cow  parsnip.  Dryish  rich  open  ground 
from  Bay  County  to  St.  Ignace,  Mackinac  County.     Plentiful. 

Angelica  atropurpurea  L.  Great  angelica.  Damp,  rich  open  ground 
in  Bay  and  Arenac  counties.     Apparently  infrequent. 

Daunts  caroia  L.  Carrot.  Roadsides  and  old  fields  near  Alpena 
and  Mackinaw  City.    Apparently  becoming  a  troublesome  weed. 

CORNACEAE.     Dogwood  Family 

Comas  canadensis  L.  Dwarf  cornel.  In  damp  or  dryish  shaded 
ground  throughout.     Abundant. 

Cornus  circinata  L'Her.  Round-leaved  cornel.  In  dry  open  or  shaded 
ground  throughout,  especially  near  the  Lake  Huron  sandy  beaches. 

Cornus  amomum  Mill.  Silky  cornel.  Damp  open  ground.  Apparently 
infrequent. 

Cornus  baileyi  Coult.  &  Evans.  Bailey's  cornel.  Along  the  sandy 
shores  of  Lake  Huron  from  Bay  Count}-  to  Mackinac  Island,  Mackinac 
County.     Frequent. 

Cornus  stolonifera  Michx.  Red-osier  dogwood.  In  wet  swampy  or 
dry  sandy  ground  from  Bay  County  to  Mackinac  Island,  Mackinac 
County.     Plentiful. 

Cornus  paniculata  L'Her.  Panicled  cornel.  Frequent  in  damp  or  dry 
open  ground  from  Bay  County  to  St.  Ignace,  Mackinac  Count}'.  Plenti- 
ful. 

Cornus  allernifolia  L.f.  Alternate-leaved  cornel.  Borders  of  woods 
and  banks  of  streams.     Frequent  throughout. 

Xyssa  sylvatica  Marsh.  Rich  open  ground.  Noticed  near  Linwood  in 
Bay  County,  and  near  Omer  in  Arenac  County.  Apparently  infrequent. 
Not  noticed  farther  north. 

ERICACEAE.     Heath  Family 

Chimaphila  umbellata  (L.)  Nutt.  Prince's  pine.  In  dry  shaded  ground 
from  Bay  County  to  Mackinac  Island,  Mackinac  Count}'.     Frequent. 

Moneses  uniflora  (L.)  Gray.  One-flowered  pyrola.  Damp  rich  woods 
from  Bay  County  to  St.  Ignace,  Mackinac  County.    Frequent. 

Pyrola  secunda  L.  One-sided  wintergreen.  Rich  shaded  ground 
throughout.     Frequent. 

Pyrola  chlorantha  Sw.  Greenish-flowered  wintergreen.  In  open  dry- 
ish woods  about  St.  Ignace  and  Mackinac  Island.     Plentiful. 

Pyrola  elliptica  Nutt.  Shin  leaf.  In  rich  shaded  ground  from  Bay 
County  to  St.  Ignace,  Mackinac  County.     Frequent. 

Pyrola  asarifolia  Michx.  Liver-leaf  wintergreen.  In  damp  shaded 
ground  from  Bay  County  to  St.  Ignace,  Mackinac  County.    Plentiful. 


SHORE  OF  LAKE  HURON  59 

Pyrola  asarifolia  incarnata  (Fisch.)  Fernald.  Purple-flowered  winter- 
green.  In  shaded  wet  and  boggy  places  from  Alpena  to  St.  Ignace  and 
on  Mackinac  Island.     Plentiful. 

Monotropa  uniflora  L.  Indian  pipe.  In  rich  shaded  ground  at  St. 
Ignace  and  on  Mackinac  Island.  Probably  frequent  throughout,  but 
overlooked. 

Ledum  groenlandicum  Oeder.  Labrador  tea.  In  open  or  shaded  boggy 
ground  from  Bay  County  to  St.  Ignace.  Plentiful.  One  of  the  dominant 
bog  shrubs  of  the  region. 

Kalmia  angustifolia  L.  Sheep  laurel.  Noticed  from  Arenac  County 
to  Alpena.  Very  abundant  in  spots  on  flat  and  clamp  open  ground  above 
Au  Ores  and  about  Oscoda.    Said  to  be  a  winter  food  for  deer. 

Kalmia  polifolia  Wang.  Pale  laurel.  Open  boggy  ground  from  Bay 
County  to  St.  Ignace,  Mackinac  County.     Plentiful. 

Andromeda  glaucophylla  Link.  Bog  rosemary.  In  bogs  and  very  wet 
places  from  Bay  County  to  St.  Ignace,  Mackinac  County.  Common. 
One  of  the  dominant  bog  shrubs  of  the  region. 

Chamaedaphne  calyculata  (L.)  Moench.  Leather  leaf.  In  open  bogs 
from  Bay  County  to  St.  Ignace,  Mackinac  County.  Common  and  often 
abundant.     One  of  the  dominant  bog  shrubs  of  the  region. 

Epigaea  repens  L.  Trailing  arbutus.  Occasional  in  sandy  shade*  1 
ground.  Often  among  pines,  from  Bay  County  to  St.  Ignace  and  on 
Mackinac  Island,  Mackinac  County.     Frequent.     Seldom  plentiful. 

Gaultheria  procumbens  L.  Wintergreen.  Dry  open  or  shaded  ground, 
and  sometimes  in  sphagnum  swamps  from  Bay  County  to  Mackinac 
Island,  Mackinac  County.     Abundant. 

Arctostaphylos  uva-nrsi  (L.)  Spreng.  Bearberry.  In  open  sandy 
ground  from  Arenac  County  to  St.  Ignace,  Mackinac  Count}-.    Plentiful. 

Chiogenes  hispidula  (L.)  T.  &  G.  Creeping  snowberry.  Wet  shaded 
swampy  places  and  in  tamarack  swamps.     Frequent. 

Gaylussacia  baccata  (Wang.)  C.  Koch.  Black  huckleberry.  Dry 
sandy  open  or  shaded  ground,  sometimes  in  swamps  from  Bay  Count}' 
to  St.  Ignace,  Mackinac  County.  Common.  Frequent  on  jack  pine 
plains.  Noticed  on  sand  dunes  near  Mackinaw  City  in  great  abundance 
loaded  with  plump  juicy  fruit,  September  23,  1913. 

Gaylussacia  baccata  forma  glaucocarpa  (Robinson)  Mackenzie.  Blm- 
huckleberry.  Sandy  ground  and  near  sandy  beaches  of  Lake  Huron 
from  Bay  County  to  Mackinaw  City,  Cheboygan  County.    Frequent. 

Gaylussacia  baccata  forma  leucocarpa  (Porter)  Fernald.  White 
huckleberry.  Covering  sand  dunes  near  Mackinaw  City  on  September 
23,  1913.  White  fruit  abundant  and  juicy.  This  and  the  preceding- 
species  were  growing  together. 

V actinium  pennsylvanicum  Lam.     Low  sweet  blueberry.     Common 


60  BOTANY  OF  MICHIGAN 

from  Bay  County  to  St.  Ignace.  Very  abundant  in  Arenac  and  Iosco 
counties  on  dry  open  ground  and  growing  with  the  following  variety. 

Vaccinium  pennsylvanicum  nigrum  Wood.  Low  black  blueberry. 
Common  from  Bay  County  to  St.  Ignace.  Often  very  abundant  and 
growing  with  the  preceding.  These  two  shrubs  produce  a  great  abun- 
dance of  delicious  berries  nearly  every  season,  both  known  in  the  market 
as  blueberries. 

Vaccinium  canadense  Kalm.  Sour-top.  In  dry  or  swampy  open 
ground  from  Ba}r  County  to  St.  Ignace,  Mackinac  County.    Frequent. 

Vaccinium  corymbosum  L.  Swamp  blueberry.  In  swampy  open  or 
shaded  ground  from  Bay  County  to  St.  Ignace,  Mackinac  County. 
Frequent. 

Vaccinium  oxycoccos  L.  Small  cranberry.  In  sphagnum  swamps  from 
Ba}^  County  to  St.  Ignace,  Mackinac  County.     Frequent. 

Vaccinium  macrocarpon  Ait.  Large  cranberry.  American  cranberry. 
Open  bogs  and  swampy  places  from  Bay  County  to  St.  Ignace.  Fre- 
quent. 

PRIMULACEAE.     Primrose  Family 

Primula,  farinosa  L.  Bird's  eye  primrose.  Damp  rich  shaded  ground 
on  Thunder  Bay  Island  in  Alpena  County.     Apparently  infrequent. 

Primula  farinosa  americana  Farr.  Yellow-leaved  primrose.  In  damp 
sand  near  Lake  Huron  shore  above  Alpena.  Apparently  infrequent. 
Perhaps  overlooked. 

Primula  mistassinica  Michx.  Dwarf  Canadian  primrose.  Damp  open 
ground  east  side  of  Mackinac  Island.  Plentiful.  Probably  frequent 
throughout,  but  overlooked. 

Lysimachia  terrestris  (L.)  BSP.  Bulb-bearing  loosestrife.  Low  wet 
ground  from  Bay  County  to  St.  Ignace,  Mackinac  County.    Plentiful. 

Lysimachia  thyrsi  flora  L.  Tufted  loosestrife.  In  swampy  open  places 
throughout.     Often  in  shallow  water.     Plentiful. 

Steironema  ciliatum  (L.)  Raf.  Fringed  loosestrife.  Low  usually 
shaded  ground  from  Bay  County  to  St.  Ignace,  Mackinac  County. 
Plentiful. 

Steironema  quadriflorum  (Sims)  Hitchc.  Prairie  moneywort.  Xoticed 
only  in  Bay  County  in  marshy  or  prairie-like  ground.    Plentiful. 

Trientalis  americana  (Pers.)  Pursh.  Star  flower.  In  rich  shaded 
ground  throughout.     Common. 

OLEACEAE.     Olive  Family 

Fraxinus  americana  L.  White  ash.  In  rich  damp  ground  with  other 
trees  from  Bay  County  to  St.  Ignace,  Mackinac  County.  Frequent,  but 
never  plentiful. 

Fraxinus  pennsylvanica  Marsh.    Red  ash.    Often  standing  out  in  the 


SHORE  OF  LAKE  HUROX  Cl 

open  or  on  borders  of  woods  and  on  low  ground  with  other  trees.  Noticed 
throughout.  Frequent. 

Fraxinus  pennsylvanica  lanceolata  (Borkh.)  Sarg.  Green  ash.  Damp 
ground  with  other  trees  and  along  streams.    Occasional  throughout. 

Fraxinus  nigra  Marsh.  Black  ash.  In  low  wet  ground  from  Bay 
County  to  St.  Ignace,  Mackinac  County.  Before  the  forest  fires  it  was 
very  abundant  in  swamps  and  with  other  trees  in  thick  woods.  Also 
along  low  banks  of  streams. 

Syringa  vulgaris  L.  Common  lilac.  Near  Alpena  as  an  escape  from 
cultivation. 

GENTIANACEAE.     Gentian  Family 

Gentiana  crinita  Froel.  Fringed  gentian.  On  Mackinac  Island  as 
reported  by  Whitney.     Not  noticed  in  1912. 

Gentiana  procera  Holm.  Smaller  fringed  gentian.  Abundant  on  low 
damp  ground  at  St.  Ignace  and  on  Mackinac  Island. 

Gentiana  linearis  latifolia  Gray.  (G.  grayi  Kusnezaw)  Gray's  gentian. 
Wet  marshy  open  ground  near  St.  Ignace  and  on  Bois  Blanc  Island, 
Mackinac  County.     Plentiful. 

Helenia  deflexa  (Sm.)  Griseb.  Spurred  gentian.  Damp  shaded  ground 
from  Bay  County  to  St.  Ignace,  Mackinac  County.     Plentiful. 

Menyantlies  trifoliata  L.  Buckbean.  In  bogs  and  shallow  water  from 
Bay  County  to  St.  Ignace,  Mackinac  County.     Frequent. 

APOCYNACEAE.     Dogbane  Family 

Vinca  minor  L.  Common  periwinkle.  In  and  near  the  cemetery, 
Mackinac  Island.     Apparent ly  a  permanent  escape. 

Apocynum  androsaemifolium  L.  Spreading  dogbane.  Dry  open 
ground  throughout.     Frequent. 

Apocynum  cannabinum  L.  Indian  hemp.  Damp  open  ground  from 
Bay  County  to  Bois  Blanc  Island,  Mackinac  County.     Plentiful. 

•  Apocynum  cannabinum  hypericifolium  (Ait.)  Gray.     Clasping-leaved 
dogbane.    Damp  open  ground  in  Bay  and  Arenac  Counties.    Plentiful. 

ASCLEPIADACEAE.     Milkweed  Family 

Asclepias  incarnata,  L.  Swamp  milkweed.  Damp  open  ground  from 
Bay  County  to  St.  Ignace,  Mackinac  County.     Infrequent. 

Asclepias  syriaca  L.  Common  milkweed.  In  sandy  open  ground 
throughout  but  seldom  abundant.     Apparently  infrequent  northward. 

Asclepias  phytolaccoides  Pursh.  Poke  milkweed.  In  moist  shaded  or 
open  ground  near  Rogers  in  Presque  Isle  County.  Apparently  infre- 
quent. 


62  BOTANY  OF  MICHIGAN 

CONVOLVULACEAE.     Convolvulus  Family 

Convolvulus  spithamaeus  L.  Upright  bindweed.  From  Bay  County 
to  St.  Ignaee,  Mackinac  County.  Frequent.  Very  abundant  on  rocky 
open  or  shaded  ground  in  Presque  Isle  and  Cheboygan  counties.  Noticed 
as  an  abundant  and  troublesome  weed  on  the  farm  of  Albert  Robinson 
near  Onaway  in  Presque  Isle  County. 

Convolvulus  septum  L.  Hedge  bindweed.  From  Bay  County  to  St. 
Ignaee,  Mackinac  County.  Usually  in  damp  open  ground.  Apparently 
infrequent. 

BORAGINACEAE,     Borage  Family 

Cynoglossum  officinale  L.  Common  hound's  tongue.  In  dry  open 
ground  throughout.     Frequent. 

Cynoglossum  boreale  Fernald.  Northern  wild  comfrey.  In  open  dry- 
ish woods  from  Bay  County  to  Mackinac  Island,  Mackinac  County. 
Frequent. 

Lappula  virginiana  (L.)  Greene.  Begger's  lice.  Rich  shaded  ground 
from  Bay  County  to  St.  Ignaee,  Mackinac  County.  Frequent.  Abun- 
dant in  hardwoods  east  of  Onaway,  Presque  Isle  County. 

Lappula  echinata  Gilibert.  European  stickseed.  Noticed  throughout 
on  roadsides  and  in  cities  and  villages.  A  harmless  weed  except  that  the 
burs  get  into  wool. 

Lappula  redowskii  occidentalis  (Wats.)  Rydb.  Western  hairy  stick- 
seed.  Noticed  in  open  ground  not  far  from  Lake  Huron  shore  above 
Alpena.     Apparently  infrequent. 

Symphytum  officinale  L.  Common  comfrey.  Noticed  in  open  ground 
near  Harrisville  and  Alpena.     Apparently  infrequent. 

Myosotis  virginica  macrosperma  (Engelm.)  Fernald.  Larger  spring 
scorpion-grass.  In  dryish  slightly  shaded  ground  on  Mackinac  Island. 
F.  W.  Hunnewell  2nd.     Apparently  infrequent. 

Lithospermum,  officinale  L.  Common  gromwell.  Dry  open  or  shaded 
ground  at  St.  Ignaee  and  on  Mackinac  Island.  Plentiful.  Not  noticed 
elsewhere. 

„  Lithospermum  gmelini  (Michx.)  Hitchc.  Hairy  puecoon.  Sandy  open 
ground  near  Lake  Huron  shore  from  Bay  Count}'  to  St.  Ignaee,  Macki- 
nac County.     Frequent. 

Lithospermum  angustifolium  Michx.  Narrow-leaved  puecoon.  No- 
ticed in  dry  open  ground  only  at  St.  Ignaee,  Mackinac  County.  Prob- 
ably to  be  found  throughout  but  overlooked. 

Echium  vulgare  L.  Blue-weed.  Noticed  only  in  open  ground  on 
Mackinac  Island.     As  a  weed  it  is  extending  northward. 

VERBENACEAE.     Vervain  Family 

Verbena  hastata  L.  Blue  vervain.  From  Bay  County  to  St.  Ignaee, 
Mackinac  County.     Apparently  infrequent. 


SHORE  OF  LAKE  HURON  63 

LABIATAE.     Mint  Family 

Scutellaria  lalerifolia  L.  Mad-dog  skullcap.  Damp  shaded  ground 
from  Bay  County  to  St.  Ignace,  Mackinac  County.     Frequent. 

Scutellaria  galericulala  L.  Marsh  skullcap.  Wet  open  ground 
throughout.     Frequent. 

Marrubium  vulgare  L.  Common  horehound.  Occasional  as  an  escape 
about  cities  and  villages. 

Nepeta  cataria  L.  Catnip.  In  cities  and  villages  throughout.  Ap- 
parently scarce. 

Nepeta  hederacea  (L.)  Trevisan.  Ground  ivy.  Open  dryish  or  damp 
shaded  ground.     Frequent  and  appearing  like  a  native  plant. 

Prunella  vulgaris  L.  Heal-all.  Open  or  shaded  ground.  Frequent 
throughout. 

Galeopsis  tetrahit  L.  Common  hemp  nettle.  "Abundant  on  Macki- 
nac Island.''  WinchelPs  Cat.  Noticed  as  abundant  on  the  bluff  near 
the  park,  Mackinac  Island,  in   1913. 

Leonurus  cardiaca  L.  Common  motherwort.  About  cities  and  vil- 
lages and  in  cultivated  grounds.     Frequent  throughout. 

Monarda  mollis  L.  Pale  wild  bergamot.  Dry  open  ground  through- 
out.    Frequent. 

Blephilia  hirsuta  (Pursh.)  Benth.  Moist  shaded  ground  on  Bois  Blanc 
Island,  Mackinac  County.     Apparently  infrequent. 

Satureja  glabra  (Nutt.)  Fernald.  Low  calamint.  In  damp  open 
ground  near  Lake  Huron  shore  from  Alpena  to  Mackinac  Island,  Macki- 
nac County.     Frequent. 

Satureja  vulgaris  (L.)  Fritsch.  Basil.  Dry  open  ground  from  Bay 
County  to  St.  Ignace,  Mackinac  County.     Frequent. 

Lycopus  uniflorus  Michx.  Bugle-weed.  Low  open  or  shaded  ground. 
Plentiful  throughout. 

Lycopus  americanus  Muhl.  Cut-leaved  water  horehound.  In  damp 
open  or  shaded  ground  from  Bay  County  to  St.  Ignace,  Mackinac 
County.     Frequent. 

Mentha  spicata  L.  Spearmint.  About  cities  and  villages  and  along 
roads.     Infrequent. 

Mentha  piperita  L.  Peppermint.  In  damp  open  ground  from  Bay 
County  to  St.  Ignace,  Mackinac  County.    Occasional  throughout . 

Mentha  cilrata  Ehrh.  Bergemot  mint.  Well  established  and  plentiful 
in  an  old  field  near  Miserjr  Bay  northeast  of  Alpena,  Alpena  County. 

Mentha  arvensis  canadensis  (L.)  Briquet.  American  wild  mint.  Damp 
open  or  shaded  ground  from  Bay  County  to  St.  Ignace,  Mackinac 
County.     Frequent. 

SOLAN ACEAE.     Nightshade  Family 
Solanum  dulcamara  L.    Climbing  nightshade.    Bittersweet.    Open  or 


64  BOTANY   OF    MICHIGAN 

shaded  ground  throughout.    Growing  like  a  native  plant  even  in  woods 
and  swamps. 

Solarium  nigrum  L.  Black  nightshade.  Shaded  or  rich  open  ground, 
usually  as  a  weed  in  cities  and  villages.     Infrequent. 

Physalis  gro.ndiflora  Hook.    Large  white-flowered  ground  cherry.    In 
sandy  open  ground  near  Alpena.     Apparently  infrequent, 
-ft   Physalis  heterophylla  Nees.    Clam}'  ground  cherry.    In  dry  and  sandy 
open  ground  from  Bay  County  to  St.  Ignace.     Frequent. 

Lycium  halimifolium  Mill.  Common  matrimony  vine.  Occasional  as 
an  escape  about  cities  and  villages. 

Hyoscyamus  niger  L.  Black  henbane.  Noticed  at  St.  Ignace  and  on 
Mackinac  Island,  as  a  sort  of  weed  in  waste  places. 

SCROPHULARIACEAE.     Figwort  Family 

Verbascum  thapsus  L.  Common  mullein.  As  a  weed  along  roads,  in 
pastures,  old  fields  and  open  woods.     Frequent  throughout. 

Linaria  vulgaris  Hill.  Butter  and  eggs.  Throughout  as  a  weed  in 
and  near  cities  and  villages.     Often  plentiful. 

Linaria  canadensis  (L.)  Dumont.  Blue  toad-flax.  In  dry  sand}'  open 
or  slightly  shaded  ground  from  Bay  Count}'  to  Alpena.  Not  noticed 
farther  north. 

Scrophularia  leporella  Bicknell.  Hare  figwort.  In  dryish  open  ground 
from  Bay  County  to  St.  Ignace,  Mackinac  County.    Frequent. 

Pentstemon  hirsutus  (L.)  Willd.  Hairy  beard-tongue.  Dry  open  or 
partially  shaded  ground  from  Bay  County  to  Mackinac  Island,  Macki- 
nac County.     Frequent. 

Chelone  glabra  L.  Turtlehead.  Wet  open  places  from  Bay  County  to 
St.  Ignace,  Mackinac  County.     Frequent. 

Mimulus  ringens  L.  Square-stemed  monkey-flower.  Wet  open  ground 
from  Bay  County  to  St.  Ignace,  Mackinac  County.     Frequent. 

Mimulus  glabratus  jamesii  (T.  &  G.)  Gray.  James'  mimulus.  In 
very  wet  springy  places  on  Mackinac  Island,  Mackinac  County,  and 
near  Presque  Isle  Bay,  Presque  Isle  County.     Plentiful. 

Wronica  americana  Schwein.  American  brooklime.  In  and  near 
brooks,  ditches  and  very  wet  places  from  Bay  County  to  St.  Ignace  and 
on  Mackinac  Island.     Plentiful  and  often  abundant. 

Veronica  scutellata  L.  Marsh  speedwell.  In  damp  open  ground  from 
Bay  County  to  St.  Ignace,  Mackinac  County.     Frequent. 

Veronica  officinalis  L.  Common  speedwell.  Dryish  open  or  shaded 
ground  from  Bay  County  to  Mackinac  Island,  Mackinac  County.  Fre- 
quent throughout. 

Veronica  serpylli folia  L.  Thyme-leaved  speedwell.  In  open  or  shaded 
grassy  ground  throughout.     Plentiful. 


SHORE  OF  LAKE  HURON  65 

Veronica  peregrina  L.  Purslane  speedwell.  Gardens  and  waste 
grounds  about  cities  and  villages.     Frequent. 

Gerardia  paupercula  (Gray)  Britton.  Small-flowered  gerardia.  In 
sterile  or  wet  boggy  ground  from  Bay  County  to  St.  Ignace.   Frequent. 

Castilleja  coccinea  (L.)  Spreng.  Scarlet  painted  cup.  Damp  open 
ground  from  Bay  County  to  Mackinac  Island,  Mackinac  County. 
Plentiful.     Often  abundant. 

Melampyrum  lineare  Lam.  Cow  wheat.  Dryish  open  woods  from 
Bay  County  to  St.  Ignace,  Mackinac  County.  Frequent.  Often 
plentiful. 

Pedicularis  canadensis  L.  Common  lousewort.  Dryish  shaded  ground 
from  Bay  County  to  St.  Ignace,  Mackinac  County.     Frequent. 

Pedicularis  lanceolata  Michx.  Swamp  lousewort.  Wet  swampy 
places.     Frequent  throughout. 

LENTIBULARIACEAE.     Bladderwort  Family 

Utricularia  vulgaris  americana  Gray.  Greater  bladderwort.  Ponds, 
small  lakes,  coves  and  ditches  from  Bay  County  to  St.  Ignace,  Mackinac 
County.     Frequent. 

.  Utricularia  intermedia  Hayne.  Flat-leaved  bladderwort.  In  wel 
mossy  open  places  from  Bay  County  to  Mackinac  Island,  Mackinac 
County.     Frequent.     Often  abundant. 

Utricularia  cornuta  Michx.  Horned  bladderwort.  In  damp  sand  near 
Fake  Huron  shore  from  Bay  County  to  St.  Ignace,  Mackinac  County. 
Frequent.     Often  abundant. 

Pinguicula  vulgaris  L.  Butterwort.  On  wet  rocky  beach  of  Thunder 
Bay  Island  in  Alpena  County.  Plentiful.  Perhaps  more  frequent  but 
overlooked. 

OROBANCHACEAE.     Broom-rape  Family 

Epifagus  virginiana  (L.)  Bart.  Beech  drops.  Under  beeches  from 
Bay  County  to  Mackinac  Island,  Mackinac  County.  Frequent,  often 
plentiful. 

Conopholis  americana  (L.  f.)  Wallr.  Squaw-root.  In  oak-maple 
woods  on  Mackinac  Island.     Apparently  rare.     Probably  overlooked. 

Orobanche  uniflora  L.  One-flowered  cancer-root.  Abundant  in  spots 
on  Mackinac  Island.    Probably  frequent  throughout  bin  overlooked. 

PLANTAGINACEAE.     Plantain  Family 

Plantago  major  L.  Common  plantain.  Occasional  throughout, 
especially  near  cities  and  villages. 

Plantago  rugelii  Done.  RugePs  plantain.  Noticed  as  occasional  in 
cultivated  grounds  near  cities  and  villages. 

Plantago  lanceolata  L.  English  plantain.  Becoming  common  as  a 
9 


66  BOTANY  OF  MICHIGAN 

weed  throughout  along  roads,  in  pastures,  cultivated  fields  and  waste 
places. 

RUBIACEAE.     Madder  Family 

Galium  aparine  L.  Cleavers.  Noticed  in  Cheboygan  County  and  on 
Mackinac  Island,  usually  in  rich  shaded  ground.    Plentiful. 

Galium  circaemns  Michx.  Wild  liquorice.  Rich  woods  from  Bay 
County  to  St.  Ignace,  Mackinac  County.     Frequent. 

Galium  lanceolatum  Torr.  Tony's  wild  liquorice.  Dryish  open 
woods  from  Bay  County  to  Mackinac  Island,  Mackinac  County.  Fre- 
quent. 

Galium  boreale  L.  Northern  hedstraw.  Dryish  open  ground  from 
Bay  County  to  St.  Ignace,  Mackinac  County.     Frequent. 

Galium  trifidum  L.  Small  bedstraw.  In  damp  open  ground  from  Ba}^ 
County  to  Mackinac  Island,  Mackinac  County.     Plentiful. 

Galium  tinctorium  L.  Stiff  marsh  bedstraw.  Damp  open  or  partially 
shaded  ground  from  Bay  County  to  St.  Ignace.     Plentiful. 

Galium  asprellum  Michx.  Rough  bedstraw.  In  damp  shaded  ground 
from  Bay  County  to  Mackinac  Island,  Mackinac  County.    Plentiful. 

Galium  triflorum  Michx.  Sweet-scented  bedstraw.  In  open  rich 
woods  and  thickets  throughout.     Common. 

Mitchella  repens  L.  Partridge  berry.  In  dryish  open  woods  from 
Bay  County  to  St.  Ignace  and  on  Mackinac  Island,  Mackinac  Count}\ 
Plentiful. 

Cephalanthus  occidentalis  L.  Button-bush.  Near  Linwood  in  Bay 
County.     Not  noticed  farther  north. 

Houstonia  ciliolata  Torr.  Fringed  houstonia.  Abundant  in  spots 
often  covering  the  ground  on  Thunder  Bay  Island  in  Alpena  County. 
Apparently  infrequent. 

CAPRIFOLIACEAE.     Honeysuckle  Family 

Diervilla  lonicera  Mill.  Bush  honeysuckle.  Common  and  often 
abundant  throughout  in  dry  sandy  open  or  slightly  shaded  ground. 

Lonicera  tatarica  L.  Tartarian  honeysuckle.  An  occasional  escape 
about  cities  and  villages. 

Lonicera.  canadensis  Marsh.  American  fly  honeysuckle.  In  open 
woods  from  Bay  County  to  St.  Ignace  and  Bois  Blanc  Island,  Mackinac 
County.     Plentiful. 

Lonicera  oblongijolia  (Coldie)  Hook.  Swamp  fly  honeysuckle.  In 
swam]}'  places  from  Bay  County  to  St.  Ignace,  Mackinac  Count}'. 
Frequent. 

Lonicera  hirsute/.  Eat.  Hairy  honeysuckle.  In  rich  open  or  partially 
shaded  ground  from  Alpena  County  to  St.  Ignace  and  on  Mackinac 
md,  Mackinac  County.     Frequent. 


SHORE  OF  LAKE  HURON  67 

Lonicera  glaucescens  Rydb.  Douglas'  honeysuckle.  In  dryish  open 
or  partially  shaded  ground  from  Bay  County  to  St.  Ignace,  Mackinac 
County.     Frequent. 

Lonicera  dioica  L.  Glaucous  honeysuckle.  Dryish  open  or  partially 
shaded  ground  from  Bay  County  to  St.  Ignace,  Mackinac  County. 
Plentiful. 

Symphoricarpos  occidentalis  Hook.  Wolf  berry.  Dry  open  ground 
about  Mio,  Oscoda  County.     Abundant. 

Symphoricarpos  racemosus  Michx.  Snowberry.  In  dry  open  or  par- 
tially shaded  ground  from  Bay  County  to  St.  Ignace  and  on  Mackinac 
Island,  Mackinac  County.  Frequent.  Also  plentiful  about  Mio,  Oscoda 
County. 

Linnaea  borealis  americana  (Forbes)  Render.  Moist,  usually  shaded 
ground  from  Bay  County  to  Mackinac  Island,  Mackinac  County,  where 
it  is  very  abundant. 

Viburnum  opulus  americanum  (Mill)  Ait.  Cranberry-tree.  Rich 
open  woods  and  along  streams  from  Bay  County  to  Bois  Blanc  Island, 
Mackinac  County.     Plentiful. 

Viburnum  acerifolium  L.  Arrow-wood.  In  open  woods  from  Bay 
County  to  Mackinaw  City,  Cheboygan  County.     Plentiful. 

Viburnum  pubescens  (Ait.)  Pursh.  Downy  arrow-wood.  Dryish  open 
woods  in  Alpena  and  Cheboygan  counties.  Plentiful.  Noticed  in 
particular  as  abundant  at  Misery  Bay  near  Alpena. 

Viburnum  cassinoides  L.  Withe-rod.  In  wet  open  ground  from  Bay 
County  to  St.  Ignace.     Common. 

Viburnum  lentago  L.    Nannyberry.    In  damp  open  woods  and  thickel 
from  Bay  County  to  St.  Ignace  and  on  Mackinac  Island,  Mackinac 
County.     Plentiful. 

Sambucus  canadensis  L.  Common  elder.  In  damp  open  ground  from 
Bay  County  to  St.  Ignace,  Mackinac  County.     Frequent. 

Sambucus  racemosa  L.  Red-berried  elder.  Damp  open  or  shaded 
ground  throughout.     Common. 

VALERIANACEAE.     Valerian  Family 

Valeriana  officinalis  L.  Garden  heliotrope.  Appears  to  be  perma- 
nently established  as  an  escape  in  open  dry  ground  in  Presque  Isle  and 
Cheboygan  counties.     Plentiful. 

CUCURBITACEAE.     Gourd  Family 

Echinocystis  lobata  (Michx.)  T.  &  G.  WTild  balsam  apple.  Apparent  ly 
an  escape  from  Bay  County  to  St.  Ignace,  Mackinac  County.    Frequent . 

CAMPANULACEAE.     Bluebell  Family 

Campanula  rapunculoides  L.  Creeping  bell/lower.  As  an  escape  from 
Bay  County  to  Mackinac  Island,  Mackinac  County.     Frequent. 


68  BOTANY  OF  MICHIGAN 

Campanula  rotundifolia  L.  Harebell.  On  dry  and  sandy  open  ground, 
especially  near  the  Lake  Huron  shore.     Common  throughout. 

Campanula  aparinoides  Pursh.  Marsh  bellflower.  Wet  grassy  ground 
from  Bay  County  to  St.  Ignace,  Mackinac  County.     Frequent. 

LOBELIACEAE.     Lobelia  Family 

Lobelia  kalmii  L.  Kami's  lobelia.  In  wet  open  ground  from  Bay 
County  to  Mackinac  Island,  Mackinac  County.     Plentiful. 

COMPOSITAE.     Composite  Family 

Eupatorium  purpureum  L.  Joe-pye  weed.  Low  open  ground  or  often 
in  damp  open  woods  from  Bay  County  to  St.  Ignace,  Mackinac  County. 
Frequent. 

Eupatorium  purpureum  maculatum  (L.)  Darl.  Spotted  joe-pye  weed. 
In  marslry  open  places.     Frequent  throughout. 

Eupatorium  perjoliatum  L.  Boneset.  Wet  marshy  open  ground. 
Common  throughout. 

Liatris  cylindracea  Michx.  Cylindric  blazing  star.  Dry  open  ground. 
Plentiful  on  jack  pine  plains  of  Presque  Isle,  Montmorency,  Oscoda  and 
Ogemaw  counties. 

Liatris  scariosa  Willd.  Large  button  snakeroot.  Dry  open  ground 
from  Bav  County  to  Mackinaw  City,  Cheboygan  County.  Plentiful 
especially  on  jack  pine  plains. 

Grindelia  squarrosa  (Pursh.)  Dunal.  Broad-leayed  gum-plant.  In 
dry  open  ground  from  Bay  County  to  Mackinaw  City.  Frequent  in 
fields  and  about  cities  and  villages. 

Solidago  latifolia  L.  Broad-leayed  goldenrod.  Common  in  rich 
shaded  ground  from  Bay  County  to  Mackinac  Island,  Mackinac  County. 
Plentiful. 

Solidago  hispida  Muhl.  Hair}r  goldenrod.  In  dry  open  or  partially 
shaded  ground  from  Bay  County  to  Mackinac  Island,  Mackinac  County. 
Plentiful. 

Solidago  randii  (Porter.)  Britton.  Rand's  goldenrod.  Dry  sandy 
ground,  usually  on  or  near  the  sandy  beaches  of  Lake  Huron  from  Alpena 
to  St.  Ignace,  Mackinac  County.     Frequent. 

Solidago  racemosa  gillmani  (Gray)  Fernald.  Gillman's  goldenrod. 
Sandy  shore  near  Mackinaw  City,  Cheboj-gan  County.  Apparently 
infrequent.     Perhaps  overlooked. 

Solidago  uliginosa  Nutt.  Bog  goldenrod.  Bogs  and  wet  marshy  places 
from  Bay  County  to  St.  Ignace,  Mackinac  County.  Frequent.  Often 
plentiful. 

Solidago  speciosa  angustata  T.  &  G.  Slender  goldenrod.  In  dry  open 
ground  from  Bay  County  to  Mackinaw  City,  Cheboygan  County.  Fre- 
quent. 


SHORE  OF  LAKE  HURON  69 

Solidago  juncea  Ait.  Early  goldenrod.  Dry  opon  ground  from  Bay 
County  to  St.  Ignace,  Mackinac  County.    Frequent.     Often  plentiful. 

Solidago  rugosa  Mill.  Wrinkle-leaved  goldenrod.  Open  dry  ground 
from  Bay  County  to  St.  Ignace,  Mackinac  County.     Plentiful. 

Solidago  nemoralis  Ait.  Gray  goldenrod.  Dry  open  ground  through- 
out.    Plentiful. 

Solidago  canadensis  L.  Canada  goldenrod.  Rich  open  or  partially 
shaded  ground  from  Bay  County  to  St.  Ignace,  Mackinac  County. 
Plentiful  and  often  abundant. 

Solidago  altissima  L.  Tall  goldenrod.  Rich  open  ground  from  Bay 
County  to  St.  Ignace,  Mackinac  County.    Frequent.    Often  abundant. 

Solidago  serotina  Ait.  Late  Goldenrod.  Rich  open  or  partially 
shaded  ground  from  Bsly  County  to  St.  Ignace,  Mackinac  County. 
Plentiful. 

Solidago  ohioensia  Riddell.  Ohio  goldenrod.  Swamps  and  wet  prairie- 
like ground  from  Bay  County  to  St.  Ignace,  Mackinac  County.  Fre- 
quent.    Often  abundant. 

Solidago  houghtonii  T.  &  G.  Houghton's  goldenrod.  Dry  sandy  ground 
usually  on  or  near  sandy  beach  of  Lake  Huron.  Noticed  in  particular 
near  St.  Ignace  and  on  Bois  Blanc  Island,  Mackinac  County. 

Solidago  graminifolia  (L.)  Salisb.  Bushy  goldenrod.  Moist  opeu 
ground  or  in  damp  sand  on  or  near  sandy  beaches  of  Lake  Huron 
from  Bay  County  to  St.  Ignace,  Mackinac  County.     Plentiful. 

Aster  macrophyllus  L.  Large-leaved  aster.  Rich  shaded  ground. 
Abundant  throughout. 

Aster  novae-angliae  L.  New  England  aster.  In  moist  mostly  open 
ground  from  Bay  County  to  St.  Ignace,  Mackinac  County.  Apparently 
infrequent. 

Aster  sagittifolius  Wedemeyer.  Arrow-leaved  aster.  Dry  open  or 
partially  shaded  ground  from  Bay  County  to  Mackinac  Island,  .A  [ackinac 
County.     Plentiful.     Often  abundant. 

Aster  lindleyanus  T.  &  G.  Lindley's  aster.  Common  in  open  or 
slightly  shaded  ground  from  Presque  Isle  County  to  Mackinac  Island, 
Mackinac  County.     Plentiful.     Also  near  Alpena. 

Aster  laevis  L.  Smooth  aster.  Dry  open  or  partially  shaded  ground 
from  Bay  County  to  St.  Ignace,  Mackinac  County.     Plentiful. 

Aster  polyphyllus  Willd.  (Aster  faxoni  Porter).  Faxon's  aster. 
Gravelly  open  ground  usually  near  beach  on  Bois  Blanc  Island.  Fre- 
quent. 

Aster  lateriflorus  (L.)  Britton.  Calico  aster.  Damp  or  dryish  open  or 
partially  shaded  ground.    Frequent.    Often  plentiful  throughout. 

Aster  tradescanti  L.  Tradescant's  aster.  In  damp  open  or  shaded 
ground  from  Bay  County  to  Mackinac  Island,  Mackinac  County. 
Plentiful.     Often  abundant. 


70  BOTANY  OF  MICHIGAN 

Aster  paniculatus  Lam.  Panicled  aster.  In  damp  or  dryish  open  or 
partially  shaded  ground  throughout.     Frequent. 

Aster  salicifolius  Ait.  Willow  aster.  Low  open  ground  near  Macki- 
naw City,  Cheboygan  County.     Apparently  infrequent. 

Aster  junceus  Ait.  Rush  aster.  In  marshy  open  ground  from  Bay 
County  to  St.  Ignace,  Mackinac  County.     Plentiful. 

Aster  longif alius  Lam.  Long-leaved  aster.  Low  damp  ground  on 
Bois  Blanc  Island.     Plentiful. 

Aster  puniceus  L.  Red-stalk  aster.  Wet  open  or  partially  shaded 
ground  from  Bay  County  to  St.  Ignace,  Mackinac  County.     Frequent. 

Aster  umbellatus  Mill.  Tall  flat-top  white  aster.  Moist  partially 
shaded  ground  from  Bay  County  to  St.  Ignace,  Mackinac  County. 
Frequent.     Often  plentiful. 

Aster  ptarmicoides  T.  &  G.  Upland  white  aster.  Dry  level  ground  on 
jack  pine  plains  north  of  Rose  City,  Ogemaw  County.    Plentiful. 

Erigeron  pulchellus  Michx.  Robin's  plantain.  Mostly  open  dryish 
ground,, Bay  County.     Frequent. 

Erigeron  philadelphicus  L.  Philadelphia  fleabane.  Field  daisy. 
Damp  open  ground.     Frequent  throughout. 

Erigeron  annuus  (L.)  Pers.  Sweet  scabious.  Usually  in  rich  open 
or  partially  shaded  ground.  Plentiful  throughout.  Often  a  weed  in 
pastures  and  hay  fields. 

Erigeron  ramosus  (Walt.)  BSP.  Daisy  fleabane.  Dry  open  ground 
along  roads,  in  fields  and  pastures.     Frequent  throughout. 

Erigeron  canadensis  L.  Horse-weed.  About  cities  and  villages,  in 
pastures,  and  on  open  burned  over  ground.  Frequent  throughout.  Ap- 
pearing as  if  introduced. 

Antennaria  canadensis  Greene.  Canadian  cat's-foot.  In  dry  open 
or  partially  shaded  ground.     Frequent  throughout. 

Antennaria  fallax  Greene.  Tall  cat's-foot.  Rich  open  or  shaded 
ground  from  Bay  County  to  Mackinac  Island,  Mackinac  County. 
Plentiful. 

Antennaria  ncodioica  Greene.  Smaller  cat's-foot.  Damp  open  or 
partial^  shaded  ground  from  Bay  County  to  Mackinac  Island,  Macki- 
nac County.     Frequent. 

Antennaria  neglecta  Greene.  Field  cat's-foot.  In  open  or  shaded 
ground  from  Bay  County  to  Mackinac  Island.  Plentiful.  Often 
abundant. 

Antennaria  petaloidea  Fernald.  Common  cat's-foot.  In  dry  open  or 
partially  shaded  ground  from  Bay  County  to  St.  Ignace,  Mackinac 
County.     Plentiful.     Often  abundant. 

Anaphalis  margaritacea  (L.)  B.  &  H.  Pearly  everlasting.  Dry  open 
or  partially  shaded  ground  from  Bay  County  to  Mackinac  Island,  Macki- 
nac County.     Frequent.     Often  abundant. 


SHORE  OF  LAKE  HURON  71 

Gnaphalium  polycephalum  Michx.  Common  everlasting.  From  Bay 
County  to  St.  Ignace  in  fields  and  open  ground.    Apparently  infrequent. 

Gnaphalium  decurrens  Ives.  Clammy  everlasting.  Dry  open  groin  id 
from  Bay  County  to  St.  Ignace,  Mackinac  County.  Apparently  infre- 
quent. 

Gnaphalium  uliginosum  L.  Low  cudweed.  Damp  or  dry  open  ground 
throughout.  Frequent. 

Inula  helenium  L.  Elecampane.  Noticed  along  roads  near  Pinconning 
in  Bay  County.     Plentiful.     Not  noticed  farther  north. 

Iva  xanthifolia  Nutt.    Burweed  marsh  elder.    In  waste  places  of  ci1 
and  villages.    Infrequent.    Noticed  in  particular  at  Alpena  and  Macki- 
naw City. 

Ambrosia  trifida  L.  Great  ragweed.  Waste  places  of  cities  and  vil- 
lages and  about  dwellings.     Occasional  throughout. 

A?nbrosia  artemisiifolia  L.  Common  ragweed.  Occasional  through- 
out as  a  weed,  especialfy  in  cities  and  villages. 

Ambrosia  psilostachya  DC.  Western  ragweed.  Becoming  frequent 
throughout  as  a  weed  in  cities  and  villages  and  about  dwellings. 

Xanthiwn  canadense  Mill.  American  cocklebur.  Occasional  in  waste 
places  of  cities.     Noticed  in  particular  at  Alpena  and  Chebo}rgan. 

Rudbeckia  hirta  L.  Yellow  daisy.  Black-eyed-susan.  In  dry  open 
ground  throughout,  but  apparently  infrequent. 

Helianthus  occidentalis  Riddell.  Few-leaved  sunflower.  Jack  pine 
plains  south  of  Mio,  Oscoda  County.    Plentiful  in  one  locality. 

Helianthus  divaricatus  L.  Woodland  sunflower.  Jack  pine  plains 
near  Mio,  Oscoda  County,  and  Rose  City,  Ogemaw  County. 

Helianthus  tuberosus  L.  Jerusalem  artichoke.  Well  established  in  old 
field  at  Miserj^  Bay  near  Alpena. 

Coreopsis  lanceolata  L.  Lance-leaved  tickseed.  First  noticed  in 
sandy  open  ground  near  Lake  LIuron  shore  at  Alpena.  Common  from 
there  to  St.  Ignace  and  on  Mackinac  Island.    Flowers  yellow,  beautiful. 

Bidens  frondosa  L.  Begger-ticks.  Damp  open  ground  from  Bay 
County  to  St.  Ignace.     Seldom  plentiful. 

Bidens  comosa  (Gray)  Wiegand.  Leafy-bracted  tickseed.  Rich 
ground  and  damp  sandy  shores  from  Bay  County  to  St.  Ignace,  Macki- 
nac County.     Plentiful. 

Bidens  connata  Muhl.  Swamp  beggar-ticks.  Wet  open  places  from 
Baj'  County  to  St.  Ignace.     Frequent. 

Bidens  cernua  L.  Stick-tight.  Wet  open  places  throughout.  Fre- 
quent. 

Achillea  millefolium  L.  Common  yarrow.  A  weed  about  cities  and 
villages  throughout.     Apparently  infrequent. 

Anthemis  cotida  L.  May-weed.  Only  as  a  weed  about  cities  and  vil- 
lages.    Not  plentiful. 


72  BOTANY  OF  MICHIGAN 

Chrysanthemum  leucanthemum  pinnatifidum  .Lecoq  &  Lamotte.  Ox- 
eye-daisy.  From  Bay  County  to  St.  Ignace,  Mackinac  County.  A  per- 
nicious weed  in  Cheboygan  County. 

Chrysanthemum  parthenium  (L.)  Bernh.  Common  feverfew.  Waste 
places  of  cities  and  villages.     Apparently  not  a  permanent  escape. 

Chrysanthemum  balsamita  tanacetoides  Boiss.  Costmary.  Well  estab- 
lished throughout  as  an  escape,  usually  in  dry  open  ground,  along  roads 
and  in  old  fields.     Frequent. 

Tanacetum  vulgar e  L.  Common  tansy.  Roadsides  and  about  cities 
and  villages  as  an  escape  throughout.     Frequent. 

Tanacetum  huronense  Nutt.  Lake  Huron  tansy.  On  and  near  sandy 
beach  of  Lake  Huron  from  Alpena  to  St.  Ignace.  Plentiful.  Often 
abundant. 

Artemisia  caudata  Michx.  Tall  wormwood.  Sandy  beaches  of  Lake 
Huron  throughout,  and  often  in  open  sandy  ground  and  on  sandy  ridges 
in  the  interior.     Plentiful. 

Artemisia  abrotanum  L.  Southernwood.  Persisting  near  Alpena  in 
dry  open  ground.     Apparently  infrequent. 

Artemisia  pontica  L.  Roman  wormwood.  Along  roads  near  Mio, 
Oscoda  County.     Apparently  infrequent. 

Artemisia  stelleriana  Bess.  Beach  wormwood.  Sandy  open  ground  as 
a  permanent  escape  from  Bay  County  to  St.  Ignace.  Often  on  sand 
dunes. 

Artemisia  biennis  Willd.  Biennial  wormwood.  Dry  or  damp  open 
ground  in  and  about  cities  and  villages.     Frequent. 

Artemisia  absinthium  L.  Wormwood.  Dry  open  ground  about  cities 
and  villages.     Frequent. 

Petasites  palmatus  (Ait.)  Gray.  Palmate-leaf  sweet  coltsfoot.  In 
rich  open  or  shaded  ground  from  Bay  County  to  St.  Ignace  and  on 
Mackinac  Island,  Mackinac  County.     Frequent  and  often  plentiful. 

Erechtites  hieracifolia  (L.)  Raf.  Fireweed.  Usually  in  rich  open  or 
shaded  ground  and  noticed  from  Bay  County  to  St.  Ignace,  Mackinac 
County.     Frequent.     Abundant  on  burnt  over  ground. 

Senecio  vulgaris  L.  Common  groundsel.  Noticed  as  abundant  about 
the  village  of  Mackinac  Island,  Mackinac  County. 

Senecio  aureus  L.  Golden  ragwort.  In  wet  and  marshy  open  or  shaded 
ground  throughout.     Frequent.     Often  plentiful. 

Senecio  balsamitae  Muhl.  Balsam  groundsel.  In  dry  open  or  shaded 
ground,  mostly  on  or  near  sand}^  beach  of  Lake  Huron.  Frequent 
throughout. 

Arctium  minus  Bernh.  Common  burdock.  Cities,  villages  and  gen- 
erally in  cultivated  grounds.  Often  in  open  woods,  like  a  native  plant. 
Plentiful. 


SHORE  OF  LAKE  HURON  73 

Cirsium  lanceolatum  (L.)  Hill.  Common  thistle.  Roadsides  and  in 
cultivated  grounds.     Not  abundant  or  prominent  anywhere. 

Cirsium  pitcheri  (Torr.)  T.  &  G.  Pitcher's  thistle.  On  sandy  beach 
of  Lake  Huron  from  Arenac  County  to  St.  Ignace  and  on  Mackinac 
Island.     Plentiful. 

Cirsium  discolor  (Muhl.)  Spreng.  Field  thistle.  In  dryish  open  or 
shaded  ground.     Occasional  throughout. 

Cirsium  muticum  Michx.  Swamp  thistle.  In  swampy  open  or  slightly 
shaded  ground  throughout.     Frequent. 

Cirsium  arvense  (L.)  Scop.  Canada  thistle.  Common  in  Bay  County. 
Occasional  from  Arenac  County  to  Alcona  County.  Abundant  from 
Alpena  to  Mackinaw  City  and  on  Mackinac  Island. 

Lapsana  communis  L.  Nipple-wort.  Mostly  in  shaded  ground  on 
Mackinac  Island.    Abundant  in  spots.    Not  noticed  elsewhere. 

Cichorium  intybus  L.  Common  chickory.  Along  roadsides  and  in 
cultivated  grounds,  but  seldom  plentiful.    Noticed  throughout. 

Kriaia  virginica  (L.)  Willd.  Carolina  dwarf  dandelion.  In  sandy  open 
or  slightly  shaded  ground  in  Arenac  and  Iosco  counties,  and  noticed  as 
far  as  Alpena.     Often  abundant. 

Tragopogon  porrifolius  L.  Salsify.  In  cities  and  villages  and  along 
railroads  throughout.     Frequent. 

Tragopogon  pratensis  L.  Goat's  beard.  In  cities  and  villages  and 
along  railroads.     Seldom  plentiful. 

Taraxacum  officinale  Weber.  Common  dandelion.  Abundant  in 
Bay  County.  Infrequent  in  Arenac  and  Iosco  counties.  More  abuni  lant 
from  Alcona  Comity  to  St.  Ignace  and  on  Mackinac  Island. 

Sonchus  arvensis  L.  Field  sow  thistle.  In  cities  and  villages  especially 
depot  grounds.     Frequent.     Occasional  in  cultivated  fields. 

Sonchus  oleraceus  L.  Common  sow  thistle.  Gardens  and  in  waste 
places  of  cities  and  villages  throughout.    Seldom  plentiful. 

Sonchus  asper  (L.)  Hill.  Spiny-leaved  sow  thistle.  About  cities  and 
villages.     Not  noticed  in  uncultivated  grounds. 

Lactuca  scariola  integrata  Gren.  &  Godr.  Prickly  lettuce.  Through- 
out but  apparently  scarce. 

Lactuca  canadensis  L.  Wild  lettuce.  In  open  or  partially  shaded 
ground.     Frequent  throughout. 

Lactuca  spicata  (Lam.)'Hitchc.  Tall  blue  lettuce.  In  rich  open  or 
partially  shaded  ground.     Frequent  throughout. 

Prenanihes  racemosa  Michx.  Glaucous  white  lettuce.  Damp  open 
prairie-like  ground  near  Cheboygan  and  St.  Ignace.  Apparently  in- 
frequent. 

Prenanihes  alba  L.  White  lettuce.  Noticed  in  rich  open  or  shaded 
ground  from  Bay  County  to  St.  Ignace  and  Mackinac  Island,  Mackinac 
County.     Frequent  throughout. 


74  BOTANY  OF  MICHIGAN 

Hieracium  auriantiacum  L.  Orange  hawkweed.  First  noticed  about 
two  miles  north  of  Alpena.  Very  abundant  and  a  pernicious  weed  from 
there  to  and  in  Presque  Isle  and  Cheboygan  counties.  Reported  as 
appearing  there  about  ten  years  ago. 

Hieracium  venosum  L.  Rattlesnake-weed.  Frequent  in  dry  open  or 
slightly  shaded  ground  from  Bay  County  to  St.  Ignace,  Mackinac 
County. 

Hieracium  scabrum  Michx.  Rough  hawkweed.  Dry  open  ground 
from  Bay  County  to  St.  Ignace,  Mackinac  Count}".  Frequent  through- 
out. 

Hieracium  canadense  Michx.  Canada  hawkweed.  Noticed  in  dry 
open  ground  from  Bay  County  to  St.  Ignace,  Mackinac  Countj7.  Fre- 
quent throughout. 

Hieracium  umbellatum  L.  Narrow-leaved  hawkweed.  Dry  open  oj 
partially  shaded  ground  from  Alpena  to  Mackinac  Island,  Mackinac 
County.     Frequent. 


OBSERVATIONS  ON  THE  FLOWERING  PLANTS,  FERNS  AND 
FERN  ALLIES  GROWING  WILD  IN  SCHOOLCRAFT  COUNTY 
AND  VICINITY  IN  THE  UPPER  PENINSULA  OF  MICHIGAN 
IN  1915 

During  the  season  of  1915  a  camp  for  general  biological  work  was 
established  on  the  bank  of  Manistique  River,  perhaps  22  or  more  miles 
northeast  of  the  city  of  Manistique,  at  a  place  known  as  Floodwood,  a 
very  wild  and  uninhabited  locality.  It  having  been  decided  to  examine 
also  the  wild  plants  of  the  region,  the  writer  undertook  the  work, 
the  wild  vegetation  of  Mackinac  and  Chippewa  Counties  had  previously 
received  some  attention,  it  was  thought  best  as  far  as  time  would  permit, 
to  connect  the  present  with  former  work. 

Schoolcraft  County 

This  county  is  bounded  on  the  south  by  Lake  Michigan,  east  by 
Mackinac  and  Luce  counties,  north  by  Alger  County,  west  by  Alger 
County  in  part  and  by  Delta  County.  It  is  from  36  to  40  miles  north 
and  south  and  from  30  to  36  miles  east  and  west.  Its  Lake  Michigan 
shore  line  is  about  40  miles  and  its  northern  boundary  is  from  less  than 
6  to  12  miles  from  the  south  shore  of  Lake  Superior.  Manistique,  the 
county  seat  on  Lake  Michigan,  is  about  300  miles  and  the  south  shore 
of  Lake  Superior  about  350  miles  from  the  south  state  lino.  From  the 
city  of  Detroit  it  is  about  165  west  and  200  miles  north.  The  city  of 
Manistique  has  a  population  of  about  5,000,  all  other  places  being  very 
small,  and  the  county  in  general  being  sparsely  settled.  So  far  as  the 
writer  has  been  able  to  learn  there  is  no  available  literature  on  the  wild 
plants  of  this  region. 

General  Surface  Conditions 

The  surface  of  the  county  is  very  irregular  and  much  broken  up  into 
tamarack-black  spruce  swamps,  cranberry  marshes,  large  open  wet 
and  undrained  areas,  jack  pine  plains,  sand  ridges,  and  sand  duru 
small  spots  and  larger  tracts  of  hardwoods.  Comparatively  speaking 
it  is  not  a  rocky  country  as  is  so  generally  supposed  by  those  who  have 
not  visited  the  county.  No  rock  outcropping  in  the  comity  was  noticed 
except  limestone  exposures  along  or  near  the  Lake  Michigan  shore. 
White  and  Norwa}r  pines  were  formerly  quite  abundant  in  many  places, 
but  such  tracts  were  mostly  long  ago  lumbered,  shrubs  and  small  trees 
only  now  remaining.     Verj^  small  areas  of  original  pine  are  occasionally 


76  BOTANY  OF  MICHIGAN 

seen.  After  the  removal  of  the  timber,  the  hardwood  lands  are  being 
used  successfully  for  farming  purposes.  There  are  large  tracts  of  burned 
over  ground  which  now  are  covered  mostly  with  the  wild  red  cherry, 
not  generally  with  poplars  and  white  birch  as  is  so  often  the  case  in  the 
Lower  Peninsula.  At  present  it  generally  appears  throughout  that  if 
the  country  were  left  to  itself,  it  would  ultimately  return  to  its  former 
forest  covering. 

Streams  and  Small  Lakes 

The  Manistique  River  with  its  branches  is  the  only  stream  of  any 
importance,  its  source  being  Manistique  Lake,  lying  between  Luce 
County  and  the  northwestern  part  of  Mackinac  County.  It  is  a  very 
winding  and  swift-running  stream,  evidently  having  changed  its  bed 
many  times.  Three  interior  lakes  not  far  from  the  Lake  Michigan  shore, 
Indian  Lake,  McDonald  Lake,  and  Gulliver  Lake,  are  worthy  of  men- 
tion. Many  smaller  lakes  and  permanent  ponds  were  noticed  through- 
out the  county. 

Shores  and  Beaches  of  the  Two  Great  Lakes 

The  shores  of  these  lakes  are  from  40  to  nearly  50  miles  apart,  on  a 
straight  north  and  south  line.  In  many  ways  they  are  much  alike, 
especially  the  sandy  beaches,  and  have  many  like  characteristic  plants. 
Among  those  common  on  both  shores  may  be  mentioned:  Equisetum 
variegatum,  Juniperus  communis  depressa,  Juniperus  horizontolis, 
Calamovilfa  lonyifolia,  Ammophila  arenaria,  Agropyron  dasystachyum, 
Elymus  canadensis,  Scirpus  occidentalism  Scirpus  americanus,  Smilacina 
stellata,  Salix  glaucophylla,  Salix  syrticola,  Cakile  edentula,  Potentilla 
anserina,  Lathyrus  maritimus,  Hudsonia  tomentosa  (or  the  variety), 
Solidago  randii,  Tanacetum  huronense,  Artemisia  caudata,  Cirsium 
pitcheri. 

Plants  Worthy  of  Special  Mention 

Beech,  yellow  birch,  and  sugar  maple  are  the  dominant  trees  of  the 
hardwoods,  mingled  in  various  proportions.  Scattered  among  these 
are  large  American  elms,  striped  maple,  white  birch,  mountain  maple, 
ironwood,  hemlock,  balsam,  red  maple,  and  mountain  ash.  Tamarack, 
abundant  throughout  in  tamarack-black  spruce  swamps,  is  being  at- 
tacked and  killed  by  the  saw-fly,  an  insect  pest  from  Europe.  The  black 
spruce  of  these  swamps  is  usually  small.  White  spruce  is  scattering  and 
often  being  attacked  by  the  dwarf  mistletoe.  White  cedar  is  apparently 
scarce  at  the  present  time.  Two  species  of  oak,  bur  oak  and  swamp 
white  oak,  the  latter  often  called  locally  "blue  oak, "  were  noticed  as 
occasional  along  streams,  and  red  oak,  usually  quite  small,  on  open 
sandy  ground  and  on  sand  dunes.  Specimens  of  oak  from  Grand  Island 
were  sent  to  Prof.  C.  S.  Sargent  and  he  pronounced  them  to  be  Quercus 


SCHOOLCRAFT   COUNTY  AND   VICINITY  77 

borealis  Michx.f.,  northern  red  oak.  Black  ash  is  common  along  si  reams 
and  in  swampy  places.  Many  small  trees  of  green  ash  were  noticed 
on  borders  of  hardwoods;  and  red  ash  occurred  along  streams,  being 
very  abundant  on  the  low  banks  of  the  Tahquamenon  River  in  Lure 
County.  The  red  maple  is  frequent  in  damp  rich  ground  with  other 
trees,  where  it  is  of  fair  size,  but  it  is  also  as  a  shrub  or  small  scraggy 
tree  common  on  dry  sandy  ground  and  on  sand  dunes.  The  wild  black 
cherry  was  observed  throughout,  but  it  is  not  plentiful.  Various  specif \s 
of  willows  are  abundant,  but  poplars  are  seldom  plentiful.  Salix  pellitto 
along  the  low  banks  of  the  Tahquamenon  River  in  Luce  Count}'  was  of 
special  interest.  The  balsam  poplar  is  often  large  but  seldom  abundant. 
Very  large  juneberries  were  found,  in  rich  ground  with  other  trees  not 
far  from  the  Lake  Michigan  shore  in  the  western  part  of  Mackinac 
Coun  ty . 

Ground  Traversed 

* 

About  35  days  were  spent  in  the  field,  from  June  24  to  July  9  and 
from  September  4  to  25,  1915.  From  St.  Ignace  in  Mackinac  County, 
the  shore  of  Lake  Michigan  was  followed  westerly  as  near  as  was  possible 
with  horse  and  rig  to  Naubinway  within  about  20  miles  of  the  western 
line  of  Schoolcraft  County,  the  rest  of  the  way  by  rail  to  the  city  of 
Manistique.  Most  of  the  time  of  the  June  trip  was  spent  in  the  vicinity 
of  the  city  of  Manistique  and  at  the  camp  near  Floodwood.  The  vi- 
cinity of  Floodwood  was  very  wild  and  there  was  little  to  indicate  near 
or  even  remote  civilization  except  forest  devastation.  A  large  black 
bear  was  killed  by  Joseph  Richej^  not  far  from  the  camp;  porcupines 
appeared  to  be  plentiful  and  deer  abundant.  In  September  a  trip  was 
made  with  a  liverj^  rig  from  Newberry  in  Luce  County  to  Deer  Park  on 
the  south  shore  of  Lake  Superior,  down  the  Tahquamenon  River  by 
launch  to  the  upper  falls,  from  Seney  in  Schoolcraft  Count}'  north  to 
Grand  Marais  on  the  south  shore  of  Lake  Superior  in  Alger  County  and 
then  to  Munising  and  Grand  Island  in  the  same  county  where  some 
investigation  was  also  made.  By  far  the  most  beautiful  place  the  writer 
has  yet  seen  on  the  Great  Lakes  is  Grand  Island  and  vicinity. 

Wide  Range  of  Some  of  the  Shrubs  and  Trek 

The  following  appear  to  be  common,  or  at  least  occasional,  from  the 
south  line  of  the  State  to  the  south  shore  of  Lake  Superior:  Lam  laricina, 
Salix  lucida,  Salix  longifolia,  Salix  pedicellaris,  Salix  petiolaris,  Salix 
humilis,  Salix  Candida,  Populus  iremuloides,  Populus  grandidentata, 
Populus  balsamifera,  Ostrya  virginiana,  Bettda  lutea,  Alnus  incana,  Fagus 
grandifolia,  Quercus  macrocarpa,  Querents  rubra,  Ulraus  americana,  Amel- 
anchier  laevis  Wiegand,  Crataegus  punctata,  Primus  serotina,  Prunus 
pennsylvanica,  Prunus  virginiana,  Rubus  idaeus  aculeatissimus,  Pyrus 


78  BOTANY  OF  MICHIGAN 

arbuti folia  atropurpurea,  Rhus  glabra,  Rhus  toxicodendron,  Ilex  verticillata, 
'Acer  spicatum,  Acer  saccharum,  Acer  rubrum,  Rhamnus  alnifolia,  Tilia 
americana,  Cornus  circinata,  Cornus  stolonifera,  Cornus  alternifolia, 
Fraxinus  nigra,,  Fraxinus  pennsylvanica,  Fraxinus  pennsylvanica  lanceo- 
lata,  Viburnum  opulus  aw.ericanum,  Viburnum  cassincides,  Viburnum 
lentago,  Sa?nbucus  canadensis,  and  Sambucus  racemosa.  Very  many 
species  of  herbaceous  plants  extend  over  the  same  range. 

The  natural  order  and  nomenclature,  as  given  in  Gray's  New  Manual 
of  Botany,  Illustrated,  have  generally  been  followed  unless  otherwise 
stated. 

The  writer  is  much  indebted  to  Prof.  A.  S.  Hitchcock  and  Agnes  Chase 
of  the  United  States  Department  of  Agriculture  for  an  examination  and 
determination  of  the  grasses,  and  to  K.  K.  Mackenzie  of  New  York  City 
for  an  examination  of  all  species  of  Cyperaceae  and  many  other  plants. 
In  the  genus  Carec:,  Mr.  Mackenzie's  determinations  and  names  have 
been  strictly  followed. 

Tf  any  of  these  names  at  present  are  not  found  in  the  two  manuals 
now  commonly  used,  they  will  soon  appear  in  the  forthcoming  North 
American  Flora.  When  the  scientific  names  of  Gray's  "New  Manual 
of  Botany  "  differ  from  those  in  Brit  ton  and  Brown's  "  Illustrated  Flora,  " 
Second  Edition,  the  latter  are  given  in  parentheses,  except  in  the  genus 
Car  ex. 

Annotated  List 
FOLYPCDIACEAE.     Fern  Family 

Polypodiuni  vulgare  L.  Common  polypod3r.  Said  to  be  common  in 
the  Upper  Peninsula  but  not  yet  noticed  in  Schoolcraft  County. 

Phegopteris  polypodioides  Fee.  (Dryoptcris  phegopteris  (L.)  C.  Chr.). 
Long  beech-fern.  Shaded  banks  and  damp  rich  woods.  Common  and 
often  abundant.     Fronds  triangular. 

Phegopteris  dryopteris  (L.)  Fee.  (Dryopteris  dryopteris  (L.)  Britton). 
Oak  fern.  Rich  shaded  ground  especially  in  hardwoods.  Fronds  ter- 
nate.     Plentiful. 

Adianturn  pedatum  L.  Maidenhair.  Rich  shaded  ground  especiali}r 
in  hardwoods.  Frequent.  Noticed  in  particular  in  woods  near  Indian 
Lake. 

Pferis  aquilina  L.  (Pteridium  aquilinuni  (L.)  Kuhn.).  Common 
brake.  Almost  everywhere  in  dry  or  damp,  open  or  shaded  ground. 
One  of  the  most  common  and  abundant  plants  throughout.    . 

Cryptogramma  stelleri  (Gmel.)  Prantl.  Slender  cliff-brake.  At  the 
Pictured  Rocks  in  Alger  County.    Noticed  by  the  late  G.  H.  Hicks. 

Asplenium  filix-femina  (L.)  Bernh.  (Athyrium  filix-joeraina  (L.) 
Roth.).  Lady  fern.  Female  fern.  Moist  shaded  ground.  Frequent 
throughout. 


SCHOOLCRAFT   COUNTY   AND   VICINITY  79' 

Aspidium  thelypteris  (L.)  Sw.  (Dryopteris  thelypteris  (L.)  A.  Gray). 
Marsh  shield-fern.  Open  marshy  ground  or  damp  shaded  places.  Com- 
mon and  often  abundant  throughout. 

Aspidium  noveboracensc  (L.)  Sw.  (Dryopteris  noveboracensis  (L.)  A. 
Gray).  New  York  fern.  Rich  open  hardwoods.  Abundant  in  beech- 
maple-birch  woods  along  the  Tahquamenon  River  in  Luce  and  Chippewa 
Counties. 

Aspidium  cristatum   (L.)   Sw.      (Dryopteris  cristala    (L.)   A.   Gra\ 
Crested  shield-fern.    In  damp  and  swampy  places.    Frequent. 

Aspidium  spinulosum  (0.  F.  Muller)  Sw.  (Dryopteris  spinulosa 
(Muell.)  Kuntze).  Spinulose  shield-fern.  Common  in  hardwoods 
throughout.  Tn.  general  appearance  much  like  but  generally  smaller 
than  the  following. 

Aspidium.  spinulosum  intermedium  (Muhl.)  DC-  (Dryopteris  inter- 
media (Muhl.)  Gray).  American  shield-fern.  In  damp  rich  shaded 
ground  and  frequent.    Much  like  the  preceding  but  usually  larger. 

Cystopteris  bulbifera  (L.)  Bernh.  (Filix  bulbifera  (L.)  Underw.)  Bulb- 
let  cystopteris.     In  damp  shaded  ground.     Frequent. 

Onoclea  sensibilis  L.  Sensitive  fern.  In  moist  open  or  shaded  ground. 
Often  abundant. 

Onoclea  struthiopteris  (L.)  Hoffm.  (Matteuccia  struthiopteris  (L.) 
Todaro).  Ostrich  fern.  Usually  in  shaded  alluvial  ground  and  hence 
very  abundant  along  shaded  banks  of  streams.  One  of  the  best  of  our 
native  ferns  for  cultivation.  Grows  best  in  shade  and  needs  plenty  of 
water. 

OSMUNDACEAE.     Flowering  Fern  Family 

Osmunda  regalis  L.  Royal  fern.  Flowering  fern.  Wet  open  or  par- 
tially shaded  ground.     Often  abundant. 

Osmunda  claytoniaua  L.  Clayton's  fern.  Interrupted  fern.  Damp 
open  or  partially  shaded  ground  throughout.     Fine  specimens  noticed. 

Osmunda  cinnamomea  L.  Cinnamon  fern.  In  damp  open  or  partially 
shaded  ground  throughout.     Often  plentiful. 

OPKIOGLOSSACEAE.     Adder's  Tongue  Family 

Botrychium  obliquum  Muhl.  Ternate  grape-fern.  Occasional  through- 
out in  open  or  partially  shaded  ground.  Abundant  at  Manistique  in 
one  place  on  ground  made  up  of  sawdust  and  bark. 

Botrychium  virginianum  (L.)  Sw.  Rattlesnake  fern.  Frequent 
throughout  in  rich  shaded  ground. 

EQUISETACEAE.     Horsetail  Family 

Equisetum  arvense  L.     Common  horsetail.     Common  in  open  or  par- 
tially shaded  ground  and  often  acting  as  a  sand  binder  on  sandy  shor 
and  along  railway  embankments. 


80  BOTANY  OF  MICHIGAN 

Equisetum  sylvaticum  L.  Wood  horsetail.  Common  in  clamp  shaded 
ground. 

Equisetum  fluviatile  L.  Swamp  horsetail.  Tn  very  wet  and  muddy 
open  ground  or  often  in  shallow  water.    Common  and  often  abundant. 

Equisetum  hyemale  L.  Common  scouring  rush.  In  dry  open  ground 
and  often  on  sides  and  crests  of  sand  dunes  acting  as  a  fairly  efficient 
sand  binder.  Noticed  in  particular  east  of  Manistique  on  large  dunes. 
See  Britton  &  Brown's  "Illustrated  Flora/'  Second  Edition,  Volume  I, 
page  41. 

Equisetum  variegatum  Schleigh.  Varigated  equisetum.  Frequent 
along  the  sandy  beaches  of  Lake  Michigan  and  Lake  Superior. 

Equisetum  scirpoides  Michx.  Sedge-like  equisetum.  In  dryish  open 
or  shaded  places,  but  easily  overlooked.     Frequent. 

LYCOPODIACEAE.     Club  Moss  Family 

Lycopodium  lucidulum  Michx.  Shining  club-moss.  In  damp  shaded 
ground.     Frequent. 

Lycopodium  inundatum  L.  Bog  club-moss.  In  clamp  sandy  open 
ground.  Noticed  in  particular  as  abundant  near  Manistique,  not  far 
from  the  Lake  Michigan  shore. 

Lycopodium  annotinum  L.  Stiff  club-moss.  Usually  in  shade.  Often 
very  abundant  in  hardwoods.    A  vine-like  evergreen  plant. 

Lycopodium  clavatum  L.  Common  club-moss.  Running  pine.  T)ry- 
ish  open  woods  and  often  very  abundant.  Noticed  in  particular  as  very 
abundant  on  the  farm  of  W.  T.  S.  Cornell  near  Hiawatha.  A  beautiful 
vine-like  plant,  extensively  creeping. 

Lycopodium  obscurum  L.  Ground  pine.  Plentiful  in  rch  woods. 
Appearing  like  a  small  pine  shrub  and  much  resembling  the  following. 

Lycopodium  obscurum  dendroideum  (Michx.)  D.  C.  Eaton.  Tree-like 
ground  pine.  In  rich  woods  and  apparently  the  more  common  form. 
The  difference  between  these  two  forms  seems  very  obscure. 

Lycopodium  complanatum  L.  Trailing  Christmas-green.  In  dry 
sanely  ground  and  usually  among  pines.     Often  abundant. 

Lycopodium  tristachyum  Pursh.  Festoon  club-moss.  In  dry  sandy 
open  or  partially  shaded  ground.    Abundant  in  spots.    Cornell. 

SELACINELLACEAE.     Selaginella  Family  . 

Selaginella  apus  (L.)  Spring.  Creeping  selaginella.  In  low  damp 
open  or  partially  shaded  places.  Often  abundant.  A  very  pretty  little 
moss-like  plant. 

TMACEAE.     Yew  Family 

Taxus  canadensis  Marsh.  American  yew.  Ground  hemlock.  In 
tamarack-black  sprue   swamps  and  often  very  abundant  in  hardwoods. 


SCHOOLCRAFT   COUNTY  AND  VICINITY  81 

PINACEAE.     Pine  Family 

Pinus  strobus  L.  White  pine.  Formerly  abundant  in  many  localities 
as  at  present  indicated  by  stumps.  A  very  few  clumps  of  large  trees 
left.     Small  trees  noticed  throughout. 

Pinus  banksiana  Lamb.  Jack  pine.  Plentiful  on  what  are  called  jack 
pine  plains,  consisting  of  very  dry  sandy  localities  of  flat  or  rolling 
ground.  Noticed  also  in  sphagnum  swamps.  Usually  a  small  scraggy 
tree,  occasionally  large  and  straight  enough  for  lumber. 

Pinus  sylvestris  L.  Scotch  pine.  Occasionally  planted.  Noticed  in 
particular  on  the  sandy  beach  of  Grand  Island  in  Alger  County  where 
it  appears  to  be  thriving. 

Pinus  resinosa  Ait.  Red  pine.  Norway  pine.  Formerly  abundant 
on  dry  sandy  land.  Has  been  extensively  cut  for  lumber  and  only  a 
few  small  tracts  now  left.     Small  trees  common  throughout. 

Larix  laricina  (Du  Roi)  Koch.  Tamarack.  Abundant  in  "tamarack 
swamps"  and  occasional  on  dry  land.  Usually  small  and  mixed  with 
black  spruce.  It  is  being  killed  by  attacks  of  the  saw-fly,  an  insect  pest 
from  Europe.     Shrubs  plentiful  throughout. 

Picea  canadensis  (Mill.)  BSP.  White  spruce.  Frequent  on  dryish 
high  ground  but  never  plentiful.  Many  large  trees  noticed  on  the  banks 
of  the  Tahquamenon  River,  in  Luce  County.  Often  attacked  by  the 
dwarf  mistletoe  as  a  parasite. 

Picea  mariana  (Mill.)  BSP.  Black  spruce.  Common  throughout 
with  tamarack  in  what  are  often  called  tamarack-black  spruce  swamps. 
Usually  the  trees  are  small  and  often  attacked  by  the  dwarf  mistletoe. 
Many  botanists,  foresters  and  cruisers  distinguish  a  small  short-leaved 
form  and  call  it  "swamp  spruce,"  Picea  brevifolia  Peck. 

Abies  balsamea  (L.)  Mill.  Balsam.  Balsam  fir.  Usually  in  and  on 
borders  of  hardwoods,  occasional  in  swamps.    Noticed  throughout. 

Tsuga  canadensis  (J,.)  Carr.  Hemlock.  In  hardwoods,  many  scatter- 
ing large  trees  noticed.  Sometimes  plentiful  in  spots  and  streaks,  but 
seldom  abundant. 

Thuja  occidentalis  L.     White  cedar.     Arbor  vita:-.     Formerly  qui 
abundant  in  "cedar  swamps,"  but  at  present  scarce  on  account  of  lum- 
bering and  forest  fires.    Occasional  on  poor  sandy  ground  and  in  hard- 
woods.    Small  trees  also  common  along  lake  shores. 

Juniperus  communis  depressa  Pursh.  Low  juniper.  Often  plentiful 
along  the  shores  and  sandy  beaches  of  Lake  Michigan  and  Lake  Superior 
where  it  acts  as  an  efficient  sand  binder.  Occasional  in  other  places  in 
dry  sandy  ground. 

Juniperus  horizontalis  Moench.     Creeping  juniper.     Frequent  and 
sometimes  abundant  along  the  sandy  beaches  and  shores  of  Lake  Michi- 
gan and  Lake  Superior  where  it  often  covers  the  ground  and  acts  as  an 
efficient  sand  binder.     Occasional  in  swamps. 
11 


82  BOTANY  OF  MICHIGAN 

TYPHACEAE.     Cat-tail  Family 

Typha  latifolia  L.  Common  cat-tail.  Cat-tail  flag.  Common  through- 
out in  open  swampy  places. 

SPARGANIACEAE.     Bur-reed  Family 

Sparganium  eurycarpum  Engelm.  Broad-fruited  bur-reed.  Borders 
of  small  lakes,  ponds  and  streams.     Abundant. 

Sparganium  diversifolium  acaule  (Beeby)  Fernald  &  Fames.  Stemless 
bur-reed.     In  very  wet  open  swampy  places.     Often  abundant. 

NAJADACEAE.     Pondweed  Family 

Potamogeton  natans  L.  Common  floating  pondweed.  In  ponds,  on 
borders  of  small  lakes,  on  margins  and  in  coves  of  streams.  Often 
abundant. 

Potamogeton  epihydrus  Raf.  NuttalPs  pondweed.  In  still  or  flowing 
water  throughout.     Often  abundant. 

Potamogeton  amplifolius  Tuekerm.  Large-leaved  pondweed.  In 
ponds  and  slow  streams  throughout.     Often  plentiful. 

Potamogeton  heterophyllus  Schreb.  Various-leaved  pondweed.  In 
ponds  and  slow  streams  throughout.     Frequent. 

Potamogeton  angustifolius  Berchtold  &  Presl.  Ziz's  pondweed.  In 
ponds  and  small  lakes  and  on  margins  of  slow  streams  throughout. 
Plentiful. 

FJotamogeton  perfoliatus  L.  Claspingrleaved  pondweed.  In  ponds  and 
slow  streams  throughout.     Often  plentiful. 

Potamogeton  pusillns  L.  Small  pondweed.  In  ponds  and  ditches. 
Common. 

Potamogeton  foliosus  Raf.  Leafy  pondweed.  In  still  and  slow-flowing 
water  throughout.     Plentiful. 

Potamogeton  dimorphus  Raf.  Spiral  pondweed.  In  still  water  and 
on  borders  of  slow  streams.     Plentiful. 

Najas  flexilis  (Willd.)  Rostk.  <fe  Schmidt.  Slender  naias.  In  ponds 
and  slow  streams.     Often  abundant. 

TUNCAGINACEAE.     Arrow  Grass  Family 

Scheuckzeria  palustris  L.  Scheuchzeria.  Open  boggy  places  through- 
out.    Noticed  in  particular  near  Vermilion  in  Chippewa  County. 

Triglochin  maritima  L.  Sea-side  arrow-grass.  Marshy  open  places 
throughout.     Plentiful. 

Triglochin  palustris  L.  Marsh  arrow-grass.  Usually  in  damp  open 
sandy  ground.     Often  abundant  in  damp  sand  along  lake  shores. 


SCHOOLCRAFT   COUNTY  AND  VICINITY  83 

ALISMACEAE.     Water-plantain  Family 

Sagittaria  latifolia  Willd.  Broad-leaved  arrow-head.  In  ditcli- s, 
muddy  places,  shallow  water  about  ponds,  and  along  streams.  Plentiful. 

Alis?7ia  plan  tag o-aquatica  L.  American  water-plantain.  In  shallow 
water,  muddy  places,  and  along  streams.     Often  abundant. 

HYDROCHARITACEAE.     Frog's-bit  Family 

El  odea  canadensis  Michx.  Waterweed.  In  ditches,  coves,  pond-, 
small  lakes  and  along  slow  streams.     Often  abundant. 

Vallisneria  spiralis  L.  Tape  grass.  Wild  celery.  In  ponds  and  slow 
streams.     Abundant.     Said  to  be  a  fine  duck  food. 

GRAMINEAE.     Grass  Family 

Digitaria  humifusa  Pers.  (Syntherisma  ischaemum  (Schreb.  (Nash). 
Small  crab-grass.  Occasional  on  poor  sandy  ground,  in  cultivated  fields 
and  waste  places.    A  weed  but  not  very  troublesome.    Usually  prostral  e. 

Digitaria  sanguinalis  (L.)  Scop.  (Syntherisma  sanguinale  (L.)  Dulac), 
Large  crab-grass.  Finger-grass.  A  miserable  weed  in  cities  and  village  is . 
gardens,  fields  and  waste  places. 

Panicum  capillare  L.  Old- witch  grass.  Usually  preferring  dr}'  sandy 
ground.  Common  as  a  weed  about  cities  and  villages,  in  gardens,  fields, 
and  waste  places. 

Panicum  depauperatum  Muhl.  Starved  panic-grass.  In  dry  open 
ground.     Apparently  infrequent. 

Panicum  subvillosum  Ashe.  Spreading  panic-grass.  Along  or  near 
sandy  beaches  of  Lake  Michigan  and  Lake  Superior  and  on  dry  open 
ground  throughout.     Frequent. 

Echinochloa  crusgalli  (L.)  Beauv.  Barnyard-grass.  Summer-grass. 
Usually  preferring  damp  cultivated  grounds,  but  as  a  weed  will  be  found 
in  most  all  gardens,  fields  and  waste  places.    Very  variable. 

Setaria  glauca  (L.)  Beauv.  (Chaetochloa  glauca  (L.)  Scribn.).  Yellow 
foxtail.  Pigeon-grass.  A  common  weed  in  almost  all  cultivated  ground-. 
In  general  appearance  much  like  the  following. 

Setaria  viridis  (L.)  Beauv.  (Chaetochloa  viridis  (L.)  Scribn.).  Green 
foxtail.  Frequent  in  cultivated  grounds  and  waste  places.  Much  like 
the  preceding  in  general  appearance. 

Cenchrus  carolinianus  Walt.  Small  bur-grass.  Usually  in  dry  sandy 
open  ground  and  gradually  becoming  more  frequent.  A  miserable  weed 
with  a  cruel  spiny  bur  and  often  called  sand-bur. 

Zizania  palustris  L.  Indian  rice.  Wild  rice.  In  ponds,  small  lakes 
and  streams,  apparently  planted  by  sportsmen  to  attract  ducks.  Abun- 
dant in  the  Tahquamenon  River  in  Luce  County. 


84  BOTANY  OF  MICHIGAN 

Phalaris  arundinacea  L.  Reed  canary-grass.  In  wet  open  ground. 
Common  throughout. 

Hierochloe  odorata  (L.)  Wahlenb.  {Savastana  odorata  (L.)  Scribn.). 
Vanilla  grass.  Sweet-grass.  Moist  open  or  partially  shaded  ground 
near  Seul  Choix.  Plentiful.  Cornell.  Also  noticed  near  Rexton  in 
Mackinac  County.     It  emits  a  very  sweet  fragrance. 

Milium  effusum  L.  Tall  millet-grass.  Frequent  throughout  in  rich 
woods. 

Oryzopsis  pungens  (Torr.)  Hitchc.  Slender  mountain  rice.  In  dry 
and  sterile  open  ground.     Plentiful. 

Oryzopsis  asperifolia  Michx.  White-grained  mountain  rice.  On 
borders,  and  in  open  spots  of  beech-maple-birch  wood's.    Frequent. 

Mnhlenbergia  racemosa  (Michx.)  BSP.  Wild  timothy.  On  low 
meadow-like  ground  and  borders  of  marshes.     Frequent. 

Brachy elytrum  erectum  (Schreb.)  Beauv.  Bearded  short-husk.  Com- 
mon throughout  in  hardwoods. 

Phleum  oratense  L.  Timothy.  Common  throughout,  probably  as  an 
escape. 

Sporobolus  uniflorus  (Muhl.)  Scribn.  &  Merr.  Late-flowering  drop- 
seed.    In  damp  open  sand3r  ground  west  of  Manistique.     Abundant. 

Agrostis  alba  L.  Redtop.  In  damp  open  ground  and  often  in  damp 
sand.     Common. 

Agrostis  hyemalis  (Walt.)  BSP.  Rough  hair-grass.  Fool-hay.  In 
dry  or  moist  open  or  partially  shaded  ground.     Abundant. 

Agrostis  perennans  (Walt.)  Tuckerm.  Thin-gras.-.  Upland  bent- 
grass.     Usualhr  in  damp  rich  shaded  ground.     Plentiful. 

Calamovilfa  longifolia  (Hook.)  Hack.  Long-leaved  reed-grass.  On 
sand  dunes  and  sandy  beaches.  Apparently  seldom  abundant  in  this 
region.     When  growing  in  abundance  it  is  an  efficient  sand  binder. 

Calamagrostis  canadensis  (Michx.)  Beauv.  Blue-joint  grass.  Usually 
in  wet  open  meadow-like  ground.    Often  abundant  and  cut  for  hay. 

Ammophila  arenaria  (L.)  Link.  Sea  sand-reed.  Sandy  beaches  of 
Lake  Michigan  and  Lake  Superior.  Often  abundant,  when  it  is  one  of 
the  most  efficient  sand  binders  known. 

Deschampsia  flexuosa  (L.)  Trin.  Common  hair-grass.  Dry  open 
ground  throughout.     Often  plentiful. 

Deschampsia  caespitosa  (L.)  Beauv.  Tufted  hair-grass.  Frequent 
in  wet  open  ground.  Noticed  in  particular  in  wet  places  on  Bois  Blanc 
Island  in  Mackinac  County. 

Avena  sativa  L.  Common  oat.  Apparently  escaping  and  persisting 
in  waste  places. 

Danthonia  spicata  (L.)  Beauv.  Common  wild  oat-grass.  In  dry  open 
sterile  ground  throughout.     Plentiful. 


SCHOOLCRAFT   COUNTY  AND   VICINITY  85 

Danthonia  compressa  Aust.  Flattened  wild  oat-grass.  Dry  open 
ground  near  Floodwood.     Plentiful. 

Danthonia  intermedia  Vasey.  Vasey's  wild  oat-grass.  Dry  open 
ground  near  Floodwood.     Plentiful. 

Phragmites  communis  Trin.    Common  reed-grass.    Wet  open  places, 
borders  of  tamarack-black  spruce  swamps,  and  near  lake  shores.    Seldom 
abundant. 

Melica  smithii  (Porter)  Vasey.  (Avena  smithii  Porter).  Smith's  oat. 
Damp  open  woods.     Apparently  infrequent. 

Melica  striata  (Mich.)  Hitchc.  (Avena  torreyi  Nash).  Purple  oat. 
Open  woods.     Apparently  infrequent. 

Dactylis  glomerata  L.  Orchard  grass.  About  cities  and  villages  and 
in  cultivated  grounds.     Frequent. 

Poa  annua  L.  Low  spear-grass.  In  lawns  and  cultivated  grounds. 
Common. 

Poa  compressa  L.  Canada  blue-grass.  English  blue-grass.  Usually 
in  dry  and  sterile  cultivated  ground.  Noticed  as  frequent  on  the  sandy 
beach  of  Lake  Michigan. 

Poa  nemoralis  L.  Wood  meadow-grass.  Dry  open  ground.  Appar- 
ently infrequent. 

Poa  pratensis  L.  June  grass.  Kentucky  blue-grass.  The  common 
grass  of  our  lawns,  fields,  meadows,  pastures,  and  open  woodlands. 

Poa  trivialis  L.  Rough-stalked  meadow-grass.  Damp  open  ground 
near  Floodwood.     Apparently  rare. 

Glyceria  canadensis  (Michx.)  Trin.  (Panicidaria  canadensis  (Michx.) 
Kuntze).  Rattlesnake-grass.  Wet  boggy  open  places.  Common  and 
often  abundant.     A  beautiful  grass. 

Glyceria  nervata  (Willd.)  Trin.  (Panicidaria  nervata  (Willd.)  Kuntze). 
Fowl  meadow-grass.  Low  open  or  partially  shaded  ground.  Common 
and  often  abundant. 

Glyceria  grandis  W&ts.  {Panicidaria  grandis  (S.  Wats.)  Nash).  Reed 
meadow-grass.  Low  banks  of  streams,  ditches  and  wet  meadow-like 
ground.     Frequent. 

Festuca  octoflora  Walt.  Slender  fescue-grass.  In  dry  sterile  open 
ground.     Frequent. 

Festuca  ovina  L.     Sheep's  fescue.     In  open  dry  ground.     Frequent. 

Festuca  elatior  L.  Meadow-fescue.  In  an  open  dryish  place  near  Flo<  ><  l- 
wood.     Apparently  infrequent. 

Festuca  nutans  Spreng.  Nodding  fescue-grass.  Sandy  beach  of  Lake 
Michigan  near  Manistique.    Apparently  infrequent. 

Bromus  secalinus  L.  Common  chess.  About  cities  and  villages  and  in 
cultivated  grounds.     Frequent. 

Bromus  ciliatus  L.  Fringed  brome-grass.  Open  moist  woods  and 
banks  of  streams.     Frequent. 


86  BOTANY  OP  MICHIGAN 

Bromus  pumpellianus  melicoides  Shear.  Pumpelly's  meliolike  brome 
grass.  A  western  form  plentiful  on  the  sandy  beach  at  Mackinaw  City 
in  Cheboygan  County.  It  will  probably  be  found  in  the  Northern 
Peninsula. 

Agropyron  repens  (L.)  Beauv.  Quack-grass.  Common  as  a  weed  in 
cities  and  villages  and  cultivated  grounds. 

Agropyron  dasystachyum  (Hook.)  Scribn.  Northern  wheat-grass. 
Sandy  beaches  of  Lake  Michigan  and  Lake  Superior.  When  abundant 
it  is  a  good  sand  binder. 

Agropyrum  tenerum  Vasey.  Slender  wheat-grass.  On  the  sandy 
beach  of  Grand  Island  near  Munising  in  Alger  County.  Plentiful. 
Perhaps  the  identification  is  doubtful. 

Agropyron  caninum  (L.)  Beauv.  Awned  wheat-grass.  Open  dryish 
ground  on  Grand  Island  near  Munising  in  Alger  County.    Plentiful. 

Secale  cereale  L.  Common  rye.  Escaping  from  cultivation  and  ap- 
parently persisting  in  cities,  villages  and  cultivated  grounds. 

Hordeum  jubatum  L.  Squirrel-tail  grass.  Plentiful  in  cities  and  vil- 
lages and  occasional  in  damp  meadow-like  ground. 

Elymus  virginicus  L.  Virginia  wild  rye.  Plentiful  along  low  shaded 
banks  of  streams  and  in  damp  open  woods. 

Elymus  canadensis  L.  Nodding  wild  rye.  Sand}^  beaches  of  Lake 
Michigan  and  Lake  Superior.    Frequent.    Acts  as  a  good  sand  binder. 

Hystrix  patula  Moench.  Bottle-brush  grass.  Frequent  in  beech- 
maple-birch  woods. 

CYPERACEAE.     Sedge  Family 

Dulichium  arundinaceum  (L.)  Britton.  Dulichium.  Wet  open  swampy 
places  and  on  borders  of  ponds.     Often  abundant. 

Eleocharis  palustris  (L.)  R..&  S.  Creeping  spike-rush.  Wet  meadow- 
like ground  and  often  in  shallow  water.     Common. 

Eleocharis  palustris  vigens  Bailey.  Large  spike-rush.  Margins  of 
ponds  and  small  lakes  and  usually  in  shallow  water.    Often  abundant. 

Eleocharis  acicularis  (L.)  R.  &  S.  Needle  spike-rush.  Wet  and 
muddy  places  about  ponds,  small  lakes,  and  along  low  banks  of  slow 
streams.     Often  abundant. 

Eleocharis  tenuis  (Willd.)  Schultes.  Slender  spike-rush.  Wet  open 
meadow-like  ground.     Abundant. 

Scirpus  pauciflorus  Lightf.  Few-flowered  club-rush.  Wet  open 
calcareous  ground  near  Lake  Michigan  shore.     Often  abundant. 

Scirpus  caespitosus  L.  Tufted  club-rush.  Deer-hair.  Wet  boggy 
open  ground  on  margin  of  a  tamarack-black  spruce  swamp  south  of 
Shingleton.     Plentiful. 

Scirpus  hudsonianus  (Michx.)  Fernald.  (Eriophorum  alpinum  L.). 
Alpine  cotton-grass.     Wet  open  marshy  ground.     Often  abundant. 


SCHOOLCRAFT   COUNTY  AND  VICINITY  87 

Scirpus  americanus  Pers.  Three-square.  Borders  of  ponds,  small 
lakes  and  streams.     Plentiful. 

Scirpus  validus  Vahl.  Great  bulrush.  Margins  of  ponds  and  streams. 
Plentiful. 

Scirpus  occidentalis  (Wats.)  Chase.  Vicid  great  bulrush.  Wet  boggy 
places  and  in  shallow  water  about  ponds,  small  lakes,  bays  of  the  Great 
Lakes  and  along  streams.     Abundant. 

Scirpus  airovirens  Muhl.  Dark-green  bulrush.  In.  marshy  open 
places  and  swamps.     Common. 

Scirpus  cypcrinus  pelius  Fernald.  Wool  grass.  In  wet  open  prairie- 
like ground.     Common. 

Scirpus  airodnctus  Fernald.  Dark  wool-grass.  Wet  open  or  partially 
shaded  ground.     Frequent. 

Scirpus  atrocinctus  brachypodus  Fernald.  Clustered  wool-grass. 
Damp  open  or  partially  shaded  ground.     Frequent. 

Eriophorum  callitrix  Cham.    Hare's-tail.    Open  bogs.    Common. 

Eriophorum  gracile  Roth.  Slender  cotton-grass.  Swamps  and  open 
boggy  places.     Frequent. 

Eriophorum  tenellum  Nutt.  Rough  cotton-grass.  Open  wet  and 
swampy  places.     Frequent. 

Eriophorum  angustifolium  Roth.  Tall- cotton-grass.  Very  wet  boggy 
places  and  often  growing  in  water.    Noticed  as  plentiful  near  Floodwood. 

Eriophorum  viridi-carinatum  (Engelm.)  Fernald.  Thin-leaved  cotton 
grass.  Borders  of,  and  open  spots  in,  tamarack-black  spruce  swamps. 
Common. 

Eriophorum  virginicum  L.  Virginia  cotton-grass.  Open  bogs  and 
very  wet  meadow-like  ground.     Common. 

Rynchospora  fusca  (L.)  Ait.f .  Brown  beaked-rush.  Damp  prairie-like 
or  open  boggy  ground  near  Manistique.  Plentiful.  Prof.  C.  A.  Davis. 
1905. 

Rynchospora  alba  (L.)  Vahl.  White  beaked-rush.  Wet  boggy  open 
ground.     Often  abundant. 

Cladium  mariscoides  (Muhl.)  Torr.  {Mariscus  mariscoides  (Muhl.) 
Kuntze).  Twig-rush.  Bogs,  wet  open  marshy  places  and  wet  shores. 
Often  abundant. 

Carex  crawfordii  Fernald.  Crawford's  sedge.  Dryish  open  ground. 
Plentiful. 

Carex  albolulescens  Schwein.  Greenish-white  sedge.  Damp  or  dryish 
open  ground  near  Manistique.     Plentiful. 

Carex  normalis  Mackenzie.  (C.  mirabilis  Dewej').  Larger  straw 
sedge.     Dryish  open  or  partially  shaded  ground.     Frequent. 

Carex  tenera  Dewey.  Straw  sedge.  Frequent  in  dryish  open  or  par- 
tially shaded  ground. 

Carex  bebbii  Olney.    Bebb's  sedge.    Low  open  ground.    Frequent. 


88  BOTANY  OF  MICHIGAN 

Carex  aenea  Fernald.  Fernald's  hiw-sedge.  Dryish  open  or  partially 
shaded  ground.     Frequent  and  often  plentiful. 

Carex  cephalantha  (Bailey)  Bicknell.  (C.  stellulata  cephalantha 
(Bailey)  Fernald).  Larger  prickly  sedge.  Low  open  ground  near  Flood- 
wood.     Plentiful. 

Carex  leersii  angustata  (Carey)  Mackenzie.  (C.  stellulata  angustata 
Care}7).    Tapering  sedge.    Low  open  ground  at  Floodwood.    Plentiful. 

Carex  sterilis  Willd.  (C.  scirpoides  Schk.).  Prickly  sedge.  Damp 
open  ground  near  Manistique.     Plentiful. 

Carex  interior  Bailey.  Inland  sedge.  Damp  or  wet  open  ground. 
Plentiful  throughout. 

Carex  arcta  Boott.  Northern  clustered  sedge.  In  damp  woods  at 
Floodwood.     Frequent. 

Carex  canescens  L.  Silvery  sedge.  Wet  open  places  about  tamarack- 
black  spruce  swamps.     Plentiful. 

Carex  brunnescens  Poir.  Brownish  sedge.  Dryish  shaded  ground  at 
Floodwood.     Plentiful. 

Carex  bromoides  Schkuhr.  Brome-like  sedge.  Frequent  in  damp 
woods. 

Carex  deweyana  Schwein.    Dewey's  sedge.    Beech-maple-birch-woods. 

Plentiful. 

Carex  trisperma  Dewey.  Three-fruited  sedge.  Plentiful  in  tamarack- 
black  spruce  swamps. 

Carex  disperma  Dewey.  (C.  tenella  Schkuhr.).  Soft-leaved  sedge. 
In  damp  woods,  especially  in  and  about  tamarack-black  spruce  swamps. 
Plentiful. 

Carex  diandra  Schrank.  Lesser  panicled  sedge.  Bogs  and  damp  open 
places  at  Floodwood.     Plentiful. 

Carex  stipata  Muhl.  Awl-fruited  sedge.  Very  wet  open  places. 
Common  throughout. 

Carex  sartwellii  Dewey.  SartwelPs  sedge.  Very  wet  open  boggy 
places  near  Manistique.     Plentiful. 

Carex  crinita  Lam.  Fringed  sedge.  Wet  open  or  partially  shaded 
ground.     Common  throughout. 

Carex  gynandra  Schwein.  (C.  crinita  gynandra  (Schwein.)  Schwein.  & 
Ton*.).  Nodding  sedge.  Wet  open  or  partially  shaded  ground  near 
Manistique.     Frequent. 

Carex  aquatilis  substricta  Kukenthal.  Northern  water  sedge.  In  very 
wet  open  ground  throughout.     Common. 

Carex  stricta  Lam.  Tussock  sedge.  Very  wet  open  or  partially  shaded 
ground  forming  dense  bunches  or  tussocks. 

Carex  strictior  Dewey.  Stiff  sedge.  Open  marshy  ground  near  Flood- 
wood.  Frequent.  Much  resembling  the  preceding  but  not  forming 
large  tufts  or  tussocks. 


SCHOOLCRAFT   COUNTY  AND  VICINITY  89 

Carex  aurea  Nutt.  Golden-fruited  sedge.  Damp  open  ground,  usually 
in  grassy  places.     Common. 

Carex  hassei  Bailey.  Hasse's  sedge.  On  the  damp  gravelly  beach  of 
Lake  Michigan  near  Manistique.  By  some  authors  considered  the 
same  as  C.  bicolor  All. 

Carex  pauciflora  Lightf.  Few-flowered  sedge.  In  open  spots  of 
tamarack-black  spruce  swamps  in  sphagnum.     Often  very  abundant. 

Carex  leptalea  Wahlenb.  Bristle-stalked  sedge.  In  bogs  and  swamps. 
Abundant  throughout. 

Carex  buxbaumii  Wahl.  (C.  polygama  Schkuhr.).  Brown  sedge. 
Common  in  boggy  open  places. 

Carex  gracillima  Schwein.    Graceful  sedge.    Common  in  hardwoods. 

Carex  tonsa  (Fernald)  Bicknell.  (C.  umbellata  tonsa  Fernald).  Deep 
green  sedge.  On  high  fixed  sand  ridges  near  Floodwood.  Apparently 
infrequent. 

Carex  pennsylvanica  Lam.  Pennsylvania  sedge.  Dry  sandy  open 
ground.     Common  throughout. 

Carex  paupercula  Michx.  Bog  sedge.  Frequent  in  open  bogs  through- 
out.    Noticed  in  particular  about  Floodwood. 

Carex  leptonervia  Fernald.  (C.  laxiflora  leptonervia  Fernald).  Two- 
edged  sedge.     Rich  shaded  ground.     Plentiful  throughout. 

Carex  flava  L.  Yellow  sedge.  Wet  open  marshy  ground.  Often 
abundant. 

Carex  cryptolepis  Mackenzie.  ("  C.  flava  recti  rostra  Gaudin  ") .  Smaller 
yellow  sedge.     Marshy  open  ground.     Frequent. 

Carex  oederi  Retz.  Green  sedge.  Damp  open  sandy  ground  near 
Lake  Michigan  shore.     Abundant. 

Carex  capillaris  elongata  Olney.  Tall  hair-like  sedge.  In  Wet  shaded 
ground  near  Manistique.     Plentiful. 

Carex  arctata  Boott.  Drooping  wood-sedge.  In  hardwoods.  Fre- 
quent throughout. 

Carex  flexuosa  Muhl.  (C.  debilis  rudgei  Bailey).  Slender-talked 
sedge.     Frequent  in  hardwoods  about  Floodwood. 

Carex  scabrata  Schwein.  Rough  sedge.  Damp  open  or  partially 
shaded  ground  on  Grand  Island  in  Alger  Count}'.     Plentiful. 

Carex  lasiocarpa  Ehrh.  (C '.  filiformis  Good) .  Slender  sedge.  In  bogs 
and  often  in  shallow  water.     Abundant. 

Carex  oligospermia  Michx.  Few-seeded  sedge.  Open  bogs  throughout. 
Often  abundant. 

Carex  lacustris  Willd.  (C.  riparia  Muhl.).  Lake-bank  sedge.  In 
swamps  about  Floodwood.     Plentiful. 

Carex  pseudo-cypems  L.  Cyperus-like  sedge.  Wet  open  ground 
throughout.     Frequent. 


90  BOTANY  OF  MICHIGAN 

Car  ex  hystricina  Muhl.  Porcupine  sedge.  Wet  boggy  open  ground. 
Often  abundant. 

Carex  retrorsa  Schwein.  Retrorse  sedge.  Wet  open  or  partially  shaded 
ground.     Plentiful  throughout. 

Carex  lupulina  Muhl.  Hop  sedge.  Swamps  and  wet  woods.  Common. 

Carex  intwnescens  Rudge.  Bladder  sedge.  Wet  open  or  partially 
shaded  ground.     Common  throughout. 

Carex  monile  Tuckerm  (C.  vesicaria  monile  (Tuckerm.)  Fernald). 
Necklace  sedge.     Open  wet  places  at  Floodwood.     Plentiful. 

Carex  tuckermani  Dewey.  Tuckerman's  sedge.  Rich  open  ground. 
Plentiful  throughout. 

ARACEAE.     Arum  Family. 

Arisaema  triphyllum  (L.)  Schott.  Indian  turnip.  Jack-in-the-pulpit. 
Rich  woods,  especially  hardwoods.     Common. 

Calla  palustris  L.  Wild  calla.  In  flitches  and  very  wet  boggy  places. 
Often  abundant. 

Acorus  cala?nus  L.  Sweet  flag.  On  borders  of  slow  streams.  Fre- 
quent. 

LEMNACEAE.     Duckweed  Family 

Lemna  minor  L.  Lesser  duckweed.  Often  covering  stagnant  water 
in  ditches,  on  and  near  margins  of  ponds,  small  lakes  and  slow  streams. 
Abundant.     Appearing  like  a  green  scum  on  water. 

PONTEDERIACEAE.     Pickerel-weed  Family 

Pontedcria  cordata  L.  Pickerel-weed.  In  ponds,  small  lakes,  coves, 
bays  and  on  margins  of  slow  streams.  Noticed  in  particular  along  the 
Tahquamenon  River  in  Luce  County.     Plentiful. 

JUNCACEAE.     Rush  Family 

J  uncus  bufonius  L.  Toad  rush.  Damp  open  ground,  often  in  wet 
sand  and  on  roadsides.     Abundant. 

Juncus  tenuis  Willd.  Slender  rush.  Damp  fields,  open  places  and 
roadsides.     Common. 

Juncus  fjreenei  Oakes  &  Tuckerm.  Greene's  rush.  In  wet  sand  near 
Manistique.     Plentiful.     Prof.  C.  A.  Davis,  1905. 

Juncus  balticus  UUoralis  Engelm.  Baltic  rush.  Damp  open  ground 
and  on  sandy  beaches,  where  it  is  an  efficient  sand  binder.    Abundant. 

Juncus  effusus  L.  Common  rush.  Soft  rush.  Wet  open  ground. 
Common. 

Juncus  brachycephalus  (1  m.)  Buchenau.  Small-headed  rush. 
Wei  shores  of  Lake  Michigan  and  in  open  marshy  places.     Plentiful. 


SCHOOLCRAFT   COUNTY  AND  VICINITY  91 

Juncus   brevicaudatus    (Engelm.)    Fernald.      Narrow-panicled    rush. 

Wet  and  muddy  places  about  ponds,  small  lakes  and  along  low  banks 
of  slow  streams.     Plentiful. 

Juncus  canadensis  J.  Gay.  Canada  rush.  Open  marshy  places. 
Frequent. 

Juncus  nodosus  L.  Knotted  rush.  Damp  gravelly  places  along  and 
near  Lake  Michigan  shore.     Often  abundant. 

LILIACEAE.     Lily  Family 

Tofieldia  glulinosa  (Michx.)  Pers.  Glutinous  tofieldia.  Damp  open 
prairie-like  ground.     Plentiful. 

Zygadenus  chloranthus  Richards.  (Anticlea  elegans  (Pursh)  Rydb.). 
Glaucous  zygadenus.  Sand  dunes  and  sandy  beaches  of  Lake  Michigan 
near  Manistique.     Often  plentiful. 

Allium  tricoccwm  Ait.  Wild  leek.  Tn  hardwoods  and  often,  abundant. 
Cornell. 

Lilium  philadelphicum  andinum  (Nutt.)  Ker.  (L.  umbellatum  Pursh). 
Western  red  lily.  Rich  partially  shaded  and  open  dryish  sandy  ground. 
Frequent. 

Erythronium  albidum  Nutt.  White  adder's-tongue.  Rich  usually 
shaded  ground.     Frequent.     Cornell. 

Asparagus  officinalis  L.  Garden  asparagus.  Occasional  as  an  escape 
in  dry  samty  open  ground. 

Clintonia  borealis  (Ait.)  Raf.  Yellow  clintonia.  Tamarack-black 
spruce  swamps  and  in  hardwoods.     Often  very  abundant. 

Smilacina  racemosa  (L.)  Desf.  (Vagnera  racenwsa  (L.)  Morong.). 
False-spikenard.     Rich  open  woods.     Often  plentiful. 

Smilacina  stellata  (L.)  Desf.  (Vagnera  stellata  (I;.)  Morong.).  Star- 
flowered  Solomon's  seal.  Moist  shaded  ground  and  also  in  dry  sandy 
open  or  shaded  places.     Often  abundant. 

Smilacina  trifolia  (L.)  Desf.  (Vagnera  trif alia  (L.)  Morong.).  Three- 
leaved  Solomon's  seal.    Very  wet  open  boggy  places.    Often  abundant. 

Maianthemum  canadense  Desf.  ( Unifolium  canadense  (Desf.)  ( I  r<  sene) . 
Wild  lily-of-the-valley.  Damp  or  dryish  shaded  ground.  Abundant  in 
hardwoods. 

Streplopus  amplexifolius  (L.)  DC.  Clasping-leaved  twisted-stalk. 
Damp  rich  open  or  shaded  ground.     Often  plentiful. 

Polygonatum  biflorum  (Walt.)  Ell.  Small  Solomon's  seal.  Frequent 
in  hardwoods. 

Medeola  virginiana  L.  Indian  cucumber-root.  Rich  open  woods. 
Frequent. 

Trillium  grandiflorum  (Michx.)  Salisb.  Large-flowered  wake-robin. 
In  hardwoods  but  seldom  plentiful. 

Trillium  cernuumL.    Nodding  wake-robin.    In  hardwoods.    Frequent. 


92  BOTANY  OF  MICHIGAN 

IRIDACEAE.     Iris  Family 

Iris  versicolor  L.  Larger  blue-flag.  Damp  open  or  shaded  ground. 
Seldom  abundant. 

Sisyrinchium  angustifoliwn  Mill.  Pointed  blue-eyed  grass.  On  and 
near  the  sandy  beach  of  Lake  Michigan.     Apparently  infrequent. 

ORCHIDACEAE.     Orchis  Family 

Cypripedium  parviflorwn  Salisb.  Smaller  yellow  lady's  slipper. 
Damp  rich  or  swampy  shaded  ground.     Apparently  not  common. 

Cypripedium  parviflorwn  pubescens  (Willd.)  Knight.  Larger  yellow 
lady's  slipper.     Damp  places  in  hardwoods.     Frequent. 

Cypripedium  aindidum  Muhl.  Small  white  lady's  slipper.  Swampy 
ground  near  Manistique.     Plentiful.     W.  T.  S.  Cornell. 

Cypripedium  hirsutum  Mill.  (C.  reginae  Walt.) .  Showy  lady's  slipper. 
Swampy  ground  and  margin  of  wet  woods.     Apparently  infrequent. 

Cypripedium  acaule  Ait.  (Fissipes  acaulis  (Ait.)  Small).  Stemless 
lady's  slipper.  In  tamarack-black  spruce  swamps  or  shaded  sandy 
ground.     Seldom  abundant. 

Habenaria  bracteoia  (Willd.)  R.  Br.  (Coeloglossum  bracteatum  (Willd.) 
Pari.).     Long-bracted  orchis.     Frequent  in  hardwoods. 

Habenaria  hyperborea  (L.)  R.  Br.  (Limnorchis  hyperborea  (L.)  Rydb.). 
Tall  leafy  green  orchis.     Frequent  in  open  hardwoods. 

Habenaria  dilatata  (Pursh)  Gray.  {Limnorchis  dilatata  (Pursh)  Rydb.). 
Tall  white  bog  orchis.  Bogs  and  often  in  wet  sand.  Frequent  and  often 
plentiful. 

Habenaria  obtusata  (Pursh)  Richards.  (Lysiella  obtusata  (Pursh)  Rich- 
ards). Small  northern  bog  orchis.  Tamarack-black  spruce  swamps 
and  also  in  other  very  low  wet  shaded  places.    Apparently  not  common. 

Habenaria  hookeri  Torr.  (Lysias  hookeriana  (A.  Gray)  Rydb.). 
Llooker's  orchis.     Noticed  as  occasional  in  hardwoods. 

Habenaria  orbiculata  (Pursh)  Torr.  (Lysias  orbiculata  (Pursh)  Rydb.). 
Round-leaved  orchis.    Noticed  in  hardwoods.    Apparently  infrequent. 

Habenaria  macrophylla  Goldie.  Large  round-leaved  orchis.  Rich 
shaded  ground.     Apparently  infrequent. 

Pogonia  ophioglossoides  (L.)  Ker.  Rose  pogonia.  In  open  boggy 
places.     Frequent. 

Calopogon  pulchellus  (Sw.)  R.  Br.  (Limodorum  tuberosum  L.).  Grass 
pink.     Open  boggy  places.     Often  plentiful. 

Arethusa  bulbosa  L>  Arethusa.  Wild  pink.  Very  wet  and  boggy 
open  places  near  tamarack-black  spruce  swamps.    Never  abundant. 

Spiranthes  gracilis  (Bigel.)  Beck.  (Ibidium  gracile  (Bigel.)  House). 
Slender  ladies'  tresses.  Dry  open  ground  near  Manistique.  Apparently 
infrequent.     Very  probably  overlooked. 


SCHOOLCRAFT   COUNTY   AND   VICINITY  & 

Spiranthes  cernua  (L.)  Richard.  ■  (Ibidium  cernuum  (L.)  House). 
Drooping  ladies'  tresses.  Damp  open  ground.  Abundant  near  Manis- 
tique  in  damp  sand. 

Epipactis  tesselata  (Locld.)  A.  A.  Eaton.  (Peramium  tesselatum  (Lodd. ) 
Heller).  Checkered  rattlesnake  plantain.  Occasional  in  open  hardwoods. 

Epipactis  decipiens  (Hook.)  Ames.  (Peramium  decipiens  (Hook.) 
Piper).  Menzies'  rattlesnake  plantain.  Dryish  shaded  ground.  Fre- 
quent.    Cornell. 

Listera  convallarioides  (Sw.)  Torr.  (Ophrys  convallarioides  (Sw.)  W.  F. 
Wight).  Broad-lipped  twayblade.  Very  wet  woods  near  FJoodwood. 
Apparently  infrequent.     Very  probably  overlooked. 

Corallorrhiza  trifida  Chatelain.  (C.  corallorrhiza  (L.)  Karst.).  Early 
coral-root.     Damp  shaded  places.     Frequent. 

Corallorrhiza  maculata  Raf.  Large  coral-root.  Frequent  in  bard- 
woods. 

Calypso  bulbosa  (L.)  Oakes.  (Cytherea  bulbosa  (L.)  House).  Calypso. 
Rich  shaded  ground.     Occasional.     W.  T.  S.  Cornell. 

SALICACEAE.     Willow  Family 

Salix  nigra  Marsh.  Black  willow.  Borders  of  damp  woods  and  along 
streams  as  a  small  shrub.     Frequent. 

Salix  lucida  Muhl.     Shining  willow.     Common  in  wet  open  ground. 

Salix  serissima  (Bailey)  Fernald.  Autumn  willow.  Borders  of 
tamarack-black  spruce  swamps,  especially  near  Manistique.  Plentiful. 
Cornell. 

Salix  alba  L.  White  willow.  Occasionally  planted  but  apparently 
not  spreading. 

Salix  longifolia  Muhl.  (Salix  interior  Rowlee).  Sandbar  willow. 
Along  streams.     Frequent. 

Salix  cordata  Muhl.    Heart-leaved  willow.    Frequent  along  streams. 

Salix  glaucophylla  Bebb.  Broad-leaved  willow.  On  and  near  the 
sandy  beaches  of  Lake  Huron  and  Lake  Superior.     Frequent. 

Salix  syrticola  Fernald.  (S.  adenophylla  Hook.).  Furry  willow,  i  to 
and  near  the  sandy  beaches  of  Lake  Michigan  and  Lake  Superior.  Fre- 
quent. 

Salix  pedicellaris  Pursh.  Bog  willow.  Very  wet  and  boggy  places. 
Often  abundant. 

Salix  discolor  Muhl.  Pussy  willow.  Low  open  ground  and  along 
banks  of  streams.     Frequent. 

Salix  petiolaris  Sm.  Slender  willow.  In  damp  low  ground.  Often 
abundant. 

Salix  humilis  Marsh.  Prairie  willow.  Dry  open  ground.  Often 
plentiful. 


94  BOTANY  OF  MICHIGAN 

Salix  rostrata  Richards.  (S.  bebbiana  Sarg.).  Beaked  willow.  Dry 
or  damp  open  ground.     Plentiful. 

Salix  Candida  Fliigge.  Hoary  willow;  Very  wet  or  bogg}r  open  ground. 
Common. 

Salix  pellita  Anders.  Satiny  willow.  Along  the  low  marshy  banks 
of  the  Tahquamenon  River  in  Luce  County.     Abundant. 

Populus  alba  L.  White  poplar.  Occasionally  planted,  but  apparently 
not  spreading. 

Populus  tremuloides  Michx.  American  aspen.  Throughout,  but  sel- 
dom abundant. 

Populus  grandidentata  Michx.  Large-toothed  aspen.  Rich  woods 
with  other  trees.     Never  plentiful. 

Populus  balsamifera  L.  Balsam  poplar.  Trees  often  large  and  extend 
to  the  south  shore  of  Lake  Superior.     Plentiful. 

Populus  deltoides  Marsh.  Cottonwood.  A  horticultural  form  called 
Carolina  poplar,  or  large-leaved  poplar,  occasionally  planted  as  an  orna- 
mental tree,  but  apparently  not  spreading. 

Populus  nigra  italica  Du  Roi.  Lombardy  poplar.  Occasionally 
planted  but  not  spreading. 

MYRICACEAE.     Sweet  Gale  Family 

Myrica  gale  L.  Sweet  gale.  In  very  wet  places,  on  borders  of  ponds 
and  small  lakes  and  along  streams.     Often  very  abundant. 

Myrica  asplenijolia  L.  (Comptonia  peregrina  (L.)  Coulter).  Sweet 
fern.     Open  dry  sterile  ground.     Often  very  abundant. 

JUGLANDACEAE.     Walnut  Family 

Juglans  cinerea  L.  Butternut.  Reported  as  occasionally  planted. 
Large  native  trees  noticed  on  Bois  Blanc  Island  in  Mackinac  County, 
very  probably  its  northern  limit  in  the  eastern  counties  of  the  Upper 
Peninsula. 

Juglans  nigra  L.  Black  walnut.  Reported  as  frequently  planted  and 
said  to  thrive. 

BETULACEAE.     Birch  Family 

Corylus  rostrata  Ait.  Beaked  hazelnut.  Dryish  open  or  partially 
shaded  ground.     Common  and  often  abundant. 

Ostrya  virginiana  (Mill.)  K.  Koch.  Ironwood.  In  hardwoods  with 
other  trees.     Plentiful. 

Betula  lutea  Michx.f.  Yellow  birch.  One  of  the  three  principal  trees 
of  the  hardwood  forests.  Common  with  beech  and  sugar  maple.  Large 
shaggy-barked  ones  often  called  "red  birch."  It  extends  to  the  south 
shore  of  Lake  Superior. 


SCHOOLCRAFT   COUNTY  AND   VICINITY  95 

Betula  alba  papyrifera  (Marsh.)  Spach.  (B.  papyrifera  Marsh.). 
Paper  l)irch.  Canoe  birch.  White  birch.  Common  in  hardwoods  and 
also  along  streams.  Small  trees  and  mere  shrubs  often  abundant  on 
burned  over  ground.    It  extends  to  the  south  shore  of  Lake  Superior. 

Betula  pumila  glandulifera  Kegel  (/?.  glandulifera  (Regel)  Butler). 
Glandular  low  birch.  Borders  of  tamarack-black  spruce  swamps,  and 
in  other  swampy  places.     Often  abundant. 

Alnus  crispa  (Ait.)  Pursh.    (A.  alnobetula   (Ehrh.)  K.  Koch).    Gr< 
alder.    Mountain  alder.    Sand  dunes  near  Manistique.    Plentiful.   Prof. 
C.  A.  Davis,  1905. 

Alnus  incana  (L.)  Moench.  Speckled  alder.  In  swamps,  all  wet  low 
places  and  along  streams.     Very  abundant. 

FAGACEAE.     Beech  Family 

Fagus  grandifolia  Ehrh.  American  beech.  One  of  the  three  principal 
trees  of  the  hardwood  forests.  Abundant  with  sugar  maple  and  yellow- 
birch.     It  extends  to  the  south  shore  of  Lake  Superior. 

Quercus  macrocarpa  Michx.  Bur  oak.  Frequent  along  the  Manis- 
tique River  in  Schoolcraft  County  and  the  Tahquamenon  River  in  Luce 
Countv.     In  the  lumber  trade  sold  as  white  oak. 

Quercus  bicolor  Willd.  Swamp  white  oak.  Occasional  along  the  two 
rivers  above  mentioned.  Known  as  blue  oak  in  Schoolcraft  County  and 
in  the  lumber  trade  sold  as  white  oak. 

Quercus  rubra  L.  Red  oak.  On  dry  sandy  ground  throughout, 
especially  on  jack  pine  plains.     Often  plentiful  but  seldom  large. 

URTICACEAE.     Nettle  Family 

Ulmus  fulva  ^lichx.  Slippery  elm.  Red  elm.  Reported  as  occasional 
in  Schoolcraft  County  by  W.  T.  S.  Cornell  and  in  Alger  County  by 
Thomas  B.  Wyman,  forester  at  Munising.    Not  seen  b}r  the  writer. 

Ulmus  amencana  L.    American  elm.    White  elm.    Frequent  through- 
out, and  fine  large  trees  noticed  in  hardwoods  and  along  the  large  stream 
It  extends  to  the  south  shore  of  Lake  Superior. 

Cannabis  sativa  L.  Hemp.  Occasional  about  cities  and  villages  as  a 
weed. 

Humulus  lupulus  L.  Common  hop.  Occasionally  esc  tping  and  per- 
sisting. 

Urtica  gracilis  Ait.  Slender  nettle.  Damp  open  or  partially  shaded 
ground.     Frequent  throughout. 

Laportea  canadensis  (L.)  Gaud.    (Urticastrum  divaricat  .  I  Kuntze). 

Wood  nettle.     Frequent  in  hardwoods. 

SANTALACEAE.     Sandalwo*  d  I  amily 

Comandra  richardsiana  Fernald.    Richards'  comandra.     Dry  open  or 


96  BOTANY  OF  MICHIGAN 

partially  shaded  ground.     Common.     By  some  authors  included  in  C. 
umbellata  (L.)  Nutt. 

Comandra  Uvida  Richards.  Northern  comandra.  In  dry  sterile  open 
or  shaded  ground.     Apparently  infrequent. 

LORANTHACEAE.     Mistletoe  Family 

Arceuthobium  pusillum  Peck.  (Razoumojskyo,  pusilla  (Peck)  Kuntze). 
Dwarf  mistletoe.  Parasitic  on  the  twigs  of  white  spruce  and  black  spruce 
causing  them  to  curl  up  into  thick  bunches,  forming  what  are  called 
"witches'  brooms. "     Frequent. 

POLYGONACEAE.     Buckwheat  Family 

Rumex  britannica  L.  Great  water  dock.  In  wet  marshy  places 
throughout.     Common. 

Rumex  crispus  L.  Yellow  dock.  About  cities  and  villages  and  in 
cultivated  grounds.     A  miserable  weed. 

Rumex  mexicanus  Meisn.  Willow-leaved  dock.  Sandy  beaches  of 
Lake  Michigan  and  in  dry  open  ground  throughout.     Frequent. 

Rumex  ohtusifolius  L.  Bitter  dock.  Frequent  in  cities,  villages,  and 
cultivated  grounds  as  a  weed. 

Rumex  acetosella  L.    Field  sorrel.    Common  in  cultivated  grounds. 

Polygonum  aviculare  L.  Knot-grass.  Common  about  cities  and  vil- 
lages, in  lawns,  gardens,  and  other  cultivated  grounds. 

Polygonum  erectum  L.  Erect  knotweed.  Mostly  about  cities  and  vil- 
lages, and  on  roadsides  as  a  weed.     Frequent. 

Polygonum  lapathifolium  L.  (Persicaria  lapathifolia  (L.)  S.  F.  GrajO- 
Pale  persicaria.  In  damp  open  ground.  Noticed  mostly  as  an  occa- 
sional weed  about  cities  and  villages. 

Polygonum  amphibium  L.  {Persicaria  amphibia  (L.)  S.  F.  Gray). 
Water  persicaria.  Margins  of  ponds,  small  lakes,  and  along  low  banks 
of  streams.     Plentiful. 

Polygonum  muhlenbergii  (Meisn.)  Wats.  (Persicaria  muhlenbergii  (S. 
Wats.)  Small.).  Swamp  persicaria.  Marshy  and  swampy  places,  mar- 
gins of  ponds  and  along  streams.     Often  in  shallow  water.     Common. 

Polygonum  hydropiper  L.  (Persicaria  hydropiper  (L.)  Opiz.)  Smart- 
weed.    In  damp  open  or  partially  shaded  ground.    Plentiful. 

Polygonum  acre  HBK.  (Persicaria  punctata  (Ell.)  Small.).  Water 
smart  weed.  Wet  marshy  ground  and  along  low  banks  of  streams  and 
occasionally  in  shallow  water.     Plentiful. 

Polygonum  persicaria  L.  (Persicaria  persicaria  (L.)  Small.)  Lady's 
thumb.  Usually  in  damp  open  places  as  a  weed  in  cities  and  villages. 
Frequent. 

Polygonum  sagittatum  L.  (Tracaulon  sagittatum  (L.)  Small.).  Arrow- 
leaved  tear-thumb.    Damp  open  or  partially  shaded  ground.    Frequent. 


SCHOOLCRAFT   COUNTY  AND  VICINITY  97 

Polygonum  convolvulus  L.  (Tiniaria  convolvulus  (I/.)  Webb  &  Moq.). 
Black  bindweed.  As  a  frequent  weed  in  gardens  and  other  cultivated 
grounds. 

)    Polygonum   cilinode   Michx.       (Tiniaria   cilinodis    (Michx.)    Small.) 
Fringed  black  bindweed.    In  dry  sandy  open  ground.    Noticed  in  par- 
ticular as  abundant  on  burned  over  sidehills  south  of  Shingleton. 
\    Polygonella  articulata  (L.)  Meisn.    Coast  joint-weed.    Dry  sandy  open 
ground,  especially  on  jack  pine  plains.     Often  abundant. 

CHENOPODIACEAE.     Goosefoot  Family 

Cycloloma  atriplicifolium  (Spreng.)  Coult.  Winged  pigweed.  Sandy 
open  ground.     A  weed  in  cities  and  villages  and  along  railroads. 

Chenopodium  capitatum  (L.)  Asch.  (Blitum  capitatum  L.).  Straw- 
berry blite.     Dryish  or  damp  open  ground.     Frequent  throughout. 

Chenopodium  glaucum  L.  Oak-leaved  goosefoot.  Occasional  as  a 
weed  in  gardens  and  other  cultivated  grounds. 

Chenopodium  hybridum  L.  Maple-leaved  goosefoot.  Occasional  in 
open  woods,  but  more  frequent  in  waste  places  and  cultivated  grounds 
as  a  weed. 

Chenopodium  album  L.  Lamb's  quarters.  Common  pigweed.  Com- 
mon as  a  weed  in  streets,  waste  places  and  cultivated  grounds. 

Atriplex  paiida  hastaia  (L.)  Gray.  Halberd-leaved  orache.  Frequent 
in  waste  places  and  cultivated  grounds. 

Corispermum  hyssopifolium  L.  Bug-seed.  Sandy  open  ground  near 
Manistique.     Prof.  C.  A.  Davis,  1905. 

Salsola  kali  tenuifolia  G.  F.  W.  Mey.  (Salsola  pestifer  A.  Nelson). 
Russian  thistle.  Noticed  as  occasional  in  cities,  villages  and  cultivated 
grounds. 

AMARANTHACEAE.     Amaranth  Family 

Amaranthus  retroflexus  L.  Green  amaranth.  Also  often  called  red 
root  and  amaranth  pigweed.  Noticed  only  as  a  weed  in  waste  places  and 
cultivated  grounds. 

Amaranthus  graecizans  L.  Tumble-weed.  Jn  waste  place  and  culti- 
vated grounds  as  a  weed.     Apparently  not  common. 

Amaranthus  blitoides  Wats.  Prostrate  amaranth.  In  cultivated  and 
waste  grounds  as  a  weed.  Occasional  but  will  probably  become  abun- 
dant. 

CARYOPHYLLACEAE.     Pink  Family 

Spergula  arvensis  L.  Corn  spurry.  In  sandy  cultivated  fields  and 
waste  places  as  a  weed.     Cornell. 

Arenaria  serpyllifolia  L.     Thyme-leaved  sandwort.     In  dry  sandy 
ground.     Frequent  as  a  weed  in  cities  and  villages. 
13 


98  BOTANY    OF    MICHIGAN 

Stellaria  longipes  laeta  (Richards)  Wats.  Beach  stitchwort.  In 
drifting  sand  on  the  sandy  beach  of.  Lake  Michigan  in  the  western  part 
of  Mackinac  County.     Abundant.     Plant  low;  flowers  small,  white. 

Stellaria  longifolia  Muhl.  (Alsine  longi folia  (Muhl.)  Britton).  Long- 
leaved  stitchwort.     Damp  grassy  open  places.     Frequent. 

Stellaria  graminea  L.'  (Alsine  graminea  (L.)  Britton).  Lesser  stitch- 
wort. Covering  sides  and  crests  of  sand  dunes  near  Lake  Michigan  shore 
east  of  Manistique.     Abundant. 

Stellaria  media  (L.)  Cjoill.  (Alsine  media  L.).  Common  chickweed. 
A  weed  in  gardens  and  waste  places.     Often  abundant. 

Cerastium  vutoatum  L.  Larger  mouse-ear  chickweed.  A  common 
weed  in  cities,  villages  and  cultivated  grounds. 

Agrostemma  githago  L.  Cockle.  Corn  cockle.  Frequent  in  grain 
fields  and  waste  places. 

Lychnis  coronaria  (L.)  Desr.  Mullein  pink.  Occasional  on  dryish 
open  ground. 

Lychnis  alba  Mill.  White  campion.  Becoming  common  in  cities  and 
villages  and  often  as  a  weed  in  cultivated  fields. 

Silene  antirrhina  L.  Sleepy  catchfly.  Dryish  open  woods  or  in  open 
sandy  ground.     Frequent. 

Silene  noctiflora  L.  Night-flowering  catchfly.  Noticed  only  as  a  weed 
in  cultivated  groimds.     Apparently  infrequent. 

Silene  latifolia  (Mill.)  Britten  &  Rendle.  Bladder  campion.  In  wates 
places,  along  railroads  and  in  cultivated  grounds.     Frequent. 

Saponaria  officinalis  L.  Soap  wort.  Bouncing  bet.  Dry  open  sandy 
places,  especially  in  and  near  cities  and  villages.     Frequent. 

Saponaria  vaccaria  L.  (Vaccaria  vaccaria  (L.)  Britton).  Cow-herb. 
In  and  near  cities  and  villages  and  along  railroads.     Infrequent. 

PORTULACACEAE.     Purslane  Family 

Claytonia  caroliniana  Michx.  Carolina  spring  beauty.  In  rich  shaded 
ground.     Frequent.     W.  T.  S.  Cornell. 

Portulaca  oleracea  L.  Common  purslane.  Occasional  in  dry  sandy 
cultivated  grounds  as  a  weed. 

NYMPHAEACEAE.     Water  Lily  Family 

Nymphaea  advena  Ait.  In  still  and  stagnant  water  throughout. 
Often  abundant. 

Castalia  odorata  (Ait.)  Woodville  &  Wood.  Sweet-scented  white 
water  lily.  Ponds,  coves,  borders  of  small  lakes,  and  on  margins  of  slow 
streams.  Noticed  in  particular  in  the  Tahquamenon  River  and  Muskal- 
longe  Lake  in  Luce  County. 

Castalia  tuberosa  (Paine)  Greene.  Ponds,  small  lakes  and  borders  of 
streams.     Frequent. 


SCHOOLCRAFT   COUNTY  AND  VICINITY  99 

Brasenia  schreberi  Gmel.    Water  shield.     Frequent  in  still  water  of 
coves  and  ponds. 

RANUNCULACEAE.     Crowfoot  Family 

Ranunculus  circinatus  Sibth.    (Batrachium  circinalum  (Sibth.)  Rchb.  . 
Stiff  white  water  crowfoot.    Frequent  in  the  shallow  water  of  ditch 
ponds  and  slow  streams. 

Ranunculus  sceleratus  L.    Cursed  crowfoot.    Celery-leaved  crowfoot. 
In  open  wet  places,  bogs  and  ditches.     Frequent. 

Ranunculus    abortivus    L.      Small-flowered    crowfoot.      Rich    damp 
shaded  ground.     Frequent. 

Ranunculus  recurvatus  Poir.    Hooked  crowfoot.    Rich  woods  and  open 
places.     Frequent.     W.  T.  S.  Cornell. 

Ranunculus   septentrionalis   Poir.      Swamp   buttercup.      Usually   in 
moist  shaded  ground.     Frequent. 

Ranunculus  pennsyluanicus  L.f.    Bristly  crowfoot.    Frequent  in  open 
damp  ground. 

Ranunculus  acris  L.    Tall  crowfoot.    In  damp  open  or  shaded  ground. 
Frequent. 

Thalictrum  dioicum  L.    Early  meadow  rue.     Frequent  in  rich  open 
woods. 

Thalictrum  dasycarpum  Fisch.  &  Lall.    Tall  meadow  rue.    Frequent 
in  damp  open  or  shaded  ground. 

Hepatica  triloba  Chaix.     (Hepatica  hepatica  (L.)  Karst.).     Round- 
leaved  liver-leaf.     Rich  open  woods.     Frequent. 

Hepatica  acutiloba  DC.     Sharp-lobed  liver-leaf.     Usually  in  beech- 
maple-birch  woods.     Frequent. 

Anemone  cylindrica  Gray.    Long-fruited  anemone.    Dry  sandy  open 
or  partially  shaded  ground  east  of  Manistique.    Apparently  infrequent. 

Anemone  virginiana  L.     Tall  anemone.     Frequent  in  open  woods. 

Anemone  canadensis  L.    Canada  anemone.    Banks  of  streams  and  in 
open  prairie-like  ground.     Frequent  and  often  abundant. 

Anemone  quinquefolia  L.     Wood  anemone.     Wind-flower.     Margins 
of  woods  and  thickets.     Frequent. 

Clematis  virginiana  L.     Virginia  virgin's  bower.     Banks  of  small 
streams.     Common. 

Caltha  palustris  L.     Marsh  marigold.     Open  and  shaded  swampy 
places.     Common. 

Coptis  trifolia  (L.)  Salisb.    Goldthread.    Damp  usually  shaded  pla< 
and  in  tamarack-black  spruce  swamps.     Abundant. 

Aquilegia  canadensis  L.    Wild  columbine.    Dryish  open  or  partially 
shaded  ground.     Frequent. 

Actaea  rubra   (Ait.)   Willd.     Red  baneberry.      In  rich   woods  and 
thickets.     Frequent. 


100  BOTANY    OF    MICHIGAN 

Actaea  rubra  forma  neglecta  (Gillman)  Robinson.  White-fruited  red 
baneberry.  Frequent  with  the  preceding.  Fruit  white,  pedicels  capil- 
lary. 

Actaea  alba  (L.)  Mill.  White  baneberry.  Frequent  in  rich  woods, 
pedicels  not  capillary,  but  thickened  in  fruit.     Berries  white. 

BERBERIDACEAE.     Barberry  Family 

Caulophyllum  ihalictroides  (L.)  Michx.  Blue  cohosh.  In  hardwoods 
near  Indian  Lake  and  at  Floodwood.     Apparently  infrequent. 

PAPAVERACEAE.     Poppy  Family 
Sanguinaria  canadensis  L.  Bloodroot.  In  open  rich  woods.  Frequent. 

FUMARIACEAE.     Fumitory  Family 

Dicenira  cucullaria  (L.)  Bernh.  (Bicuculla  cucidlaria  (L.)  Millsp.). 
Dutchman's  breeches.     Rich  woods.     Frequent.     Cornell. 

Dicenira  canadensis  (Goldie)  Walp.  (Bicuculla  canadensis  (Goldie) 
Millsp.).     Squirrel  corn.     Rich  woods.     Frequent. 

Corydalis  sempervirens  (L.)  Pers.  (Capnoides  sempervirens  (L.)  Bork.) 
Pale  corydalis.  Common  and  often  abundant  on  burned  over  dry 
ground. 

CRUCIFERAE.     Mustard  Family 

Alyssum  alyssoides  L.  Yellow  alyssum.  In  dry  open  ground  as  a  weed 
about  cities  and  villages.     Apparent^  not  common. 

Thlaspi  arvense  L.  Field  penny-eres^.  Occasional  as  a  weed  about 
cities  and  villages.     Apparently  infrequent. 

Lepidium  virginicum  L.  Wild  peppergrass.  A  weed  in  waste  places, 
gardens  and  on  roadsides.    Frequent.    Much  resembling  the  following. 

Lepidium  apetalum  Wilkl.  Ape^alous  peppergrass.  In  cities,  villages, 
and  cultivated  grounds.  Frequent.  Described  under  L.  densiflorum 
Schrad.  in  Britton  and  Brown's  " Illustrated  Flora",  Second  Edition, 
Vol.  II,  page  166. 

Capsella  bursa-pasioris  (L.)  Medic.  (Bursa  bursa-pastoris  (L.) 
Britton).  Shepherd's  purse.  A  common  weed  in  gardens,  fields  and 
waste  places. 

Camelina  sativa  (L.)  Crantz.  Gold-of-pleasure.  False  flax.  Occa- 
sional in  cities,  villages  and  along  railroads. 

Cakile  edeniula  (Bigel.)  Hook.  American  sea  rocket.  Sandy  beach 
of  Lake  Michigan.     Frequent. 

Brassica  arvensis  (L.)  Ktze.  (Sinapis  arvensis  L.).  Common  mus- 
tard. Charlock.  A  weed  about  cities  and  villages,  and  in  cultivated 
grounds.     Often  too  abundant. 


SCHOOLCRAFT   COUNTY  AND  VICINITY  101 

Brassica  nigra  (L.)  Koch.  Black  mustard.  Occasional  as  a  weed 
about  cities  and  villages. 

Sisymbrium  officinale  leiocarpum  DC.  Smooth-podded  hedge-mus- 
tard. A  weed  about  dwellings  and  in  waste  places.  Frequent.  The 
species  with  pubescent  pods  may  yet  be  noticed. 

Sisymbriwn  altissimum  L.  (Norta  altissima  (L.)  Britton).  Tumble 
mustard.     In  cities  and  villages  as  a  weed.     Often  plentiful. 

Erysimum  cheiranthoides  L.  (Cheirinia  cheiranthoides  (L.)  Link.). 
Worm-seed  mustard.  Mostly  as  a  weed  in  cities  and  villages.  Occa- 
sional in  fields. 

Radicula  nasturlium-aquaticum  (L.)  Britton  &  Rendle.  True  water- 
cress.    In  brooks  and  ditches.     Frequent. 

Radicula  palustris  (L.)  Moench.  Marsh  cress.  Wet  open  places  and 
often  in  shallow  water.     Frequent  throughout. 

Radicula  armoracia  (L.)  Robinson.  (Armoracia  armoracia  (L.)  Brit- 
ton). Horseradish.  Escaping  into  moist  places  of  cities  and  villages 
and  persisting.     Frequent. 

Dentaria  diphylla  Michx.  Crinkle-root.  In  hardwoods.  Apparently 
infrequent. 

Cardamine  pennsylvanica  Muhl.  Pennsylvania  bitter-cress.  In  very 
wet  and  open  or  shaded  swampy  places.    Often  abundant. 

Arabis  lyrata  L.  Lyre-leaved  rock-cress.  On  and  near,  the  sandy 
beaches  of  Lake  Michigan  and  Lake  Superior.     Often  plentiful. 

Arabis  glabra  (L.)  Bernh.  Tower  mustard.  Frequent  in  dry  open 
places  or  in  open  woods. 

SARRACENIACEAE.     Pitcher-plant  Family 

Sarracenia  purpurea  L.  Pitcher-plant.  Common  in  tamaraek-nlaek 
spruce  swamps. 

DROSERACEAE.     Sundew  Family 

Dr oser a  rotundifolia  L.  Round-leaved  sundew.  Boggy  open  ground. 
Frequent. 

CRASSULACEAE.     Orpine  Family 

Sedum  acre  L.  Mossy  stonecrop.  Dry  open  sandy  ground  in  and  near 
cities  and  villages.    Sometimes  covering  the  ground  and  abundant. 

Sedum  purpureum  Tausch.     (Sedum  triphyllum    (Haw.)  S.  F.  Gra; 
Live-forever.    Escaping  from  cultivation  and  persisl  ing  in  various  places. 
Frequent. 


102  BOTANY    OF    MICHIGAN 

SAXIFRAGACEAE.     Saxifrage  Family 

Saxifraga  pennsylvanica  L.  (Micranthcs  pennsylvanica  (L.)  Haw.). 
Swamp  saxifrage.  On  margins  and  in  open  spots  of  tamarack-black 
spruce  swamps.     Plentiful. 

Mitella  diphylla  L.  Two-leaved  bishop's-cap.  Damp  rich  woods  and 
thickets.     Frequent. 

Mitella  nuda  L.  Naked  bishop's-cap.  Damp  rich  shaded  ground. 
Common. 

Chrysosplenium  americanum  Schwcin.  Golden  saxifrage.  Cool  wet 
open  or  shaded  places.     Often  abundant. 

Parnassia  parviflora  DC.  Small -flowered  grass-of-parnassus.  In 
springy  and  wet  meadow-like  places.  Abundant  in  spots.  Noticed  in 
particular  near  Munising,  Alger  County. 

Parnassia  caroliniana  Michx.  Carolina  grass-of-parnassus.  Common 
in  wet  swampy  open  or  shaded  places. 

Ribes  oxyacanthoides  calcicola  Fernald.  (Grossularia  hirtella  (Michx.) 
Spach.).  Low  wild  gooseberry.  Damp  open  or  partially  shaded  ground. 
Plentiful. 

Ribes  flcridum  L'Her.  (R.  americanum  Mill.).  Wild  black  currant. 
Damp  open  or  shaded  ground.     Plentiful. 

Ribes  lacustre  (Pers.)  Poir.  Swamp  black  currant.  Cool  damp  shaded 
ground.     Frequent. 

Ribes  prostratum  L'Her.  (R.  glandidosum  Grauer.).  Fetid  currant. 
Skunk  currant.  Damp  shaded  ground,  sometimes  in  the  open.  Fre- 
quent. 

Ribes  triste  Pall.  Swamp  red  currant.  American  red  currant.  Damp 
hardwoods .     Frequent . 

ROSACEAE.     Rose  Family 

Physocarpus  opulifolius  (L.)  Maxim.  (Opulaster  opulifolius  (L.) 
Kuntze).  Ninebark.  Common  along  streams.  Noticed  as  plentiful 
in  crevices  of  limestone  rock  on  Lake  Michigan  shore  at  Seul  Choix. 

Spiraea  salicifolia  L.  Common  meadow-sweet.  In  low  mostl}r  open 
ground.  Common.  Apparently  S.  alba  DuRoi  or  S.  latifolia  (Ait.) 
Borkh.  of  some  authors. 

Spiraea  tomentosa  L.  Hardhack.  Steeple  bush.  Usually  in  low  damp 
open  ground.     Common  about  Manistique.     Cornell. 

Pyrus  malus  L.  (Malus  malus  (L.)  Britton).  Common  apple.  No- 
ticed as  frequent  throughout  in  a  wild  state. 

Pyrus  arbutifolia  atropurpurea  (Britton)  Robinson.  (Aronia  atropur- 
purea  Britton).  Purple-fruited  choke-berry.  Frequent  in  low  swampy 
ground  and  often  in  shade.    Ripe  fruit  claret  colored  to  purplish  black. 

Pyrus  melanocarpa  (Michx.)  Willd.     (Aronia  melanocarpa  (Michx.) 


SCHOOLCRAFT   COUNTY  AND  VICINITY  103 

Britton).  Black  choke-berry.  Damp  open  places  especially  on  margins 
of  tamarack-black  spruce  swamps.  Common  especially  about  Manis- 
tique.     Ripe  fruit  black. 

Pyrus  americana  (Marsh)  DC.  (Sorbus  americana  Marsh).  Ameri- 
can mountain  ash.  Common  on  margins  of  woods.  Often  large,  50  feet 
high  and  more. 

Amelanchier  laevis  Wiegand.    Smooth-leaved  juneberry.    Borders  of, 
and  in,  rich  woods  near  Lake  Michigan  shore.    Plentiful.     Noticed  in 
particular  in  the  western  part  of  Mackinac  County,  where  many  trees 
were  IS  inches  in  diameter  4  feet  from  the  ground  and  50  feet  high.    S 
Rhodora,  Vol.  14,  page  158. 

Crataegus  punctata  Jacq.  Large-fruited  thorn.  Usually  in  (lamp  open 
or  partially  shaded  ground.     Frequent  throughout. 

Crataegus  douglasii  Lindl.  Douglas'  thorn.  (C.  brockvjayat  Sarg.  . 
Very  probably  to  be  found  throughout  in  dry,  damp,  open  or  shaded 
ground.    Noticed  in  particular  on  Grand  Island  in  Alger  County. 

Fragaria  virginiana  Duchesne.  Common  strawberry.  Common  iu 
both  damp  or  dry  open  ground  throughout. 

Fragaria  vesca  americana  Porter.  (F.  americana  (Porter)  Britton). 
American  wood  strawberry.  In  damp  hardwoods  and  tamarack-black 
spruce  swamps.     Frequent. 

Potentilla  monspeliensis  L.  Rough  cinquefoil.  In  open  dry  sandy 
ground  throughout.    Frequent  as  a  roadside  and  field  weed. 

Potentilla  argentea  L.  Silvery  cinquefoil.  Frequent  in  dry  open 
ground. 

Potentilla  palustris  (L.)  Scop.  (Comarum  palustre  L.).  Marsh 
cinquefoil.     Very  wet  and  swampy  open  places.     Common. 

Potentilla  fruticosa,  L.  (DasipJiora  fruticosa  (L.)  Rydb.).  Shrubby 
cinquefoil.     Wet  or  dry  open  ground.     Often  abundant. 

Potentilla,  tridentata  Ait.  (Sibbaldiopsis  tridentata  (Soland.)  Rydb.). 
Three-toothed  cinquefoil.  Dryish  sandy  or  gravelly  open  or  partially 
shaded  ground  throughout.     Plentiful  in  spots. 

Potentilla  anserina  L.  {Argentina  anserina  (L.)  Rydb.).  Silver-weed. 
Usually  in  dry  or  damp  open  ground  near  Lake  Michigan  or  Lake 
Superior  shore.     Often  abundant. 

Potentilla  canadensis  L.  Common  cinquefoil.  Frequent  in  dry  open 
ground. 

Geum  canadense  Jacq.  White  avens.  Frequent  in  and  near  hard- 
woods. 

Geum  strictum  Ait.     Yellow  avens.     Moist  open  ground.     Plentiful. 

Geum  rivale  L.  Purple  avens.  Damp  open  or  partially  shad* x  1  ground. 
Frequent. 

Rubus  idaeus  aculealissimus  (C.  A.  Mey)  Regel  &  Tiling.    (R.  strigosus 


104  BOTANY    OF    MICHIGAN 

Michx.  of  some  authors).     Wild  red  raspberry.    Dry  open  or  partially 
shaded  ground.     Abundant. 

Rubus  parviflorus  Nutt.  Salmon-berry.  Usually  in  open  woods. 
Often  plentiful. 

Rubus  triflorus  Richards.  Dwarf  raspberry.  Damp  open  or  shaded 
ground .     Common . 

Rubus  allegheniensis  Porter.  Tall  blackberry.  Open  places  and 
burned  over  ground.     Common. 

Rubus  canadensis  L.  Millspaugh's  blackberry.  Mostly  borders  of 
hardwoods  and  along  streams.  Plentiful.  This  is  not  the  dewberry 
formerly  having  this  scientific  name,  but  an  upright  shrub. 

Rubus  nigricans  Rydb.  Bristly  blackberry.  In  marshy  and  swampy 
ground.  Often  very  abundant.  A  creeping  or  ascending  shrub,  re- 
sembling the  dewberry,  but  with  small  insignificant  fruit. 

Rubus  hispidus  L.  Running  swamp  blackberry.  Tamarack-black 
spruce  swamps.     Often  abundant. 

Rubus  villosus  Ait.  (R.  procumbens  Muhl.).  Dewberry.  Dry  open 
ground.  Often  plentiful.  Fruit  large  and  palatable.  Formerly  having 
the  scientific  name  of  Rubus  canadensis  L. 

Agrimonia  gryposepala  Wallr.  Tall  hairy  agrimony.  In  hardwoods 
and  thickets.     Frequent. 

Agrimonia  striata  Michx.  Brit  ton's  agrimony.  Damp  open  woods 
and  along  streams.  Apparently  infrequent.  Noticed  in  particular  near 
the  upper  falls  of  the  Tahquamenon  River  in  Luce  County. 

Rosa  acicularis  Lindl.  Prickly  rose.  Dr}dsh  open  or  partially  shaded 
ground.     Frequent. 

Rosa  blanda  Ait.  Meadow  rose.  Dryish  open  ground.  Often  abun- 
dant on  sandy  beaches  and  sand  dunes  acting  as  an  efficient  sand  binder. 
Sometimes  afflicted  by  the  gall-fly,  Rhodistes  bicolor. 

Rosa  rubiginosa  L.    Sweetbrier.    Occasional  on  roadsides  as  an  escape. 

Prunus  serotina  Ehrh.  (Padus  virginiana  (L.)  Mill.).  Wild  black 
cherry.  Occasional  throughout.  Apparently  more  frequent  near 
Munising  in  Alger  County. 

Prunus  virginiana  L.  (Padus  nana  (DuRoi)  Roemer.) .  Choke  cherry. 
In  dry  or  damp  ground.     Common  throughout. 

Prunus  pennsylvanica  L.f.  Wild  red  cherry.  Open  woods  and  clear- 
ings.    Very  abundant  on  burned  over  ground. 

Prunus  cuneata  Raf .  Appalachian  cherry.  Dryish  sandy  open  ground. 
Often  plentiful. 

Prunus  pumila  L.  Sand  cherry.  Plentiful  on  the  sandy  beaches  of 
Lake  Michigan  and  Lake  Superior.  Also  often  covering  sand  dunes. 
An  efficient  sand  binder. 

Prunus  nigra  Ait.     Canada  plum.     Borders  of  woods  and  banks  of 


SCHOOLCRAFT  COUNTY  AND  VICINITY  105 

streams.     Frequent.     Noticed  in  particular  near  the  Lake  Michigan 
shore  in  the  western  part  of  Mackinac  County. 

LEGUMINOSAE.     Pulse  Family 

Trijolium  pratense  L.  Red  clover.  Roadsides,  waste  places  and 
clearing.     Frequent  and  thrifty.     Our  cultivated  clover. 

Trijolium  reverts  L.  White  clover.  Noticed  as  frequent  throughout 
in  cities,  villages,  pastures  and  on  roadsides. 

Trijolium  hybridum  L.  Alsike  clover.  Roadsides,  clearings  and  in 
waste  places.     Frequent  throughout  and  thrifty. 

Meliloius  officinalis  (L.)  Lam.     Yellow  sweet  clover.     Waste  pla 
about  cities  and  villages.     Infrequent.     Cornell. 

Melilotus  alba  Desr.  White  sweet  clover.  Waste  places  and  road- 
sides.    Occasional.     Cornell. 

Medicago  saliva  L.  Alfalfa.  Occasional  in  cities  and  villages.  Cor- 
nell. 

Medicago  lupulina  L.  Black  medic.  In  cities  and  villages  and  about 
farm  buildings.     Frequent. 

Vicia  angustijolia  (L.)  Reichard.  Smaller  common  vetch.  Occasional 
about  cities  and  villages  and  along  railroads. 

Vicia  americana  Muhl.  American  vetch.  Moist  or  dryish  open 
ground.  Occasional.  Noticed  in  particular  near  Rexton  in  the  western 
part  of  Mackinac  County. 

Lathyrus  maritimus  (L.)  Bigel.  Beach  pea.  Sandy  beaches  of  Lake 
Michigan  and  Lake  Superior.  Often  plentiful.  An  efficient  sand 
binder. 

Lathyrus  palustris  linearifolius  Ser.  Winged  marsh  vetchling.  Fre- 
quent in  damp  open  places  and  margins  of  woods  throughout. 

Lathyrus  ochroleucus  Hook.  Pale  vetchling.  D^ish  shaded  ground 
near  Seul  Choix.     Apparently  infrequent. 

LINACEAE.     Flax  Family 

Linum  usitatissimum  L.  Common  flax.  Streets  and  depot  grounds  of 
cities  and  villages.     Frequent. 

OXALIDACEAE.     Wood  Sorrel  Family 

Oxalis  acetosella  L.  Common  wood  sorrel.  White  wood  sorrel.  In 
hardwoods  and  low  wet  shaded  ground.     Often  very  abundant. 

Oxalis  stricta  L.  (Xanthoxalis  stricta  (L.)  Small).  Upright  yellow 
wood  sorrel.  In  cities  and  villages  and  along  railroads.  Apparently 
infrequent. 

Oxalis  comiculata  L.     (Xanthoxalis  corniculata  (L.)  Small).     Yellow 


106  BOTANY    OF    MICHIGAN 

procumbent  sorrel.    As  a  weed  about  cities  and  villages,  but  apparently 
rare. 

GERANIACEAE.     Geranium  Family 

Geranium  maculatum  L.  Wild  crane's-bill.  In  hardwoods  and  along 
old  roads.     Seldom  plentiful. 

Geranium  robertianum  L.  (Robertiella  robertiana  (L.)  Hanks.).  Herb 
robert.  In  damp  woods  and  on  sandy  beaches  of  Lake  Michigan.  Not 
noticed  as  anywhere  abundant. 

Geranium  bicknellii  Britton.  BicknelPs  crane-bill.  Clearings,  open 
places,  and  burned  over  areas.     Plentiful.     W.  T.  S.  Cornell. 

POLYGALACEAE.     Milkwort  Family 

Polygala  paucifolia  Willd.  Fringed  polygala.  Dry  shaded  ground. 
Often  plentiful.     Cornell. 

EUPHORBIACEAE.     Spurge  Family 

Euphorbia  glyptosperma  Engelm.  (Chamaesyce  glyptosperma 
(Englm.)  Small).  Ridge-seeded  spurge.  Noticed  as  plentiful  along 
railroads. 

Euphorbia  macidata  L.  (Chamaesyce  maculata  (L.)  Small).  Milk 
purslane.     In  cities,  villages  and  on  roadsides.     Frequent. 

CALLITRICHACEAE.     Water  Starwort  Family 

Callitriche  palustris  L.  Vernal  water-starwort.  In  mud  or  water  of 
ponds,  small  lakes  and  sluggish  streams.     Often  plentiful. 

Callitriche  autumnalis  L.  Autumnal  water-starwort.  Frequent  in 
shallow  still  water  of  ponds,  small  lakes  and  streams.  Noticed  in  par- 
ticular in  the  Tahquamenon  River  in  Luce  County. 

EMPETRACEAE.     Crowberry  Family 

Empetrum  nigrum  L.  Black  crowberry.  Noticed  by  G.  H.  Hicks 
near  the  Pictured  Rocks  and  by  Prof.  C.  A.  Davis  near  Grand  Marais 
in  Alger  County. 

ANACARDIACEAE.     Cashew  Family 

Rhus  typhina  L.  (R.  hirta  (L.)  Sudw.).  Staghorn  sumach.  Usually 
not  far  from  Lake  Michigan  shore  in  dry  open  or  particularly  shaded 
ground.     Abundant  in  spots. 

Rhus  glabra  L.  Smooth  sumach.  Dryish  open  or  partially  shaded 
ground.     Frequent  throughout. 

Rhus    toxicodendron    L.      (Toxicodendron    radicans    (L.)      Kuntze). 


SCHOOLCRAFT  COUNTY  AND   VICINITY  107 

Poison  ivy.  In  woods,  dry  sandy  ground  and  on  sandy  beaches.  Often 
plentiful.  This  shrub  often  becomes  a  vine  and  tree  climber,  when  some 
authors  give  it  the  name  of  Rhus  toxicodendron  radicans  (L.)  Torr., 
climbing  poison  ivj^. 

AQUIFOLIACEAE.     Holly  Family 

Ilex  verticillata  (L.)  Gray.  Black  alder.  Winterberry.  In  low  open 
or  partially  shaded  ground.     Common. 

Nemopanthes  mucronata  (L.)  Trel.  Mountain  holly.  In  damp  woods 
and  swamp jr  ground  throughout.  Often  abundant.  Known  in  Luce 
Countv  as  " buck-bush "  or  "buck-brush"  from  the  fact  that  deer 
brouse  it. 

CELASTRACEAE.     Staff  Tree  Family 

Celastrus  scandens  L.  Known  as  "bittersweet"  in  Michigan  and 
western  Ontario.  Usually  a  vine  climbing  trees.  Noticed  west  of 
Manistique  and  along  the  Manistique  River  at  Germfask.  Apparently 
infrequent.     Cornell. 

ACERACEAE.     Maple  Family 

Acer  pennsylvanicum  L.  Striped  maple.  On  borders  of,  and  in,  rich 
woods  throughout.     Plentiful. 

Acer  spicatum  Lam.  Mountain  maple.  On  borders  of,  and  in,  rich 
woods.  Often  abundant.  A  shrub  or  small  tree.  It  is  said  deer  brouse 
the  tree  heavily  and  strip  off  its  bark  and  that  elk  formerly  did  the  same. 

Acer  saccharum  Marsh.  Sugar  maple.  One  of  the  three  principal 
and  dominant  trees  of  the  hardwoods.     Abundant  throughout. 

Acer  saccharinum  L.  Silver  maple.  Planted  occasionally,  but  ap- 
parently not  spreading. 

Acer  rubrum  L.  Red  maple.  Rich  woods  with  other  trees,  where  it 
is  a  fair  sized  tree,  also  common  on  drj-  sandy  ground  and  even  covering 
sand  dunes,  when  it  is  small  and  scraggy.  Reported  that  deer  greedily 
brouse  and  peel  the  bark  from  the  tree. 

Acer  negundo  L.  Box  elder.  Occasionally  planted,  but  apparently 
not  spreading. 

BALSAMINACEAE.     Touch-me-not  Family 

Impatiens  biflora  Walt.  Spotted  touch-me-not.  Damp  open  or 
shaded  ground.     Abundant  throughout. 

RHAMNACEAE.     Buckthorn  Family 

Rhamnus  alnifolia  L'Her.  Alder-leaved  buckthorn.  Wet  open  or 
shaded  ground  throughout. 


108  BOTANY    OF    MICHIGAN 

VITACEAE.     Vine  Family 

Psedera  vilacea  (Kneer)  Greene.  Grape-like  Virginia  creeper.  In 
rich  woods  and  on  banks  of  streams.  A  vine  and  tree  climber.  Fre- 
quent throughout. 

Vitis  vulpina  L.  Riverside  grape.  Plentiful  on  Round  Island  in 
Mackinac  County.  Not  noticed  elsewhere  yet  (1915)  in  the  Upper 
Peninsula. 

TILIACEAE.     Linden  Family 

Tilia  americana  L.  Occasional  in  hardwoods  and  reaching  the  south 
shore  of  Lake  Superior.     Trees  often  very  large. 

MALVACEAE.     Mallow  Family 

Abutilon  theophrasti  Medic.  (A.  abutilon  (L.)  Rusby).  Velvet-leaf. 
Occasional  as  a  weed  in  gardens,  waste  places  and  fields. 

Malva  rotundifolia  L.  Common  mallow.  Cheeses.  Plentiful  as  a 
weed  in  waste  places  and  cultivated  grounds. 

Malva  moschata  L.  Musk  mallow.  Noticed  as  a  weed  in  fields  and  on 
roadsides  west  of  Manistique. 

HYPERICACEAE.     St.  John's-wort  Family 

Hypericum  ascyron  L.  Great  St.  John's-wort.  Damp  open  ground 
and  on  banks  of  small  streams  west  of  Manistique.  Apparently  infre- 
quent. 

Hypericum  kalmianum  L.  Kalm's  St.  John's-wort.  Usually  in  dry, 
sandy,  open  ground  on  and  near  the  sandy  beaches  of  Lake  Michigan 
and  Lake  Superior.     Often  plentiful. 

Hypericum  ellipticum  Hook.  Pale  St.  John's-wort.  Wet  places,  along 
streams  and  on  wet  sandy  shores.     Frequent. 

Hypericum  boreale  (Britton)  Bicknell.  Northern  St.  John's-wort. 
Very  wet  boggy  places  and  margins  of  ponds.     Frequent. 

Hypericum  virginicum  L.  {Triadenum  virginicum  (L.)  Raf.).  Marsh 
St.  John's-wort.     Open  marshy  and  swampy  places.     Frequent. 

CISTACEAE.     Rockrose  Family 

Helianthemum  canadense  (L?)  Michx.  (Cracanthemum  canadense  (L.) 
Britton).  Long-branched  frostweed.  On  sand  dunes  west  of  Manis- 
tique.    Plentiful.     Prof.  C.  A.  Davis,  1905. 

Hudsonia  tomentosa  Nutt.  False  heather.  Sandy  beaches  of  Lake 
Michigan  and  Lake  Superior.     Often  abundant. 


SCHOOLCRAFT   COUNTY   AND   VICINITY  109 

VIOLACEAE.     Violet  Family 

Viola  cucullata  Ait.  Marsh  blue  violet.  Very  wet  open  or  partially 
shaded  places.     Common. 

Viola  nephrpphylla  Greene.  Northern  bog  violet.  Wet  open  or  par- 
tially shaded  ground  throughout.     Frequent. 

Viola  affinis  LeConte.  LeConte's  violet.  Moist  meadow-like  ground 
and  in  damp  partially  shaded  places.     Plentiful.     W.  T.  S.  Cornell. 

Viola  selkirkii  Pursh.  Great  spurred  violet.  In  hardwoods  aear 
Floodwood.     Apparently  infrequent.     Very  probably  overlooked. 

Viola  lanceolata  L.  Lance-leaved  violet.  Moist  or  boggy  and  mostly 
open  places.    Abundant  and  much  larger  than  in  the  Lower  Peninsula. 

Viola  pollens  (Banks)  Brainerd.  Northern  white  violet.  Wet  springy 
open  or  partially  shaded  places.     Frequent. 

Viola  blanda  Willd.  Sweet  white  violet.  Rich  moist  open  or  par- 
tially shaded  ground.     Frequent. 

Viola  incognita  Brainerd.  Large-leaved  white  violet.  Margins  of, 
and  open  places  in,  hardwoods.     Common. 

Viola  renifolia  A.  Gray.  Kidney-leaved  violet.  Damp  places  in 
hardwoods.     Common. 

Viola  scabriuscula  Schwein.  (V.  eriocarpa  Schwein.).  Smoothish 
yellow  violet.     Frequent  in  hardwoods. 

Viola  canadensis  L.  Canada  violet.  In  hardwoods  and  often  abun- 
dant. 

Viola  conspersa  Reichenb.  American  dog  violet.  Low  clamp  open  or 
shaded  ground.     Often  abundant. 

THYMELAEACEAE.     Mezereum  Family 

Dirca  palustris  L.  Leatherwood.  Moosewood.  Dam])  rich  open 
woods.  Frequent  in  Schoolcraft  County.  Cornell.  Also  in  Alger 
County.     Thomas  B.  Wyman.     Not  noticed  by  the  writer. 

ELAEAGNACEAE.     Oleaster  Family 

Shepherdia  -canadensis  (L.)  Nutt.  (Lepargyraea  canadensis  (L.) 
Greene.).  Canadian  buffalo  berry.  Dry  open  or  partially  slue  led 
ground.     Frequent. 

ONAGRACEAE.     Evening  Primrose  Family 

EpUobium  angustifolium  L.  (Chamaenerion  angustifolium  (L.)  Scop.) 
Great  willow-herb.  Fireweed.  Dryish  open  or  partially  shaded  ground. 
Abundant  on  burned  over  land. 

EpUobium  den-sum  Raf.  (E.  lineare  Muhl.).  Linear -leaved  willow- 
herb.     Low  open  ground  and  often  abundant. 


110  BOTANY    OF    MICHIGAN 

Epilobium  adenocaulon  Haussk.  Northern  willow-herb.  Rich  damp 
open  or  partially  shaded  ground,  throughout.     Plentiful. 

Oenothera  biennis  L.  Common  evening  primrose.  Dryish  open 
ground  and  on  sandy  shores.     Frequent. 

Oenothera  pumila  L.  (Kneiffia  pumila  (L.)  Spaeh.).  Small  sun-drops. 
Dry  open  ground  near  Manistique.  Apparently  infrequent.  Prof.  C.  A. 
Davis,  1905. 

Circaea  lutetiana  L.  Enchanter's  nightshade.  Open  hardwoods. 
Frequent. 

Circaea  alpina  L.  Smaller  enchanter's  nightshade.  Damp  places  in 
hardwoods.     Frequent  and  often  plentiful. 

HALORAGIDACEAE.     Water  Milfoil  Family 

Myriophyllum  spicatum  L.  Spiked  water  milfoil.  In  stagnant  water 
or  on  margins  of  slow  streams.     Apparently  infrequent. 

Hippuris  vulgaris  L.  Mare's-tail.  Ponds  and  slow  streams.  Fre- 
quent. Noticed  in  particular  near  Manistique  in  mud  and  shallow  water 
of  small  streams. 

ARALIACEAE.     Ginseng  Family 

Aralia  racemosa  L.  American  spikenard.  In  rich  woods  and  thickets. 
Frequent. 

Aralia  hispida  Vent.  Bristly  sarsaparilia.  In  sandy  open  or  partially 
shaded  giound.     Abundant  on  burned  over  areas. 

Aralia  nudicaulis  L.  Wild  sarsaparilia.  In  hardwoods  and  generally 
in  rich  shaded  ground.     Often  very  abundant. 

Panax  quinquefolium  L.  Ginseng.  Reported  but  not  seen  growing 
wild.  At  Rexton  in  the  western  part  of  Mackinac  Comity,  this  and 
golden  seal  are  successful^  cultivated  by  Christian  Hansen. 

UMBELLIFERAE.     Parsley  Family 

Sanicula  marilandica  L.  Black  snakeroot.  Rich  shaded  ground. 
Plentiful. 

Osmorhiza  claytoni  (Michx.)  Clarke.  (Washingtonia  claytoni  (Michx.) 
Britton).     Woolly  sweet-cicely.     Common  in  hardwoods. 

Osmorhiza  longistylis  (Torr.)  DC.  {Washingtonia  longistylis  (Torr.) 
Britton).  Smoother  sweet-cicely.    In  hardwoods  throughout.   Common. 

Osmorhiza  longistylis  villicaulis  Fernald.  Hairy-stemmed  sweet- 
cicely.  Rich  hardwoods  near  Lake  Michigan  shore.  Apparently  infre- 
quent. 

Osmorhiza  divaricata  Nutt.  Western  sweet-cicely.  Occasional  in 
hardwoods. 


SCHOOLCRAFT  COUNTY  AND  VICINITY  HI 

Conium  maculaium  L.     Poison  hemlock.     Frequent  in  waste  phi 
about  cities  and  villages. 

Cicuta  bidbifera  L.  Bulb-bearing  water  hemlock.  Marshy  and 
swampy  open  ground  throughout.  Often  abundant.  Root  supposed  to 
be  very  poisonous. 

Carum  carvi  L.  Caraway.  Frequent  as  a  weed  about  cities  and  vil- 
lages. 

Slum  cicutoefolium  Schrank.  Hemlock  water-parsnip.  Wei  swampy 
places  and  often  in  shallow  water.     Frequent. 

Pastinaca  sativa  L.  Wild  parsnip.  Frequent  as  an  escape  from  culti- 
vation to  roadsides  and  waste  places  in  cities  and  villages.  Root  not 
believed  to  be  poisonous.  The  frequent  fatal  poisoning  reported  in  the 
Lower  Peninsula  and  credited  to  wild  parsnip  is  very  probably  not  this 
plant,  but  the  tuberous  roots  of  Cicuta  maculata  L.,  which  have  an  aro- 
matic odor,  a  pleasant  sweetish  taste  like  the  roots  of  sweet  cicely  and 
are  very  poisonous,  no  remedy  being  yet  known.  This  latter  is  usually 
known  as  " water  hemlock, "  "beaver  poison"  and  other  common  nam 
and  has  not  yet  (1915)  been  noticed  by  the  writer  in  the  Upper  Penin- 
sula. 

Heracleum  lanatum  Michx.  Cow-parsnip.  Damp  open  or  partially 
shaded  ground.     Frequent. 

Angelica  atropurpurea  L.  Purple-stemmed  angelica.  Damp  open 
ground  near  Seul  Choix,  where  it  was  plentiful.    Not  noticed  elsewhere. 

Daucus  carota  L.  Wild  carrot.  W^aste  places  and  cultivated  grounds. 
Apparently  not  yet  abundant. 

CORNACEAE.     Dogwood  Family 

Cornus  canadensis  L.  (Chamaepericlymenum  canademe  (L.)  Asch.  & 
Graebn.).  Low  cornel.  Dwarf  cornel.  Dryish  or  damp  shaded  ground 
especially  in  hardwoods.  Often  very  abundant,  fairly  carpeting  the 
ground. 

Cornus  circinata  L'Her.  (C.  rugosa  Lam.).  Round-leaved  cornel. 
Sandy  open  or  partially  shaded  ground.     Plentiful. 

Cornus  amomum  Mill.  Silky  cornel.  Sand  dunes  near  Lake  Michigan 
west  of  Manistique.     Plentiful. 

Cornus  stolonifera  Michx.  Red-osier  dogwood.  Wet  ground  through- 
out.    Frequent. 

Cornus  alternifolia  L.f.  Alternate-leaved  cornel.  Frequent  on  mar- 
gins of  hardwoods  and  along  banks  of  streams. 

ERICACEAE.     Heath  Family 

Chimaphila  umbellata  (L.)  Nutt.  Prince's  pine.  Pipsissewa.  Dry 
shaded  ground,  usually  in  coniferous  woods.     Plentiful. 


112  BOTANY    OF    MICHIGAN 

Moneses  uniflora  (L.)  Gray.  One-flowered  pyrola.  Damp  rich  woods 
near  Floodwood.     Apparently  infrequent.     Perhaps  overlooked. 

Pyrola  secunda  L.  One-sided  wintergreen.  Plentiful  in  rich  woods 
throughout. 

Pyrola  elliptica  Nutt.  Shin-leaf.  Dryish  woods.  Apparently  infre- 
quent.    Cornell. 

Pyrola  asarifolia  Miehx.  Liver-leaf  wintergreen.  Damp  open  woods 
and  swampy  places.     Plentiful. 

Pyrola  asarifolia  incarnata  (Fisch.)  Fernald.  (P.  uliginosa  Torr.). 
Bog  wintergreen.     In  damp  woods  and  boggy  places.     Frequent. 

Monotropa  uniflora  L.  Indian  pipe.  Rich  dryish  or  damp  open  woods. 
Often  plentiful.     Cornell. 

Pterosperaandromedea'Nuii.  Pine  drops.  Among  pines.  Apparently 
rare.     Cornell. 

Ledum  groenlandicum  Oeder.  Labrador  tea.  Bogs  throughout.  One 
of  the  dominant  bog  shrubs. 

Kalmia  polifolia  Wang.  Pale  laurel.  Open  bogs.  Often  plentiful. 
Cornell. 

Andromeda  glaucopJtyUa  Link.  Bog  rosemary.  In  open  bogs  and  one 
of  the  dominant  bog  shrubs. 

Chamaedaphne  calyculata  (L.)  Moench.  Leather-leaf.  Common  and 
often  abundant  in  open  bogs  throughout. 

Epigaea  repens  L.  Trailing  arbutus.  Mayflower.  Open  or  shaded 
drjr  sand}'  ground.     Common  throughout. 

Gaultheria  procumbens  L.  Wintergreen.  Dry  open  or  shaded  sandy 
ground  or  even  in  sphagnum  of  tamarack-black  spruce  swamps.  Very 
abundant  throughout. 

Arctostaphylos  uva-ursi  (L.)  Spreng.  (Uva-ursi  uva-ursi  (L.)  Britton). 
Red  bearberry.  Open  or  partially  shaded  dry  sandy  ground,  especially 
near  shores  and  even  on  sand  dunes,  where  it  acts  as  an  efficient  sand 
binder. 

Chiogenes  hispidula  (L.)  T.  &  G.  Creeping  snowberry.  Bogs  especially 
on  borders  of,  and  in,  tamarack-black  spruce  swamps.    Often  abundant. 

Gaylussacia  baccata  (Wang.)  C.  Koch.  Black  huckleberry.  Usually 
in  dry  open  or  shaded  ground,  but  sometimes  in  swamps.     Common. 

Vaccinium  pennsylvanicum  Lam.  (V.  angustifolium  Ait.).  Low 
sweet  blueberry.  LTsually  in  dry  open  sandy  ground  and  very  abundant 
throughout. 

Vr ccinium  pennsylvanicum  nigrum  Wood.  (V.  nigrum  (Wood)  Brit- 
ton). Low  black  blueberry.  Frequent,  growing  in  patches  with  the 
preceding.  Berries  very  black,  otherwise  much  like  the  preceding  in 
general  appearance. 

Vaccinium  canadense  Kalm.  Sour-top.  Canada  blueberry.  Mostly 
en  dry  open  sandy  ground,  but  occasionally  found  in  bogs  and  swamps. 


SCHOOLCRAFT   COUNTY  AND  VICINITY  113 

The  fruit  of  this  and  the  two  preceding  is  gathered  and  sold  as  "blue- 
berries." 

Vaccinium  membranaceum  Dougl.  Thin-leaved  bilberry.  Usually  in 
rich  shaded  ground,  sometimes  in  damp  shaded  sand.  Frequent. 
Locally  called  rabbit  berry.  Fruit  large,  black,  rather  tart,  but  deli- 
cious. 

Vaccinium  ovalifolium  Sm.  Oval-leaved  bilberry.  Usually  in  rich 
shaded  ground,-  often  growing  with  the  preceding.  Frequent.  Berries 
blue,  large  but  smaller  than  the  preceding,  slightly  tart  but  delicious. 
Often  locally  called  "myrtilloid  berry"  or  "myrtilloid  huckleberry. ,: 

Vaccinium  oxycoccos  L.  (Oxycoccus  oxycoccus  (L.)  MacM.).  Small 
cranberry.  In  open  or  shaded  swamps  and  often  growing  in  spagnum. 
Plentiful. 

Vaccinium  macrocarpon  Ait.  {Oxycoccus  macrocarpus  (Ait.)  Pursh.). 
American  cranberry.    Abundant  in  what  are  called  cranberry  marshes. 

PRIMULACEAE.     Primrose  Family 

Primula  mistassinica  Michx.  Dwarf  Canadian  primrose.  Damp  open 
ground  and  often  abundant. 

Lysimachia  terrestris  (L.)  BSP.  Bulb-bearing  loosestrife.  Low  wet 
and  usually  open  ground  throughout.     Common. 

Lysimachia  ihyrsiflora  L.  (Naumburgia  thyrsiflora  (L.)  Duby.). 
Tufted  loosestrife.    In  wet  open  ground  and  shallow  water.    Common. 

Trientalis  americana  (Pers.)  Pursh.  Starflower.  Damp  rich  woods 
and  thickets.     Common. 

OLEACEAE.     Olive  Family 

Fraxinus  pennsylvanica  Marsh.  Red  ash.  Occasional  throughout. 
One  large  tree  in  the  city  of  Manistique.  Abundant  along  the  Tahqua- 
menon  River  in  Luce  County. 

Fraxinus  pennsylvanica  lanceolata  (Borkh.)  Sarg.  (F.  viridis  Michx.). 
Green  ash.  In  rich  ground  and  along  streams  and  said  to  be  frequent 
in  Alger  County.     Thomas  B.  Wyman. 

Fraxinus  nigra  Marsh.  Black  ash.  Swamps  and  low  banks  of  stream- 
throughout.     Common. 

GENTIANACEAE.     Gentian  Family 

Gentiana  procera  Holm.  Smaller  fringed  gentian.  Moist  open  groum  I 
mostly  near  shores  in  this  region.     Usually  small  and  abundant. 

Gentiana  andrewsii  Griseb.  (Dasystephana  andrewsii  (Griseb.)  Small). 
Closed  gentian.  Moist  open  or  partially  shaded  ground.  Apparently 
infrequent. 

15 


114  BOTANY    OF    MICHIGAN 

Gentiana  linearis  latifolia  Gray.  (Dasy  Stephana  grayi  (Kusnezow) 
Britton).  Gray's  gentian.  Damp  sandy  open  or  partially  shaded 
ground  throughout.  Often  plentiful.  This  has  been  noticed  mostly  in 
damp  sandy  ground  .near  the  shores  of  the  three  Great  Lakes. 

Halenia  deflexa  (Sm.)  Griseb.  Spurred  gentian.  In  hardwoods  and 
often  abundant. 

Menyanthes  trifoliata  L.  Buckbean.  Open  bogs  and  often  in  shallow 
water.     Plentiful. 

APOCYNACEAE.     Dogbane  Family 

Apocynum  pmdrosaemifolhim  L.  Spreading  dogbane.  Dryish  ground 
on  borders  of  woods.     Plentiful. 

Apocynum,  cannabiniun  hyper  id  folium  (Ait.)  Gray.  (A.  sibiricum 
Jacq.).  Clasping-leaved  dogbane.  Damp  or  marshy  mostly  open 
ground  and  on  banks  of  streams.     Plentiful. 

ASCLEPIADACEAE.     Milkweed  Family 

Asclepias  incarnata  L.  Swamp  milkweed.  Swampy  and  usually  open 
ground  throughout.  Abundant  in  marslry  ground  on  and  near  the  low 
banks  of  the  Tahquamenon  River  in  Luce  County. 

Asclepias  syriaca  L.  Common  milkweed.  Observed  by  W.  T.  S. 
Cornell  near  Manistique.     Apparently  rare. 

CONVOLVULACEAE.     Convolvulus  Family 

Convolvulus  spithamaeus  L.  Low  bindweed.  Open  or  partially  shaded 
dry  sandy  ground.     Plentiful  throughout. 

Convolvulus  septum  L.  Hedge  bindweed.  Moist  open  ground  and 
along  streams.     Apparently  infrequent. 

Convolvulus  arvensis  L.  Small  bindweed.  Field  bindweed.  In  waste 
places  and  along  railroads.  A  weed  that  will  become  more  and  more 
frequent. 

BORAGINACEAE.     Borage  Family 

Cynoglossum  officinale  L.  Common  hound's-tongue.  Frequent  in 
waste  places  and  on  roadsides. 

Lappula  echinata  Gilibert.  (Lappula  lappula  (L.)  Karst.).  European 
stickseed.  Waste  places,  roadsides  and  in  cultivated  grounds.  Fre- 
quent. 

Lithospermum  officinale  L.  Common  gromwell.  Frequent  in  cities, 
villages  and  on  roadsides. 

Lithospermum  gmelini  (Michx.)  Hitchc.  (L.  carolinense  (Walt.) 
MacM.).  Hairy  puccoon.  In  open  sandy  ground  and  on  sandy  beaches 
east  of  Manistique.     Plentiful. 


SCHOOLCRAFT   COUNTY  AND   VICINITY  115 

Echium  vulgare  L.  Blue-weed.  Occasional  as  a  weed  in  cities  and 
villages.     Cornell. 

VERBENACEAE.     Vervain  Family 

Verbena  hastata  L.  Blue  vervain.  Damp  open  ground.  Apparently 
infrequent. 

LABIATAE.     Mint  Family 

Scutellaria  lateriflora  L.  Mad-dog  skullcap.  Damp  shaded  ground. 
Frequent. 

Scutellaria  golericulata  L.  Hooded  willow-herb.  Wet  open  ground. 
Frequent. 

Marrubium  vulgare  L.  Common  horehound.  Waste  places  in  cities 
and  villages  and  about  farm  dwellings.     Frequent. 

Nepeta  cataria  L.  Catnip.  As  a  weed  about  dwellings,  in  gardens 
and  fields.     Frequent. 

Nepeta  hederacea  (L.)  Trevisan.  (Glechoma  hederacea  L.).  Ground 
ivy.  W^aste  places  of  cities  and  villages  and  often  a  vicious  lawn  weed. 
Frequent  and  well  distributed. 

Prunella  vulgaris  L.  Self-heal.  Cities,  villages,  roadsides  and  open 
woods.     Apparently  infrequent. 

Galeopsis  tetrahit  L.  Common  hemp-nettle.  Fields,  roadsides  and 
waste  places.     A  frequent  weed. 

Leonurus  cardiaca  L.  Motherwort.  A  frequent  weed  about  dwellings, 
in  gardens  and  waste  places. 

Stachys  paluslris  L.  Hedge  nettle.  Wound-wort.  Wet  open  ground. 
Often  abundant. 

Monarda  fistulosa  L.  Wild  bergamot.  Damp  woods  near  Seul  Choix, 
where  it  is  plentiful. 

Monarda  mollis  L.    Pale  wild  bergamot.    Frequent  in  dry  open  ground. 

Satureja  glabra  (Nutt.)  Fernald.  (C 'linopodium  glabrum  Nutt.).  Low 
calamint.  Noticed  in  damp  sandy  open  ground  near  Lake  Michigan 
beach.  A  small  sweet-smelling  plant  with  small  pretty  pink  flowers 
and  often  mistaken  for  a  species  of  pennyroyal. 

Satureja  vulgaris  (L.)  Fritsch.  (Clinopodium  vulgare  L.).  Field  basil. 
Dry  open  or  partially  shaded  ground.     Frequent. 

Lycopus  uniflorus  Michx.  Northern  bugleweed.  Frequent  through- 
out in  low  and  usually  shaded  ground. 

Lycopus  americanus  Muhl.  Cut-leaved  water  horehound.  Damp 
open  or  shaded  ground.     Common. 

Mentha  arvensis  canadensis  (L.)  Briquet.  (M.  canadensis  L.).  Ameri- 
can wild  mint.  Damp  rich  open  or  shaded  ground  throughout.  ( Jom- 
mon. 


116  BOTANY    OF    MICHIGAN 

Mentha  arvensis  lanata  Piper.  Woolly  wild  mint.  Roadside  near 
Germfask.     Apparently  infrequent. 

SOLANACEAE.     Nightshade  Family 

Solarium  dulcamara  L.  Climbing  nightshade.  Bittersweet.  Noticed 
as  frequent  throughout  in  cities  and  villages. 

Solarium  nigrum  L.  Common  nightshade.  Black  nightshade.  Fre- 
quent as  a  weed  in  gardens  and  other  cultivated  grounds. 

Physalis  grandiflora  Hook .  (Le ucophysalis  grandiflora  (Hook . )  Rydb . ) . 
Large  white  ground-cherry.  Sandy  shores  and  recent  clearings.  Often 
plentiful.  Abundant  about  Naubinway  in  the  western  part  of  Mackinac 
County. 

Lycium  halimi folium  Mill.  Matrimony  vine.  Escaping  into  dry  open 
ground  and  persisting  near  Manistique. 

SCROPHULARIACEAE.     Figwort  Family 

Verbascum  thapsus  L.  Common  mullein.  Roadsides,  pastures  and 
cultivated  grounds.     Common  as  a  weed. 

Linaria  vulgaris  Hill.  (Linaria  linaria  (L.)  Karst.).  Butter-and- 
eggs.  Cities,  villages,  roadsides  and  cultivated  grounds.  Plentiful  as 
a  weed. 

Scrophularia  leporella  Bicknell.  Rich  open  or  partially  shaded  ground 
throughout.     Often  plentiful. 

Chelone  glabra  L.  Snake-head.  Turtle-head.  Plentiful  in  wet  open 
or  partially  shaded  places. 

Mimulus  glabratus  jamesii  (T.  &  G.)  Gray.  (M.  geyeri  Torr.).  Geyer's 
yellow  monkey-flower.  In  shallow  water  or  wet  springy  places.  Fre- 
quent. 

Veronica  amcricana  Schwein.  American  brooklime.  In  brooks, 
ditches  and  wet  places.     Common. 

Veronica  scutellata  L.  Marsh  speedwell.  In  wet  open  or  shaded 
swampy  places.     Apparently  infrequent. 

Veronica  officinalis  L.  Common  speedwell.  Dryish  open  or  shaded 
ground.     Apparently  infrequent. 

Veronica  serpyllifolia  L.  Thyme-leaved  speedwell.  Damp  grassy 
places  in  and  near  cities  and  villages.     Frequent. 

Veronica  peregrina  L.  Purslane  speedwell.  Usually  in  rich  cultivated 
grounds.     Often  abundant  as  a  garden  weed. 

Gerardia  paupercula  (Gray)  Britton.  (Agalinis  paupercula  (A.  Gray) 
Britton).  Small-flowered  gerardia.  Dry  sterile  ground,  bogs,  and 
sandy  beaches.     Often  abundant. 

Castilleja  coccinea  (L.)  Spreng.  Scarlet  painted-cup.  Usually  in  low 
damp,  sandy,  open  ground.     Often  abundant. 


SCHOOLCRAFT   COUNTY  AND  VICINITY  117 

Melampyrum  lineare  Lam.  Narrow-leaved  cow-wheat.  Usually 
in  dryish  shaded  ground.     Often  abundant  in  open  hardwoods. 

LENTIBULARIACEAE.     Bladderwort  Family 

Utricularia  vulgaris  americana  Gray.  (U.  macrorhiza  LeConte). 
Greater  bladderwort.    Frequent  in  ponds  and  slow  streams  throughout. 

Utricularia  intermedia  Hayne.  Flat-leaved  bladderwort.  In  very 
wet  places,  shallow  water,  pools  and  slow  shallow  streams.  Often 
abundant.     • 

Utricularia  cornuta  Michx.  (Stomoisia  cornuta  (Michx.)  Raf.). 
Horned  bladderwort.    Peat  bogs  and  wet  sandy  shores.    Often  abundant. 

Pinguicula  vulgaris  L.  Common  butterwort.  Wet  calcareous  places 
and  often  among  rocks  near  the  shores  of  the  upper  Great  Lakes. 
Plentiful. 

OROBANCHACEAE.     Broom-rape  Family 

Epifagus  virginiana  (L.)  Bart.  {IjeplawMium  virginianum  (L.)  Raf.). 
Beech-drops.     Common  and  often  abundant  under  beeches. 

PLANTAGINACEAE.     Plantain  Family 

Plantago  major  L.     Common  plantain.     Cities,  villages  and  near  all 
dwellings.    Common.    Much  resembling  the  following.    Bases  of  lea 
usually  green  and  whitish. 

Plantago  rugelii  Dene.  Rugel's  plantain.  About  dwellings,  in  ^Ya^t(• 
places  and  cultivated  grounds.  Often  plentiful.  Much  resemblinu-  the 
preceding.     Petioles  usually  pinkish. 

Plantago  lanceolata  L.  English  plantain.  Becoming  common  as  a 
weed  in  lawns,  pastures  and  cultivated  grounds. 

RUBIACEAE.     Madder  Family 

Galium  irifidwnL.  Small  bedstraw.  Low  damp  open  ground.  Often 
abundant  among  grasses  and  sedges. 

Galium  tinctorium  L.  Stiff  marsh  bedstraw.  Wild  madder.  Damp 
open  or  shaded  ground.     Plentiful. 

Galium  asprellum  Michx.  Rough  bedstraw.  Usually  in  damp  ground 
climbing  over  willows  and  other  shrubs.     Common. 

Galium  triflorum  Michx.  Fragrant  bedstraw.  Abundant  in  hard- 
woods. 

Milchella  repens  L.  Partridge-berry.  Twin-berry.  Dryish  woods, 
especially  open  hardwoods.     Common.     Ripe  berries  red. 


118  BOTANY    OF    MICHIGAN 

CAPRIFOLIACEAE.     Honeysuckle  Family 

Diervilla  lonicera  Mill.  (D.  diervilla  (L.)  MacM.).  Bush  honey- 
suckle.    Dry  sandy  open  or  shaded  ground.     Common. 

Lonicera  canadensis  Marsh.  American  fly-honeysuckle.  Damp  woods 
and  thickets.     Common. 

Lonicera  oblongifolia  (Goldie)  Hook.  Swamp  fly-honeysuckle. 
Swamps  in  open  or  shade.     Frequent. 

Lonicera  hirsuta  Eat.  Hairy  honeysuckle.  Usually  in  damp  open 
or  shaded  ground.  Apparently  infrequent.  A  vine,  and  when  favorably 
situated  becomes  a  fine  vigorous  climber. 

Lonicera  dioica  L.  Glaucous  honeysuckle.  Dry  open  or  shaded 
ground  throughout.     Frequent.     Also  a  vine  and  good  climber. 

Linnaea  borealis  americana  fForbes)  Render.  (L.  americana  Forbes). 
Twin-flower.    Woods  and  boggy  places.    Common,  and  often  abundant. 

Viburnum  opulus  americanum  (Mill.)  Ait.  (V.  opulus  L.).  Cran- 
berry-tree. High-bush  cranberry.  Borders  of  woods  and  along  streams 
but  never  abundant. 

Viburnum  cassinoides  L.  Withe-rod.  Wild  raisin.  Damp  open  or 
shaded  ground.  Abundant.  When  in  full  bloom,  one  of  the  most 
beautiful  wild  shrubs  in  the  Upper  Peninsula. 

Viburnum  lentago  L.  Nanny-berry.  Open  woods  and  banks  of 
streams.     Plentiful.     Berries  blue-black,  palatable. 

Sambucus  canadensis  L.  Sweet  elder.  American  elder.  Open  rich 
ground.    Frequent  throughout.    In  bloom  September  14,  1915. 

Sambucus  racemosa  L.  Red-berried  elder.  Damp  open  or  shaded 
ground.     Common. 

VALERIANACEAE.     Valerian  Family 

Valeriana  uliginosa  (T.  &  G.)  Rydb.  Wet  swampy  ground  on  margins 
of  tamarack-black  spruce  swamps.     Often  abundant. 

CUCURBITACEAE.     Gourd  Family 

Echinocystis  lobata  (Michx.)  T.  &  G.  (Micrampelis  lobata  (Michx.) 
Greene).  Wild  balsam  apple.  Banks  of  the  Manistique  River.  Very 
probably  an  escape. 

CAMPANULACEAE.     Bluebell  Family 

Campanula  rotundifolia  L.  Harebell.  Blue  bells  of  Scotland.  Mostly 
on  the  sandy  beaches  of  Lake  Michigan  and  Lake  Superior.    Plentiful. 

Campanula  aparinoides  Pursh.  Marsh  bellflower.  Damp  grassy 
open  ground  throughout.     Plentiful. 


SCHOOLCRAFT   COUNTY  AND   VICINITY  ng 

LOBELIACEAE.     Lobelia  Family 

Lobelia  kalmii  L.  Kalm's  lobelia.  Brook  lobelia.  Bogs  and  (lamp 
shores.     Common. 

COMPOSITAE.     Composite  Family     . 

Eupatorium  purpureum  L.  Joe-pye  weed.  Usually  in  low  open 
ground,  sometimes  in  rich  damp  open  woods.     Often  abundant. 

Eupatorium  purpureum  maculatum  (L.)  Darl.  (E.  maculatum  L.). 
Spotted  Joe-pye  weed.    Wet  open  ground.    Often  plentiful. 

Eupatorium  perfoliatum  L.  Boneset.  Thoroughwort.  Low  <>pen 
ground.     Common. 

Liatris  scariosa  Wi lid.  (Lacinaria  scariosa  (L.)  Hill.).  Large  button- 
snakeroot.  Dry  open  ground.  Frequent.  Often  abundant  on  the  jack- 
pine  plains. 

Grindelia  squarrosa  (Pursh)  Dunal.  Broad-leaved  gum-plant.  Dry 
open  ground  in  waste  places  and  fields.  Apparently  an  immigrant  from 
the  west.     Occasional. 

Solidago  hispida  Muhl.  Hairy  goldenrod.  Dry  open  or  partially 
shaded  ground.     Often  abundant. 

Solidago  randii  (Porter)  Britton.  Rand's  goldenrod.  Mostly  on 
sandy  beaches  of  Lake  Michigan  and  Lake  Superior.    Common. 

Solidago  uliginosa  Nutt.  Swamp  goldenrod.  Boggy  open  ground 
throughout.     Common. 

Solidago  juncea  Ait.  Early  goldenrod.  Dry  open  or  partially  shaded 
ground.     Frequent. 

Solidago  ulmifolia  Muhl.  Elm-leaved  goldenrod.  Dryish  shaded 
ground .     Frequent . 

Solidago  rugosa  Mill.  Wrinkled-leaved  goldenrod.  Common  in  dry 
open  or  slightly  shaded  ground. 

Solidago  nemoralis  Ait.  Gray  goldenrod.  Dry  open  ground  an<  1  often 
abundant. 

Solidago  canadensis  L.  Canada  goldenrod.  Rich  damp  or  dry  open 
or  partially  shaded  ground.     Common  throughout. 

Solidago  altissima  L.  Tall  goldenrod.  Usually  in  rich  open  dryish 
ground.     Common. 

Solidago  serotina  Ait.  Late  goldenrod.  In  rich  open  or  shaded  .mound. 
Frequent. 

Solidago  houghtonii  T.  &  G.  Houghton's  goldenrod.  Sandy  beaches 
of  Lake  Michigan  and  Lake  Superior.     Frequent. 

Solidago  gramini folia  (L.)  Salisb.  (Euthamia  graminifolia  Nutt.  . 
Flat-topped  goldenrod.  Moist  open  ground  and  sandy  shores.  Com- 
mon. Often  a  very  slender  form  noticed,  perhaps  approaching  S, 
tenuifolia  Pursh. 


120  BOTANY    OF   MICHIGAN 

Aster  mawophyllus  L.  Large-leaved  aster.  Open  woods  and  thickets. 
Frequent  and  in  spots  abundant. 

Aster  multiformis  Burgess.    Various-leaved  aster.    Plentiful  in  open 
hardwoods  near  Indian  Lake.     Very  probably  in  many  other  places. - 
See  Britton  &  Brown's  Illustrated  Flora,  Second  edition,  Vol.  3,  page 
413. 

Aster  lindleyanus  T.  &  G.  Lindley's  aster.  Open  and  partially  shaded 
damp  places.     Common. 

Aster  laevis  L.  Smooth  aster.  Dry  mostly  open  ground.  Often  abun- 
dant on  the  jack  pine  plains. 

Aster  lateriflorus  (L.)  Britton.  Calico  aster.  Thickets,  damp  open 
places  and  along  streams.     Often  plentiful. 

Aster  tradescanti  L.  Tradescant's  aster.  Low  open  or  partially  shaded 
ground  and  along  low  banks  of  streams.     Abundant. 

Aster  paniculatus  Lam.  Panickled  aster.  Damp  open  or  partially 
shaded  ground  and  in  damp  meadow-like  places.     Frequent. 

Aster  salicifolius  Ait.  Willow  aster.  Low  open  ground,  damp  sandy 
places,  and  borders  of  damp  woods.     Plentiful. 

Aster  junceus  Lam.  Rush  aster.  Bogs,  wet  marshy  places  and  damp 
meadow-like  ground.     Abundant. 

Aster  puniceus  L.  Red-stalk  aster.  Low  wet  open  or  partially  shaded 
ground  throughout.  Abundant.  The  most  abundant  aster  so  far 
noticed  in  the  Upper  Peninsula. 

Aster  umbellatus  Mill.  (Doellingeria  umbellata  (Mill.)  Nees.).  Tall 
flat-top  white  aster.    Usually  in  moist  shaded  ground.    Abundant. 

Aster  nemoralis  Ait.    Bog  aster.    Bogs  and  swamps.    Often  abundant. 

Erigeron  philadelphicus  L.  Common  fleabane.  Usually  in  damp  open 
ground.     A  field  weed  and  often  abundant. 

Erigeron  annuus  (L.)  Pers.  Sweet  scabious.  Fields  and  waste  places. 
A  frequent  field  weed. 

Erigeron  ramosus  (Walt.)  BSP.  Daisy  fleabane.  Fields  and  road- 
sides.    A  common  weed  and  often  abundant. 

» 

Erigeron  canadensis  L.  (Leptilon  canadense  (L.)  Britton).  Horse- 
weed.  Butter-weed.  In  gardens,  fields  and  waste  places.  A  common 
weed  and  often  abundant. 

Aniennaria  neodioica  Greene.  Smaller  cat's-foot.  Open  dryish  woods 
and  dryish  open  ground.     Frequent. 

Antennaria  neglecta  Greene.  Field  cat's-foot.  Dry  open  ground,  dry 
open  woods  and  generally  on  dry  prairie-like  ground.     Often  abundant. 

Antennaria  petaloidea  Fernald.  Common  cat's-foot.  Dry  banks, 
fields  and  open  woods.     Often  plentiful. 

Anaphalis  margaritacea  (L.)  B.  &  H.  Pearly  everlasting.  Usually  in 
dry  open  ground.     Common. 

Gnaphalium  polycephalum  Michx.     (G.  obtusifolium  L.).     Common 


SCHOOLCRAFT  COUNTY  AND  VICINITY  121 

everlasting.    Sweet  balsam.    In  dry  or  clamp  open  ground.    Apparently 
infrequent. 

'Gnaphalium  decurrens  Ives.  Clammy  everlasting.  Dry  open  ground 
especially  in  clearings.     Frequent. 

Gnaphalium  uliginosum  L.  Low  cudweed.  In  damp  or  dryish  open 
ground.     Often  a  field  weed.     Frequent. 

Iva  xanthifolia  Nutt.  Bur  weed  marsh  elder.  West  of  Manistique 
near  Cooks.  Plants  large  and  thrifty.  Apparently  introduced  from  the 
west.     Not  noticed  elsewhere  in  Schoolcraft  County. 

Ambrosia  trifida  L.  Great  ragweed.  In  cities  and  villages  as  a  weed. 
Not  common. 

Ambrosia  artemisiifolia  L.  (A.  elatior  L.).  Common  ragweed.  Be- 
coming common  as  a  weed  in  fields. 

Ambrosia  psilostachya  DC.  Western  ragweed.  Becoming  established 
in  cities  and  villages  as  a  perennial  weed. 

Xanthium  canadense  Mill.  (X.  americanum  Walt.).  American  cockle- 
bur.     As  a  weed  in  cities  and  villages.     Apparently  infrequent. 

Rudbeckia  hirta  L.  Yellow  daisy.  Black-eyed  Susan.  Dry  open 
ground.     Frequent  and  noticed  in  cultivated  fields. 

Lepachys  columnaris  (Sims)  T.  &  G.  Prairie  cone-flower.  In  cities, 
villages  and  along  railroads.  Introduced  from  the  west  and  apparently 
infrequent.     Cornell. 

Bidens  frondosa  L.  Beggar-ticks.  Mostly  a  weed  in  damp  open 
ground.     Frequent. 

Bidens  cernua  L.  Nodding  bur-marigold.  In  low  wet  ground  and 
swamps.     Often  abundant. 

Achillea  millefolium  L.  Common  yarrow.  Open  dryish  ground  every- 
where.    Mostly  a  weed. 

Anthemis  coiula  L.  Mayweed.  In  cities,  villages,  on  roadsides,  and 
about  dwellings.     Often  abundant. 

Chrysanthemum  pinnatifidum  Lecoq.  &  Lamotte.  Ox-eye  daisy.  Be- 
coming well  established  along  roads,  in  pastures  and  all  cultivated 
grounds. 

Chrysanthemum  balsamita  ianacetoides  Boiss.  (C.  balsamita  L.). 
Costmarjr.    Occasionally  escaping  to  roadsides  and  persisting.    Frequent. 

Tanacetum  vulgare  L.  Common  tansy.  Occasionally  escaping  io  roa<  1- 
sides  and  persisting. 

Tanacetum  huronense  Nutt.  Lake  Huron  tansy.  Sandy  beaches  of 
Lake  Michigan  and  Lake  Superior.     Often  plentiful. 

Artemisia  caudata  Michx.    Tall  wormwood.    Sandy  beaches  of  Lake 
Michigan  and   Lake   Superior.     Occasional  on  interior  sand   ridg 
Plentiful. 

Artemisia  vulgaris  L.  Common  mugwort.  In  waste  places  of  cities 
and  villages.     Frequent.     Occasional  in  open  woods. 


122  BOTANY   OF   MICHIGAN 

Artemisia  biennis  WiM.  Biennial  wormwood.  As  a  weed  in  damp 
ground  about  cities  and  villages  and  along  railroads.  An  immigrant 
from  the  west.     Frequent. 

Artemisia  absinthium  L.  Common  wormwood.  On  roadsides  and 
about  cities  and  villages  as  an  escape  from  cultivation. 

Petasites  palmatus  (Ait.)  Gray.  Palmate-leaved  sweet  colt's-foot. 
Damp  open  or  shaded  ground  throughout.    Frequent.    W.  T.  S.  Cornell. 

Erechtites  hieracifolia  (L.)  Raf.  Fire-weed.  Moist  open  or  shaded 
ground.     Often  plentiful  on  burned  over  areas. 

Senccio  aureus  L.  Golden  ragwort.  In  damp  mostly  shaded  places 
throughout .     Plentiful . 

Senecio  balsamitae  Muhl.  (S.  pauperculus  Michx.).  Balsam  ground- 
sel. In  dry  open  or  partially  shaded  ground  and  along  sandy  beaches. 
Frequent. 

Arctium,  minus  Bernh.  Common  burdock.  Waste  places,  roadsides, 
fields  and  open  woods.     Frequent. 

Cirsium  lanceolatum  (L.)  Hill.  Common  thistle.  Roadsides,  pastures 
and  fields.     Frequent. 

Cirsium  pitcheri  (Torr.)  T.  &  G.  Pitcher's  thistle.  Sandy  beaches  of 
Lake  Michigan  and  Lake  Superior.    Frequent.    Seldom  abundant. 

Cirsium  discolor  (Muhl.)  Spreng.  Field  thistle.  Rich  open  or  shaded 
ground  throughout.     Frequent. 

Cirsium  muticum  Michx.  Swamp  thistle.  In  swampy  places  and 
damp  woods.     Frequent. 

Cirsium.  arvense  (L.)  Scop.  Canada  thistle.  Roadsides,  pastures  and 
cultivated  grounds.     Becoming  common. 

Cichorium  intybus  L.  Chicory.  Occasional  about  cities  and  villages 
and  in  cultivated  grounds.     Frequent. 

Tragopogon  porrifolius  L.  Oyster  plant.  Escaping  from  cultivation 
to  roadsides  and  along  railroads.     Frequent. 

Tragopogon  pratensis  L.  Yellow  goat's-beard.  Waste  places  in  cities 
and  villages,     Often  plentiful. 

Taraxacum  officinale  Weber.  (Leontodon  taraxacum  L.).  Common 
dandelion.    Common  everywhere.    Abundant  in  fields  and  pastures. 

Sonchus  arvensis  L.  Corn  sow-thistle.  Along  railroads,  in  depot 
grounds  of  cities  and  villages  and  becoming  a  weed  on  roadsides  and  in 
fields.     Frequent. 

Sonchus  oleraceus  L.  Common  sow-thistle.  A  weed  in  waste  places, 
gardens  and  fields.     Plentiful. 

Sonchus  asper  (L.)  Hill.  Spiny-leaved  sow-thistle.  A  weed  in  waste 
places,  gardens  and  fields.     Frequent. 

Lactuca  scariola  integrata  Gren.  &  Godr.  Prickly  lettuce.  A  weed  in 
waste  grounds  of  cities  and  villages  and  becoming  frequent. 


SCHOOLCRAFT   COUNTY  AND   VICINITY  123 

Lactuca  canadensis  L.    Wild  lettuce.     Rich  open  or  partially  shaded 
ground.     Frequent. 

Lactuca  spicata  (Lam.)  Hitchc.     Tali  blue  lettuce.     Damp  open  or 
partially  shaded  ground.     Common  and  often  abundant. 

Prenanthes  racemosa  Michx.      (Nabalus  racemosus   (Michx.)   D( 
Glaucous  white  lettuce.    Damp  open  ground  and  in  damp  sand.    Fre- 
quent. 

Prenanthes  alba  L.     (Nabalus  albus  (L.)  Hook.).     Rattlesnake-root. 
White  lettuce.     Rich  woods.     Apparently  infrequent. 

Prenanthes  altissima  L.    (Nabalus  altissimus  (L.)  Hook.).    Tall  white 
lettuce.     Rich  shaded  ground.     Frequent.     W.  T.  S.  Cornell. 

Hieracium  scabrum  Michx.    Rough  hawkweed.    Dry  open  or  partially 
shaded  ground.     Frequent. 

Hieracium  canadense  Michx.     Canada  hawkweed.     Dryish  ground, 
open  or  shaded.     Frequent  throughout. 


OBSERVATIONS  ON  THE  WILD  PLANTS  AT  WHITEFISH 
POINT  AND  VERMILION,  NEAR  THE  SOUTH  SHORE  OF 
LAKE  SUPERIOR,  AND  OTHER  PARTS  OF  CHIPPEWA 
COUNTY,  MICHIGAN,  IN  1914. 

Considerable  biological  work  having  been  done  at  Whitefish  Point 
and  near  Vermilion  in  Chippewa  County,  Michigan,  by  the  Michigan 
Geological  and  Biological  Survey,  it  was  determined  to  investigate  the 
wild  plants  there  as  far  as  time  would  permit,  referring  only  to  flowering 
plants,  ferns,  and  fern  allies.  The  writer  undertook  the  work  in  the 
summer  of  1914.  As  far  as  possible  other  parts  of  the  county  were  also 
visited. 

Region  Specially  Examined 

Special  plant  examination  began  at  Eckerman  east  of  Soo  Junction, 
June  14,  1914;  from  this  point  north  about  16  miles  to  Emerson  on  the 
Lake  Superior  shore,  to  SheUdrake  about  12  miles  farther  north  and 
west,  and  then  to  Whitefish  Point  and  Vermilion  about  15  miles  farther 
north.  In  this  whole  distance,  there  are  only  a  very  few  small  clearings 
apparently  long  ago  abandoned,  and  only  a  few  little  gardens.  Ecker- 
man  is  a  mere  railway  station;  Emerson  and  SheUdrake,  only  lumbering 
and  sawmill  plants;  Whitefish  Point,  a  small  postoffice;  and  Vermilion, 
a  life-saving  station.  About  3  miles  northeast  of  the  postoffice  is  the 
United  States  lighthouse.  A  few  fishermen  operate  along  the  shore 
from  Emerson  to  the  lighthouse.  Just  southeast  of  Eckerman  on  a 
ridge  is  a  remarkable  hardwood  forest  of  beech,  sugar  maple,  and  birch, 
yet  intact.  Scattered  among  the  other  trees  are  basswood,  elm,  and 
hemlock,  specimens  as  large  as  the  writer  has  ever  seen.  North  about 
6  miles  is  another  hardwood  forest,  8  miles  wide  and  reported  to  be  H> 
miles  long  easterly  and  westerly.  In  these  two  hardwood  forests,  so  far 
as  could  be  examined,  no  lumbering  to  speak  of  has  occurred,  nor  hav< 
they  been  visited  by  destructive  fires.  In  the  larger  forests  a  few  lum- 
bering camps  were  reported,  but  not  seen.  Nearly  on  the  south  is  an 
extensive  cedar  swamp,  long  ago  lumbered  over  and  abandoned  and 
later  visited  by  destructive  fires.  At  present  it  is  mostly  a  sorl  of  jungle 
in  a  condition  for  more  devastating  fires.  Also,  just  north  and  wesl  is 
an  extensive  swamp  of  tamarack  and  black  spruce,  one  at  Emerson,  and 
another  at  SheUdrake,  all  yet  intact,  not  having  been  lumbered  over  nor 
visited  by  destructive  fires.  The  trees  are  generally  small  and  the 
tamaracks  are  being  killed  as  explained  in  the  annotated   plant    list. 


126  BOTANY    OF    MICHIGAN 

The  swamps  are  often  very  wet  and  the  ground  covered  with  sphagnum. 
On  their  margins  and  in  open  spaces,  Chamaedaphne  calyculata,  Andro- 
meda glaucophylla,  Ledum  groenlandicum  and  Kalmia  polifolia  are 
abundant  and  are  the  dominant  bog  shrubs  of  the  region.  In  spots  two 
more  swamp  shrubs,  Myrica  gale  and  Betula  pumila  glandulifera,  are 
plentiful.  Along  the  lake  shore  generally,  above  Shelldrake  around  to 
Vermilion  are  sand  dunes,  covered  mostly  with  jack  pine,  red  maple 
and  reel  oak.  Some  distance  from  the  shore  west  to  Luce  County  there 
are  large  areas  of  fixed  sand  ridges  thinly  covered  mostly  with  small 
red  pine  and  jack  pine,  much  of  the  merchantable  timber  having  long 
ago  been  cut.  South  of  Vermilion  as  far  as  Shelldrake  River,  there  is  a 
region  of  large  and  high  sand  ridges  formerly  covered  mostly  with  white 
pine  and  red  pine,  all  of  which  have  been  cut  except  perhaps  about  a 
section  of  original  forest  of  fine  trees  southwest  of  Vermilion.  The  lum- 
bered portion  has  been  visited  by  several  destructive  fires.  In  open 
places  there  are  at  present,  where  not  too  much  shaded  by  small  jack 
pines  and  other  coniferous  shrubs,  extensive  areas  well  sodded  over  with 
Poa  pratensis  and  Poa  compressa,  making  good  pasture  lands.  In  spots 
Primus  pennslyvanica  is  abundant. 

Rivers  and  Small  Lakes 

Two  streams  perhaps  worthy  of  notice  penetrate  this  locality.  The 
Tahquamenon  River  which  rises  in  Luce  County  on  the  west  is  much 
the  larger.  It  passes  in  two  places  over  precipitous  rocks,  known  as  the 
upper  and  lower  falls,  and  enters  Lake  Superior  at  Emerson.  The  river 
was  followed  up  as  far  as  the  lower  falls,  and  the  writer  has  never  seen  a 
more  beautiful  small  stream.  Along  its  banks  elm  and  black  ash  are 
quite  common.  Shelldrake  River  rising  near  the  west  line  of  Chippewa 
County  flows  northerly  toward  Vermilion,  then  southeast,  and  enters 
the  lake  at  Shelldrake.  This  was  followed  up  about  17  miles  west  of 
Shelldrake  where  lumbering  camps  are  at  present  established.  Between 
these  two  rivers  some  distance  from  the  lake,  the  sand  ridges  are  large 
and  high,  and  among  them  are  many  small  lakes,  ponds,  and  swamps. 

Ponds  and  Bogs  Near  the  Lake  Superior  Shore 

From  Whitefish  Point  to  Vermilion,  near  and  parallel  with  the  Lake 
Superior  shore,  are  many  ponds  and  bogs  often  long  and  narrow,  enclosed 
mostly  by  drifting  sand  dunes  on  the  lake  side  and  higher  fixed  sand 
ridges  on  the  land  side.  Only  a  few  of  these  have  a  natural  outlet  to  the 
lake.  Just  south  of  Vermilion  are  a  typical  long  pond  and  bog  bordered 
by  a  tamarack  and  black  spruce  swamp  and  backed  by  high  fixed  sand 
ridges.  These  ponds  and  bogs  are  the  natural  home  of  many  water 
plants  and  sedges.     Here  the  locality  and  conditions  being  well-nigh 


CHIPPEWA  COUNTY  r_>7 

perfect  for  that  purpose,  the  late  John  Clark  made  a  large  and  pro- 
ductive cranberry  farm  with  modern  appliances  for  flooding  the  land 
and  collecting  the  crop.  There  is  also  a  smaller  cranberry  farm  at 
Whitefish  Point  owned  by  Mr.  Frank  House. 

The  Region  Wild  and  Nearly  in  Natural  State 

The  locality  from  Eckerman  to  Vermilion,  and  all  that  portion  of  the 
count}--  north  of  the  railway  connecting  Soo  Junction  with  Brimley  and 
west  to  Luce  County,  is  one  of  the  wi'dest  the  writer  lias  ever  visited. 
If  such  a  wild  region  is  the  proper  place  for  biological  work,  this  has  been 
well  chosen,  and  is  typical.  It  is  the  home  of  such  wild  animals  as  ha 
been  left  in  Michigan.  Bear  tracks  were  common,  deer  and  tiny  fawn 
tracks,  and  their  trails,  were  numerous.  Porcupines  were  abundant, 
five  having  been  seen  at  one  time  in  an  abandoned  shanty.  Its  northern 
latitude  was  indicated  on  the  night  of  June  13-14,  1914,  by  a  killing  fro 
cutting  down  the  common  brake  wherever  exposed,  and  killing  the 
tender  shoots  of  small  black  ash  and  other  shrubs  and  trees. 

Peculiar  Habitats 

Throughout  the  localitv  there  is  much  flat  sandv  land  mostly  in 
streaks  with  a  thin  covering  of  vegetable  mold  and  sphagnum  giving  it 
a  very  swampy  appearance.  Growing  on  this  were  found  white  birch, 
black  ash,  black  spruce,  balsam  and  red  maple.  Forest  fires  in  dry 
seasons  have  swept  over  most  of  such  ground  and  the  dead  timber  is 
still  standing.  Back  of  Shelldrake  was  noticed  a  large  area  of  flat  sandy 
land  covered  with  sphagnum,  in  which  were  growing  only  small  scatter- 
ing jack  pines  and  an  occasional  small  bunch  of.  shrubs. 

Trees  and  Shrubs  with  Diverse  Habitats 

As  already  intimated,  black  spruce  mixed  with  tamarack  is  abundant 
in  swamps  throughout  the  county.  But  black  spruce  is  also  common 
over  large  tracts  of  flat,  dry,  sandy  ground,  especially  so  on  the  dry 
banks  of  the  Tahquamenon  River.  In  this  respect,  however,  the  be- 
havior of  red  maple  is  much  more  striking.  General  observation  and 
the  record  in  botanical  works  indicate  as  a  habitat  for  this  species 
"swamps  and  wet  woods'',  but  in  the  whole  region  north  and  wesl 
Eckerman  it  is  very  abundant  on  dry  flat  sandy  land,  Gxed  sand  ridg 
and  drifting  sand  dunes,  although  mostly  reduced  in  size  and  scraggy  in 
this  situation.  So  far  as  heretofore  observed  by  the  writer  in  Michigan 
Ledum  groenlandicum  is  a  bog  shrub,  but  here  i(  extends  from  bogs  to 
dry  flat  sandy  land,  and  to  sides  and  even  crests  of  fixed  sand  ri<  i  ! 

drifting  sand  dunes. 


128  BOTANY    OF    MICHIGAN 

Forests  Known  as  Hardwoods 

These  forests,  composed  about  equally  of  beech,  sugar  maple,  and 
yellow  birch,  have  many  peculiarities  of  their  own.  Scattered  among  the 
trees  are  here  and  there,  basswood,  American  elm,  hemlock,  mountain 
maple,  mountain  ash,  and  balsam.  Underneath,  the  American  yev,r  is 
very  abundant,  as  also  are  Clintonia  borealis  and  Lycopodium  annotinum. 
In  spots  Oxalis  acetosella  carpets  the  ground. 

Chippewa  County  as  a  Whole 

This  county,  starting  on  the  south  shore  of  Lake  Superior  at  a  point 
a  few  miles  west  of  Vermilion,  extends  in  a  southeasterly  direction  to 
the  east  end  of  Drummond  Island,  a  distance  approximating  100  miles 
on  a  straight  line  connecting  these  two  extreme  points.     Its  lake  and 
river  frontage  is  over  150  miles.    That  portion  of  the  count}7  not  already 
mentioned, — the   eastern,    southern   and   southeastern   parts — on   the 
whole  differs  very  materially  from  the  northwestern.    There  are  many 
sand  ridges,   numerous  tamarack-black  spruce   swamps,   'white   cedar 
swamps,  many  bogs,  small  lakes  and  ponds.    Large  parts  of  the  eastern 
portion  were  covered  formerly  with  hardwood  forests,  and  some  pine  in 
streaks  mixed  with  hardwoods.    But  wasteful  and  destructive  methods 
of  lumbering,  and  devastating  fires  have  changed  the  face  of  the  county. 
The  timber  has  been  thus  substantially  removed.     It  is  not,  generally 
speaking,  a  rocky  country.    In  the  eastern  portion  boulders  occasionally 
appear,  and  exposed  rocks  were  noticed  at  Gatesville  and  from  th3re  to 
Saint   Marys   River  and  Detour.     These  hardwood  lands  are   being 
cleared  for  agricultural  purposes.     From  Brimley  to  Sault  Ste.  Marie 
and  from  there  south  and  east  to  Detour,  about  65  miles,  the  road  on 
both  sides  is  lined  with  good  farms  almost  without  exception,  all  ap- 
pearances indicating  good  soil,  and  thrift  in  the  wa}^  of  buildings  and 
crops.    Orchards  were  scarce,  but  a  few  heavily  bearing  apple  trees  were 
noticed.     Corn  fields  were  few.     Wheat,  barley,  oats,  peas,  potatoes, 
timothy,  and  clover  were  the  main  crops.    On  September  10,  1914,  much 
of  the  wheat,  oats,  and  barley  was  in  shock,  and  many  fields  of  grain  yet 
uncut.     The  change  in  appearance  and  apparent  conditions  from  the 
western  and  northwestern  to  the  eastern  and  southeastern  parts  is  very 
great.    This  is  over  300  miles  direct  north  of  the  southern  State  boundary, 
so  that  a  list  of  the  wild  plants  growing  here  compared  with  one  in  Hills- 
dale County,  directly  south,  would  be  interesting  in  the  stud}r  of  plant 
distribution. 

Acknowledgements 

The  writer  is  much  indebted  to  Mr.  Kenneth  K.  Mackenzie  of  New 
York  City  for  an  examination  and  determination  of  the  sedges,  and 


CHIPPEWA  COUNTY  12«» 

other  difficult  plants.  To  Prof.  A.  S.  Hitchcock  of  the  United  Sta1  3 
Department  of  Agriculture,  for  determination  of  grasses,  and  to  I  .  1  . 
Forbes  of  Brookline,  Massachusetts,  for  an  examination  of  the  willows 
and  violets.     March  11,  1915. 

Gray's  New  Manual  of  Botairy  has  been  followed  as  far  as  possible. 
Changes  have  been  made  and  a  number  of  new  species  established  since 

its  publication. 

Annotated  List 
POLYPODIACEAE.     Fern  Family 

Polypodium  vulgare  L.  Common  polypody.  Shaded  rocks  in  eastern 
portion  of  county.     Plentiful. 

Phegopteris  polypodioides  Fee.  Long  beech  fern.  In  hardwoods 
throughout.     Occasional. 

Phegopteris  dryopieris  (L.)  Fee.  Oak  fern.  Beech  and  maple  woods 
throughout  Chippewa  County.     Common  and  often  abundant. 

Adiantum  pedatum  L.  Maidenhair.  Margins  of  and  open  spots  in, 
beech-maple-birch  woods.     Frequent. 

Pteris  aquilina  L.  Common  brake.  Very  abundant  in  open  or  slight  1  y 
shaded  ground.  Where  exposed  it  was  killed  to  the  ground  by  a  severe 
frost  on  the  night  of  June  13-14,  1914. 

Asplenium  filix-femina  (L.)  Bernh.  Lady  fern.  Open  and  slightly 
shaded  ground  throughout.     Common  and  often  abundant. 

Aspidium  Ihelypteris  (L.)  Sw.  Marsh  shield  fern.  Borders  of  marshes 
and  swamps  and  often  in  slight  shade.  Common  and  often  very  abun- 
dant. 

Aspidium  noveboracense  (L.)  Sw.  New  York  fern.  Abundant  in 
beech-maple-birch  woods  near  the  lower  falls  of  the  Tahquamenon 
River  back  of  Emerson.     Occasional  in  all  hardwood  forests. 

Aspidium  marginale  (L.)  Sw.  Evergreen  wood  fern.  Rich  open  woo<  Is. 
Frequent. 

Aspidium  cristatum  (L.)  Sw.  Crested  shield  fern.  Wet  open  or  shadei  1 
rich  ground.     Frequent. 

Aspidium  spinulosum  (O.  F.  Miiller)  Sw.  Spinulose  shield  fern.  In 
beech-maple-birch  woods  throughout.     Frequent. 

Aspidium  spinulosum  intermedium  (Muhl.)  D.  C.  Eaton.  American 
shield  fern.     Rich  hardwoods.     Common. 

Cystopteris  bulbifera  (L.)  Bernh.  Bulblet  cystopteris.  Open  woods, 
and  on  banks  of  streams.     Occasional  throughout. 

Cystopteris  fragilis  (L.)  Bernh.  Brittle  fern.  Damp  rich  woods. 
Occasional. 

Onoclea  sensibilis  L.     Sensitive  fern.     Throughout  in  damp  open  or 
shaded  ground.     Common. 
17 


130  BOTANY   OF   MICHIGAN 

Onoclea  struthiopteris  (L.)  Hoffm.  Ostrich  fern.  Abundant  along  the 
Tahquamenon  River  above  Emerson  near  lower  falls,  and  occasionally 
throughout.     Fine  specimens  traced  along  streams. 

Osmunda  regalis  L.  Royal  fern.  In  wet  and  often  shaded  ground 
throughout.     Common. 

Osmunda  claytoniana  L.  Interrupted  fern.  In  rich  open  or  slightly 
shaded  ground  throughout.     Fine  specimens  noted. 

Osmunda  cinnamomea  L.  Cinnamon  fern.  Damp  rich  open  or  shaded 
ground  throughout.     Fine  specimens. 

OPHIOGLOSSACEAE.     Adder's  Tongue  Family 

Botrychium  obliquum  Muhl.  Ternate  grape  fern.  In  sandy,  slightly 
shaded  ground  near  Whitefish  Point.     Apparently  rare. 

Botrychium.  virginianum  (L.)  Sw.  Rattlesnake  fern.  Common 
throughout  in  woods  and  thickets. 

EQUISETACEAE.     Horsetail  Family 

Equisetum  arvense  L.  Common  horsetail.  Common  throughout. 
Often  on  sand  dunes  acting  as  a  sand  binder. 

Equisetum  sylvaticum  L.  Wood  horsetail.  Damp  ground  in  swamps 
and  along  streams.     Abundant  throughout. 

Equisetum  fluviatile.  Pipes.  Wet  open  places,  shallow  water,  ditches 
and  swamps.     Often  abundant. 

Equisetum  hyemale  L.  Common  scouring  rush.  Often  on  sides  of 
sand  dunes  where  it  acts  as  a  good  sand  binder.  Common  in  dry,  sandy, 
open  ground. 

Equisetum  variegatum  Schleich.  Variegated  equisetum.  Sandy 
beaches  of  Lake  Superior,  often  acting  as  a  sand  binder.    Frequent. 

Equisetum  scirpoides  Michx.  Sedge-like  equisetum.  In  woods  and 
open  places  in  tamarack-black  spruce  swamps.     Frequent. 

LYCOPODIACEAE.     Club  Moss  Family 

Lycopodium  lucidulum  Michx.  Shining  club  moss.  Damp  woods 
throughout.  Abundant  near  lower  falls  of  the  Tahquamenon  River 
above  Emerson. 

Lycopodium  inundaium  L.  Bog  club  moss.  Usually  in  open  damp 
sandy  ground.     Plentiful. 

Lycopodium  annotinum  L.  Stiff  club  moss.  Beech-maple-birch 
woods.     Very  abundant  throughout. 

Lycopodium  clavatum  L.  Common  club  moss.  Dry  open  woods  and 
steep  banks  of  streams.    Occasional  throughout. 

Lycopodium  obscurum  L.  Ground  pine.  Beech-maple-birch  woods. 
Frequent. 


CHIPPEWA  COUNTY  131 

Lycopodium  complcinatum  L.  Running  pine.  Pino  wood-  ai  md 
dunes  throughout.     Frequent. 

Lycopodium  tristachyum  Pursh.  Clustered  ground  pine.  Dry  open 
ground.     Apparently  infrequent. 

SELAGINELLACEAE.     Selaginella  Family 

Selaginella  apus  (L.)  Spring.  Creeping  selaginella.  Low  open  or 
partially  shaded  ground.     Frequent  throughout. 

TAXACEAE.     Yew  Family 

Taxus  canadensis  Marsh.  American  yew.  Beech-maple-birch  wood-. 
Abundant,  often  carpeting  the  ground.  Noticed  in  particular  in  the 
hardwoods  north  of  Eckerman. 

PINACEAE.     Pine  Family 

Pinus  strobus  L.  White  pine.  Formerly  large  areas  covered  with 
this  species,  as  at  present  shown  by  stumps  both  on  level  sandy  hind, 
and  sand  ridges.  Often  mixed  with  red  pine.  Large  specimens  free 
from  limbs  and  containing  several  logs  of  16  feet  each  are  called  by  hind 
cruisers  "sap  pine",  and  specimens  with  limbs  on  the  body  nearly  to 
ground,  "buckwheat  pine".  Many  small  trees  yet  standing  and  seed- 
lings usually  plentiful.  About  a  half  section  of  original  trees  of  Ibis 
mixed  with  some  red  pine  noticed  yet  standing  southwest  of  Vermilion. 

Pinus  banksiana  Lamb.  Jack  pine.  Throughout  the  county  on  level 
sandy  land  and  sand  ridges.  Abundant  at  Whitefish  Point.  Trees 
usually  small,  occasionally  large  enough  for  saw  logs.  Often  mixed 
with  red  pine.  Shrubs  and  seedlings  abundant.  Occasional  in  sphag- 
num swamos. 

Pinus  resinosa  Ait.  Red  pine.  Formerly  plentiful  and  abundant  in 
spots  on  dry  flat  sandy  land  and  sand  ridges.  A  few  fine  trees  yet  left . 
scattered  over  the  county.  A  large  area  of  sand  ridges  covered  with 
small  trees  a  few  miles  west  of  Emerson.  A  tree  with  a  long  bod;/  free 
from  limbs,  containing  several  logs  of  16  feet  each,  called  "yellow  pine' 
by  land  cruisers;  one  with  limbs  nearly  to  the  ground,  'buckwheat 
pine".  When  logs  of  this  species  are  so  heavy  as  to  sink  in  water  many 
lumbermen  call  it  "pigiron  pine". 

Larix  laricina  (DuRoi)  Koch.  Tamarack.  Many  large  swamps 
covered  thickly  with  this  and  black  spruce,  throughout  the  county, 
usually  referred  to  as  "tamarack-black  spruce  swamps".  Trees  gen- 
erally small  and  everywhere  dying,  being  attacked  by  a  winged  insect 
from  Europe  called  a  saw  fly.  Shrubs  and  seedlings  plentiful  and  appar- 
ently vigorous.  "Tamaracks  are  being  killed  all  over  the  State  now  by 
a  saw  fly  that  came  to  this  country  from  Europe  before  the  ( nil  \\  ar. 


132  BOTANY    OF    MICHIGAN 

It  gradually  worked  its  way  westward  and  arrived  in  Michigan  soni3 
ten  years  ago  or  thereabout.  The  naked  larva  which  feeds  on  the  leaves 
in  June  and  July,  when  full  grown,  goes  to  the  ground  and  pupates  just 
under  the  surface.  The  creature  being  from  Europe  has  no  natural 
enemies  or  very  few  of  them  to  control  it  here,  and  therefore  the  death 
rate  of  tamaracks  has  been  very  high.  It  usually  is  followed  by  a  bark 
beetle  which  works  between  the  bark  and  the  wood  and  which  is  itself 
capable  of  killing  trees.  The  name  of  this  saw  fly  is  Lygaeonemalus 
erichsoni,  and  the  name  of  the  beetle  that  works  under  the  bark  is 
Denbroctonus  similis.  We  have  been  spending  some  effort  for  a  number 
of  years  trying  to  introduce  the  European  parasites  which  control  this 
pest  in  its  native  home  and  while  we  have  not  succeeded  in  establishing 
the  European  species  we  have  some  little  hopes  from  an  unknown  species 
which  we  have  succeeded  in  getting  several  times.  There  is  nothing 
that  can  be  done  particularly. " — B.  H.  Pettit,  Professor  of  Entomology, 
Michigan  Agricultural  College,  February  18,  1915. 

Picea  canadensis  (Mill.)  BSP.  White  spruce.  Scattering  throughout 
along  Lake  Superior  shore  and  on  sand  ridges.  Often  affected  with  a 
pest  known  as  dwarf  mistletoe. 

Picea,  mariana  (Mill.)  BSP.  Black  spruce.  Large  areas  of  this  mixed 
with  tamarack  growing  in  wet  swampy  ground  throughout  the  county. 
Trees  mostly  small.  Often  growing  on  higher  ground,  where  it  is  larger  and 
cut  for  pulpwood.  A  form  of  it  common  on  dry  sandy  land  everywhere, 
and  on  sand  ridges,  which  some  botanists  would  name  P.  brevifolia  Peck, 
swamp  spruce.  Twigs  of  this  and  Abies  balsamea  near  Lake  Superior 
shore  above  Shelldrake,  are  covered  with  a  bearded  lichen,  Usnea  barbata 
plicata  Ehrh.,  giving  the  trees  a  shaggy  and  moss-like  appearance  similar 
to  more  northern  forests.     Often  afflicted  with  the  dwarf  mistletoe. 

Abies  balsamea  (L.)  Mill.  Balsam  fir.  Common  throughout  the 
county  and  abundant  in  spots.  Frequent  with  beech,  maple  and  birch, 
and  occasional  in  swamps  with  tamarack  and  black  spruce.  A  very 
beautiful  forest  tree. 

Tsuga  canadensis  (L.)  Carr.  Hemlock.  Common  throughout  but 
seldom  abundant  except  in  streaks  or  small  spots.  Frequent  with  hard 
maple,  yellow  birch,  and  beech.  Trees  often  very  large,  one  recently 
cut  indicating  an  age  of  over  300  years.  Large  trees  called  "yellow  hem- 
lock" by  land  cruisers;  second  growth,  "white  hemlock". 

Thuja  occidentalis  L.  Arbor  vitae,  white  cedar.  Formerly  very  abun- 
dant throughout  the  county  in  cedar  swamps  which  have  been  lumbered 
over  for  many  years  and  mostly  destroyed  by  fire.  Small  trees  and  seed- 
lings yet  abundant.  Often  growing  on  sandy  ground  especially  near 
the  Lake  Superior  shore,  but  it  is  usually  small  in  such  situations. 
Shrubs  and  seedlings  abundant.  As  understood  by  land  cruisers,  sec- 
ond growth  trees  and  trees  covered  with  limbs  to  or  nearly  to  the  ground 


CHIPPEWA  COUNTY  133 

are  ''white  cedar".  Trees  with  tall  smooth  bodies  without  many  body 
limbs  and  with  small  tops,  are  "yellow  cedar". 

Juniperus  communis  depressa  Pursh.  Low  juniper.  Sand  dunes,  sand 
ridges,  and  sandy  beaches  throughout  but  seldom  abundant.  Noticed 
as  more  common  on  rocky  ground  near  Detour. 

Juniperus  horizontalis  Moench.  Creeping  juniper.  Abundant  in 
very  wet  ground  growing  at  the  bases  of  small  tamaracks  and  sprues 
on  the  border  of  a  tamarack-black  spruce  swamp  north  of  Eckerman. 
Heretofore  noticed  only  on  small  sand  ridges,  and  sandy  beaches,  near 
shores  of  Lake  Huron  and  Lake  Michigan. 

Juniperus  virginiana  L.  lied  cedar.  Reported  as  on  sand  dunes 
near  Vermilion,  but  believed  to  be  very  doubtful,  except  possibly  as  a 
casual  escape. 

TYPHACEAE.     Cat-tail  Family 

Typha  latifolia  L.  Common  cat-tail.  Common  throughout  in  swampy 
open  places. 

SPARGANIACEAE.     Bur-reed  Family 

Sparganium  eurycarpum  Engelm.  Broad  fruited  bur-reed.  Marshy 
places,  borders  of  ponds  and  slow  streams.    Common  throughout . 

Sparganium  diver  sijolium  acaule  (Beeby)  Fernald  and  Fames.  Stem- 
less  bur-reed.  Swampy  open  ground  near  Vermilion.  Apparently  infre- 
quent.    N.  A.  Wood. 

NAJADACEAE.     Pondweed  Family 

Potamogeton  natans\j.  Common  floating  pondweed.  Ponds  and  slow 
streams  throughout.     Common. 

Potamogeton  epihydrus  Raf.  NuttalFs  pondweed.  Slow  creeks,  ponds, 
and  ditches  throughout.     Often  abundant. 

Potamogeton  heterophyllus  Schreb.  Various  leaved  pondweed.  Slow 
streams  and  ponds  throughout.     Frequent. 

Potamogeton  angustifolius  Berchtold  and  Presl.  Ziz's  pondweed. 
Small  lakes  or  large  ponds  throughout.  Also  noticed  in  the  Tahquame- 
non  River  near  lower  falls  above  Emerson.     Frequent. 

Potamogeton  lucens  L.  Shining  pondweed.  In  Little  Lake  at  White- 
fish  Point.    Plentiful.    Noticed  by  T.  L.  Hankinson,  ichthyologist. 

Potamogeton  pusillus  L.    Small  pondweed.     Ponds,  pools  and  ditcl 
throughout.     Common. 

Potamogeton  rutilus  Wolf gang.  Slender  pondweed.  In  Little  Lake  al 
Whitensh  Point.  Plentiful.  Noticed  by  T.  L.  Hankinson.  ichthyolo- 
gist. 

Potamogeton  foliosus  Raf.    Leafy  pondweed.     In  nearly  still  water  of 


134  BOTANY    OF    MICHIGAN 

Tahquamenon  River  near  lower  falls  above  Emerson.  Plentiful  at  this 
place. 

Potamogeton  dimorphus  Raf.  Spiral  pondweed.  Tahquamenon  River 
near  lower  falls  above  Emerson.     Plentiful. 

Najas  jlexilis  (Willd.)  Rostk.  &  Schmidt.  Slender  najas.  Ponds, 
small  lakes,  and  margins  of  slow  streams.     Plentiful. 

JUNCAGINACEAE.     Arrow  Grass  Family 

Scheuchzeria  palustris  L.  Scheuchzeria.  Open  boggy  places  through- 
out.    Abundant  near  Vermilion. 

Triglochin  maritima  L.  Sea-side  arrow-grass.  Marshy  open  places 
throughout.     Frequent. 

Triglochin  palustris  L.  Marsh  arrow-grass.  Damp  open  sandy  ground 
throughout.     Plentiful  at  Vermilion. 

ALISMACEAE.     Water-plantain  Family 

Sagittaria  latifolia  Willd.  Broad-leaved  arrow-head.  Muddy  places, 
and  shallow  water  in  ponds  and  ditches  and  slow  streams  throughout. 
Common. 

Alisma  planlago-aquatica  L.  American  water  plantain.  In  shallow 
water,  muddy  places,  and  ditches  throughout.     Common. 

HYDROCHARITACEAE.     Frog's  Bit  Family 

Elodea  canadensis  Michx.  Waterweed.  Ponds,  small  lakes,  and 
slow  streams.     Plentiful  throughout. 

Vallisneria,  spiralis  L.  Tape  grass.  Wild  celery.  Ponds  and  slow 
streams  throughout.     Common. 

GRAMINEAE.     Grass  Family 

Andropogon  scoparius  Michx.  Broom  beard  grass.  Dr}r  open  ground 
or  among  pines.     Frequent. 

Andropogon  furcatus  Muhl.  Forked  beard  grass.  Dry  open  ground. 
Apparently  infrequent. 

Digitaria  humifusa  Pers.  Small  crab  grass.  Sandy  open  ground  in 
and  about  Sault  Ste.  Marie.     Plentiful. 

Digitaria  sanguinalis  (L.)  Scop.  Crab  grass.  Cultivated  grounds 
and  about  villages  as  a  weed.     Not  abundant. 

Panicum  capillars  L.  Old-witch  grass.  About  cultivated  grounds 
and  in  villages  as  a  weed.     Apparently  not  abundant. 

Panicum  depauperatum  Muhl.  Starved  panic  grass.  On  lumbered 
over  and  burnt  over  sand  ridges  south  of  Vermilion.  Apparently  not 
common. 

Panicum  subvillosum  Ashe.     Spreading  panic  grass.     Open  sandy 


CHIPPEWA  COUNTY  135 

ground  near  Shelldrake  River  south  of  Vermilion.     Apparently  infre- 
quent. 

Echinochloa  crusgalli  (L.)  Beauv.  Barnyard  grass.  In  damp  cul- 
tivated grounds  and  about  villages.     Apparently  not  common. 

Setaria  glauca  (L.)  Beauv.  Foxtail.  Pigeon  grass.  Cultivated 
grounds  and  in  cities  and  villages  as  a  weed.  Apparently  not  very  com- 
mon. 

Setaria  viridis  (L.)  Beauv.  Green  foxtail.  A  weed  in  cultivated  Belds 
and  villages.     Not  abundant. 

Cenchrus  carolinianus  Walt.  Sandbur.  Bur-grass.  Open  sandy 
ground  in  and  about  Sault  Ste.  Marie.     Plentiful. 

Leersia  oryzoides  (L.)  Sw.  Rice  cut-grass.  Scratch  grass.  Swamps 
and  along  low  banks  of  streams  and  in  old  ditches.     Frequent. 

Phalaris  arundinacea  L.  Reed  canar}^  grass.  Wet  open  ground. 
Frequent. 

Milium  effusum  L.  Millet  grass.  Beech-maple-birch  woods!  Com- 
mon throughout. 

Oryzopsis  asperifolia  Michx.  White  grained  mountain  rice.  Beech- 
birch-maple  woods  throughout.     Frequent. 

Muhlenbergia  racemosa  (Michx.)  BSP.     Wild  timothy.     Satin  gra— 
Moist  meadow-like  places.     Frequent  throughout. 

Brachyelytrum  eredum  (Schreb.)  Beauv.  Bearded  short-husk.  Beech- 
birch-maple  woods  throughout.     Plentiful. 

Phleum  pratense  L.  Timothy.  Common  throughout  in  both  damp 
and  dry  open  ground. 

Alopecurus  geniculatus  aristulatus  Torr.  Short  awned  foxtail,  in 
very  wet  places  and  shallow  water.     Frequent. 

Sporobolus  uniflorus  (Muhl.)  Scribn.  and  Merr.  Late-flowering  drop- 
seed.  Damp  open  ground.  Plentiful  at  Emerson.  Apparently  in  fre- 
quent. 

Sporobolus  cryptandrus  (Torr.)  Gray.  Sand  drop-seed.  Sandy  ground 
near  and  on  the  beaches  of  Lake  Superior.    Frequent.    Never  abundant. 

Agrostis  alba  L.  Red-top.  Damp  meadow-like  ground  throughout 
but  nowhere  abundant. 

Agrostis  hyemalis  (W^alt)  BSP.  Hair  grass.  Dry  or  moist  open  ground 
throughout.     Often  plentiful. 

Agrostis  perennans  (Walt)  Tuckerm.  Thin-grass.  In  dam])  woods 
throughout.  Plentiful  in  woods  at  lower  falls  of  the  Tahquamenon 
River  back  of  Emerson. 

Calamovilfa  longifolia  (Hook.)  Hack.  Long-leaved  reed-grass.  Sandy 
shores  of  Lake  Superior  but  nowhere  abundant.  A  good  sand  binder, 
when  plentiful  and  well  established. 

Calamagrostis  canadensis  (Michx.)  Beauv.  Blue  joint-grass.  Damp 
open  marshy  ground.     Plentiful  throughout. 


136  BOTANY    OF    MICHIGAN 

Ammophila  arenaria  (L.)  Link.  Sea  sand-reed.  Sandy  beech  of  Lake 
Superior.    Often  abundant  and  acting  as  an  efficient  sand  binder. 

Cinna  latifolia  (Trev.)  Griseb.  Slender  wood  reed-grass.  Beech- 
maple-birch  woods  throughout.     Plentiful. 

Koeleria  cristata  (L.)  Pers.  Crested  hair-grass.  Dry  open  ground. 
Frequent. 

Deschampsia  flexuosa  (L.)  Trin.  Common  hair  grass.  Dry  open  or 
slightly  shaded  places  near  Vermilion.    Frequent  in  that  region. 

Avena  sativa  L.  Common  oat.  Escaping  and  apparently  persisting 
in  many  places  near  dwellings,  and  about  villages. 

Danthonia  spicaia  (L.)  Beauv.  Common  wild  oat  grass.  Dry  open 
ground,  but  not  abundant. 

Danthonia  intermedia  Vasey.  Vasey's  wild  oat  grass.  Dry  open 
ground  near  Vermilion.     Apparently  infrequent. 

» 

Phragmites  communis  Trin.  Reed.  Margins  of,  and  open  places  in, 
tamarack-black  spruce  swamps  throughout  but  nowhere  very  abundant. 

Eragrostis  pilosa  (L.)  Beauv.  Small  tufted  love  grass.  Dry  open 
ground  in  and  about  Sault  Ste.  Marie.     Plentiful. 

Eragrostis  megastachya  (Koeler)  Link.  Strong  scented  love  grass. 
Gardens  and  other  cultivated  grounds.     Occasional. 

Melica  smithii  (Porter)  Vasey..  Smith's  oat.  Open  places  in  beech- 
maple-birch  woods  near  Eckertnan.    Apparently  not  common. 

Melica  striata  (Michx.)  Hitchc.  Purple  oat.  Borders  of,  and  open 
places  in,  beech-maple-birch  woods  throughout,  but  apparently  not 
common. 

Dactylis  glomerata  L.  Orchard  grass.  In  and  near  cities  and  villages 
and  in  cultivated  grounds.     Frequent. 

Poa  annua  L.  Low  spear  grass.  Cultivated  grounds  and  about  vil- 
lages.    Frequent.     Often  abundant  in  lawns. 

Poa  compressa  L.  Canada  blue  grass.  In  dry  open  ground  through- 
out. Noticed  in  particular  on  lumbered  over  and  burned  over  sand- 
ridges  where  it  was  often  abundant. 

Poa  nemoralis  L.  Wood  meadow  grass.  Dry  open  ground  near  Ver- 
milion.    Apparently  infrequent. 

Poa  pratensis  L.  June  grass.  Frequent  and  often  abundant  through- 
out the  county.  Noticed  in  particular  on  lumbered  over  and  burned 
over  sand  ridges  where  it  made  good  grazing. 

Glyceria  canadensis  (Michx.)  Trin.  Rattlesnake  grass.  Damp 
meadow-like  ground  and  along  margins  of  small  streams  throughout. 
Often  abundant.     A  beautiful  grass. 

Glyceria  nervata  (Willd.)  Trin.  Fowl  meadow  grass.  Open  damp  or 
slightly  shaded  ground  throughout.     Often  abundant. 

Glyceria  grandis  Wats.  Reed  meadow  grass.  Along  streams  and  in 
very  wet  places  throughout.     Plentiful. 


CHIPPEWA  COUNTY       ,  l;;7 

Festuca  ovina  L.  Sheep's  fescue.  In  open  sandy  ground  at  Whitefish 
Point.     Apparently  not  common. 

Bromus  secalinus  L.  Chess.  In  cultivated  grounds  and  about  vil- 
lages.    Not  abundant. 

Bromus  ciliatus  L.  Fringed  brome  grass.  In  damp  open  or  slightly 
shaded  ground  throughout.  Noticed  in  particular  as  very  abundant  in 
open  spots  of  beech-maple-birch  woods  at  the  lower  falls  of  the  Tah- 
quamenon  River  above  Emerson. 

Agropyron  molle  Rydb.  Rydberg's  wheat  grass.  Dry  open  ground 
near  Vermilion.  Apparently  infrequent.  N.  A.  Wood.  Identified  by 
Prof.  A.  S.  Hitchcock. 

Agropyron  repens.  (L.)  Beauv.  Quack  grass.  Becoming  common 
throughout  about  dwellings  and  farm  buildings,  and  in  village 

Agropyron   dasystachyum  (Hook.)    Scribn.      Northern    wheal    gra 
Sandy  beach  of  Lake  Superior.     Apparently  infrequent  (?). 

Hordeum  jubatum  L.     Squirrel-tail  grass.     Introduced  at  Saull    3 
Marie  and  in  villages. 

Elymus  virginicus  L.  Virginia  wild  rye.  Moist  woods  and  banks  of 
streams  throughout  but  not  very  common. 

Elymus  canadensis  L.  Nodding  wild  rye.  Sandy  beaches  of  Lake 
Superior,  acting  as  an  efficient  sand  binder.     Common. 

Elymus  glaucus  Buckley.  Smooth  wild  rye.  Shaded  banks  of  Tah- 
quamenon  River  near  lower  falls  back  of  Emerson.  Apparently  infre- 
quent. 

Elymus  arenarius  L.  Sea  lyme  grass.  Sandy  beach  of  Lake  Superior 
at,  Vermilion.  Said  to  be  a  good  sand  binder.  Not  abundant  and  nol 
noticed  elsewhere  in  Michigan  by  the  writer.     (1914.) 

Hystrix  patula  Moench.  Bottle-brush  grass.  Open  hardwoods.  Ap- 
parently infrequent. 

CYPERACEAE.     Sedge  Family 

Dulichium  arundinaceum  (L.)  Britton.  Dulichium.  Wet  swampy 
places  and  borders  of  ponds  throughout.     Plentiful. 

Eleocharis  palustris  (L.)  R.  &  S.  Creeping  spike  rush.  Wei  meadow- 
like ground  and  often  in  shallow  water.     Common  throughout. 

Eleocharis  palustris  vigens  Bailey.  Large  spike  rush.  Usually  in 
shallow  water  about  ponds  throughout.  Common. 

Eleocharis  acicularis  (L.)  R.  &  S.  Needle  spike  rush.  Wet  and  muddy 
places  about  ponds  and  on  margins  of  slow  streams  throughout.  Plen- 
tiful. 

Scirpus  hudsonianus  (Michx.)  Fernald.  Alpine  cotton  gra--.  Wei 
open  marshy  places.     Abundant  in  spots  throughout. 

Scirpus  americanus  Pers.  Three-square.  Margins  of  ponds  and 
streams  throughout.     Common. 


138  BOTANY    OF    MICHIGAN 

I 

Scirpus  validus  Vahl.  Great  bulrush.  Margins  of  ponds  throughout. 
Frequent. 

Scirpus  occidentalis  (Wats.)  Chase.  Viscid  great  bulrush.  Very  wet 
marshy  places  and  in  shallow  water  throughout.     Common. 

Scirpus  atrovirens  Muhl.  Dark-green  bulrush.  Marshy  open  places 
and  in  swamps  throughout.     Common  and  in  spots  abundant. 

Scirpus  cyperinus  pelius  Fernald.  Wool  grass.  Wet  open  meadow- 
like ground,  and  often  in  slight  shade.     Common  throughout. 

Scirpus  atrocinctus  Fernald.  Dark  wool  grass.  In  open  meadow- 
like ground  and  swamps  with  slight  shade.     Frequent  throughout. 

Scirpus  atrocinctus  brachypodus  Fernald.  Clustered  wool  grass.  In 
meadow-like  ground  near  Vermilion.     Abundant.     N.  A.  Wood. 

Eriophorum  callitrix  Cham.  Hare's  tail.  Open  bogs.  Common 
throughout. 

Eriophorum  gracile  Roth.  Slender  cotton,  grass.  Open  bogs  and 
swamps  throughout.  Abundant  in  one  place  near  the  lighthouse  at 
Whitefish  Point. 

Eriophorum  tenellum  Nutt.  Rough  cotton  grass.  Occasional  in  open 
wet  and  swampy  places  throughout.     Plentiful  near  Vermilion. 

Eriophorum  angustifolium  Roth.  Tall  cotton  grass.  Wet  boggy 
places  throughout.     Plentiful  near  Vermilion. 

Eriophorum  viridi-cari?iatum  (Engelm.)  Fernald.  Thin  leaved  cotton 
grass.  Borders  of,  and  open  spots  in,  tamarack-black  spruce  swamps. 
Common  throughout. 

4 

Eriophorum  virginicum  L.  Virginia  cotton  grass.  Open  bogs  and  wet 
meadow-like  ground.     Common  throughout. 

Kynchospora  alba  (L.)  Vahl.  White  beak  rush.  Wet  boggy  open 
ground  throughout.     Common. 

Cladium  mariscoides  (Muhl.)  Torr.  Twig  rush.  Bogs  and  very  wet- 
sandy  ground.     Frequent. 

Car  ex  scoparia  Schkuhr.  Pointed  broom  sedge.  Open  damp  or  dryish 
ground  throughout.     Frequent 

Carex  iribidoides  Wahlenb.  Blunt  brown  sedge.  Wet  places  and 
damp  meadow-like  open  ground.     Frequent  throughout. 

Carex  siccata  Dewey.  Hillside  sedge.  Dry  open  sandy  ground.  Oc- 
casional throughout. 

Carex  crawfordii  Fernald.  Crawford's  sedge.  Drj-  open  ground  at 
Emerson,  Vermilion  and  Whitefish  Point.     Plentiful. 

Carex  albolutescens  Schwein.  Greenish-white  sedge.  Damp  or  drjdsh 
ground  near  Emerson,  Whitefish  Point  and  Vermilion.     Plentiful. 

Carex  tenera  Dewey.  Straw  sedge.  Dry  open  spots  in  woods  near 
lower  falls  of  the  Tahquamenon  River  above  Emerson.  Apparently 
infrequent. 


CHIPPEWA  COUNTY  139 

Carex  beblrii  Olney.  Bebb's  sedge.  Low  and  dryish  ground  near 
Emerson  and  Vermilion.     Plentiful. 

Carex  aenea  Fernald.  Fernald's  hay  sedge.  Drj'  ground,  especially 
lumbered  over  and  burned  over  sand  ridges  near  Vermilion.    Frequent . 

Carex  adusta  Boott.  Browned  sedge.  Dry  open  ground  near  Emerson. 
Apparently  not  common. 

Carex  stellulata  Good.  Little  prickly  sedge.  Open  low  and  damp 
ground.     Common  throughout. 

Carex  leersii  angustata  (Carey)  Mackenzie.  Tapering  sedge.  Open 
low  ground  near  Emerson.     Apparently  infrequent. 

Carex  sterilis  Wilkl.  (C.  scirpoides  Schk.).  Prickly  sedge.  Damp 
open  ground  near  Eckerman  and  Vermilion.     Plentiful. 

Carex  canescens  disjuncta  Fernald.  Disjointed  sedge.  Wet  open 
ground  near  Emerson  and  Vermilion.     Plentiful. 

Carex  brunnescens  Poir.  Brownish  sedge.  Dry  open  ground  near 
Vermilion.     Apparently  infrequent. 

Carex  deweyana  Schwein.  Dewey's  sedge.  Beech-maple-birch  woods 
throughout.     Frequent. 

Carex  trisperma  Dewey.  Three-fruited  sedge.  Tamarack-black 
spruce  swamps  throughout.     Common. 

Carex  tenella  Schkuhr.  Soft-leaved  sedge.  Margins  and  open  places 
of  tamarack-black  spruce  swamps  throughout.     Common. 

Carex  vulpinoidea  Michx.  Fox  sedge.  Damp  open  ground  near  lower 
falls  of  the  Tahquamenon  River  back  of  Emerson.  Apparently  infre- 
quent. 

Carex  diandra  Schrank.  Lesser  panicled  sedge.  Open  bogs  and  wel 
prairie-like  ground  throughout.     Common. 

Carex  stipata  Muhl.    Awl-fruited  sedge.    Very  wet  and  open  bog 
ground.     Common  throughout. 

Carex  sartwellii  Dewey.  SartwelFs  sedge.  Boggy  open  ground. 
Frequent. 

Carex  chordorrhiza  L.f.     Creeping  sedge.     Wet  grassy  ground,  and 
boggy  places  about  ponds  throughout..    Abundant  at  Emerson,  Win' 
fish  Point  and  Vermilion. 

Carex  criniia  Lam.  Fringed  sedge.  Wet  and  usua  1  ly  >1  ia<  1< ■<  1  gr<  >i :  1 u  1 
throughout.     Common. 

Carex  aquatilis  substricta  Kukenthal.  Smaller  water  sedge.  Very 
wet  open  places  throughout.     Common. 

Carex  stricta  Lam.  Tussock  sedge.  Very  wet  open  or  slightly  sha<  1< •<  I 
places.     Common. 

Carex  aurea  Nutt.  Golden-fruited  sedge.  Grassy  meadow-like 
ground.     Frequent. 

Carex  hassei  Bailey.  Hasse's  sedge.  Gravelly  shore  of  Lake  Superior. 
Frequent. 


140  BOTANY    OF    MICHIGAN 

Car  ex  pauciflora  Lightf.  Few-flowered  sedge.  Open  places  in  tama- 
rack-black spruce  swamp  at  Vermilion  growing  in  deep  sphagnum. 
Apparently  infrequent. 

Car  ex  leptalea  Wahlenb.  Bristle-stalked  sedge.  Bogs  and  wet  open 
meadow-like  ground.     Common  throughout. 

Carex  polygama  Schkuhr.  Brown  sedge.  Bogs  and  wet  prairie-like 
ground  throughout.     Common. 

Carex  gracillima  Schwein.  Graceful  sedge.  Beech-maple-birch 
woods  throughout.     Common. 

Carex  communis  Bailey.  Fibrous-rooted  sedge.  Beech-maple-birch 
woods  throughout  and  frequent. 

Carex  pennsylvanica  Lam.  Pennsylvania  sedge.  Dry  open  ground, 
especially  on  lumbered  over  and  burned  over  sand  ridges.    Common. 

Carex  livida  (Wahlenb)  Willd.  Livid  sedge.  Wet  marshy  open  ground 
throughout. 

Carex  paupercula  Michx.  Bog  sedge.  Boggy  open  ground  near  Ver- 
milion and  Emerson.     Frequent. 

Carex  limosa  L.  Mud  sedge.  Boggy  open  ground  and  very  wet  sand 
throughout.     Abundant  near  Whitefish  Point  and  Vermilion. 

Carex  laxiflora  leptonervia  Fern  aid.  Two-edged  sedge.  Damp  places 
on  border  of  beech-maple-birch  woods  throughout.    Often  abundant. 

Carex  flava  L.    Yellow  sedge.     Damp  marshy  places.     Common. 

Carex  flava  rectirostra.  Gaudin.  SmalJ  yellow  sedge.  Open  wet 
marshy  ground  throughout.     Frequent. 

Carex  oederi  Retz.  Green  sedge.  Bogs,  damp  meadow-like  ground 
and  in  damp  sand  near  shores.     Frequent  throughout. 

Carex  arctata  Boott.  Drooping  wood  sedge.  Beech-birch-maple 
woods  throughout.     Frequent. 

Carex  debilis  rudgei.  Bailey.  Rudge's  sedge.  Lumbered  over  and 
burned  over  sand  ridges  near  Vermilion.     Frequent. 

Carex  scabrata  Schwein.  Rough  sedge.  Damp  open  ground  near  Eck- 
erman  and  Emerson.     Frequent. 

Carex  filiformis  L.  Slender  sedge.  Open  bogs  and  wet  marshes 
throughout.     Abundant. 

Carex  lanuginosa  Michx.  Woolly  sedge.  Low  wet  open  ground, 
often  in  wet  sand.     Frequent. 

Carex  koughtonii  Torr.  Houghton's  sedge.  Dry  open  ground  near 
Vermilion.     Apparently  infrequent. 

Carex  oligospermia  Michx.  Few-seeded  sedge.  Open  bogs  and  very 
wet  marshes  throughout.     Often  abundant. 

Carex  hystericina  Muhl.  Porcupine  sedge.  Very  wet  marshy  ground. 
Common  throughout. 

Carex  retrorsa  Schwein.  Retrorse  sedge.  Wet  open  or  slightly  shaded 
ground  throughout.     Frequent. 


CHIPPEWA  COUNTY  141 

Car  ex  intumescens  Rudge.    Bladder  sedge.    Beech-maple-birch  woods 

throughout.     Frequent. 

Carcx  folliculata  L.  Long  sedge.  Damp  ground  on  margins  of  woods 
and  open  places  in  tamarack-black  spruce  swamps.    Plentiful  throughout. 

Carex  michauxiana  Boeckl.  Yellowish  sedge.  Open  bogs  and  very 
wet  places  throughout.     Common. 

Carex  mainensis  Porter.  Maine  sedge.  Damp  open  ground  near 
Whitefish  Point.  Apparently  infrequent.  See  Britton  and  Brown,  2nd 
Edition,  Vol.  1,  page  432. 

Carex  vesicaria  monile  (Tuckerm)  Fernald.  Necklace  sedge.  Damp 
open  ground  near  Vermilion.     Apparently  infrequent. 

Carex  rostrata  utriculata  (Boott)  Bailey.  Beaked  sedge  Very  wet 
open  places  throughout.     Common. 

Carex  tuckerrnani  Dewey.  Tuckerman's  sedge.  Rich  open  ground 
near  Tahquamenon  River  at  Emerson.     Not  common. 

ARACEAE.     Arum  Family 

Arisaema  triphyllum  (L.)  Schott.  Indian  turnip.  Jack-in-the-pulpit. 
Beech-maple-birch  woods  throughout.     Common. 

Symplocarpus  foetidus  (L.)  Nutt.    Skunk  cabbage.    Wet  ground  m 
Emerson.     Apparently  rare. 

ERIOCAULACEAE.     Pipewort  Family 

Eriocaulon  articulatwn  (Huds.)  Morong.  Seven-angled  pipewort. 
On  borders  of  ponds  and  in  shallow  water  throughout.  Abundant  near 
Whitefish  Point. 

PONTEDERIACEAE.     Pickerel-weed  Family 

Pontederia  cordata  L.    Pickerel-weed.    In  shallow  water  of  ponds  a 
small  lakes  throughout.     Frequent. 

JUNCACEAE.     Rush  Family 

Juncus  bufonius  L.  Toad  rush.  Damp  open  ground  throughout. 
Common. 

Juncus  tenuis  Wllld.  Slender  rush.  In  open  ground  throughout. 
Common. 

Juncus  greenei  Oaks  &  Tuckerm.  Green's  rush.  ( >pen  sandy  ground 
near  Lake  Superior  shore  at  Vermilion.    Apparently  infrequenl . 

Juncus  balticus  littoralis  Engelm.  Baltic  rush.  Frequeni  on  sandy 
beach  of  Lake  Superior  as  an  efficient  sand  binder,  and  occasionally  in 
low  damp  ground  throughout. 

Juncus  effusus  L.  Common  rush.  Soft  rush.  Marshy  open  -round. 
Common  throughout. 


142  BOTANY    OF    MICHIGAN 

J  uncus  brachycephalus  (Engelm.)  Buchenau.  Small-headed  rush. 
Marshy  open  places  throughout.     Plentiful  near  Vermilion. 

J  uncus  brevicaudatus  (Engelm.)  Fernald.  Narrow  panicled  rush. 
Wet  and  muddy  places  throughout.     Plentiful  near  Vermilion. 

J  uncus  canadensis  J.  Gay.  Canada  rush.  Low  marshy  open  ground. 
Plentiful  throughout. 

Juncus  pelocarpus  Mey.  Brown-fruited  rush.  Swampy  open  places 
throughout.     Plentiful  near  Vermilion. 

LILIACEAE.     Lily  Family 

Tofieldia  glutinosa  (Michx.)  Pers.  Glutinous  tofieldia.  Marshy  open 
ground  throughout.     Abundant  near  Eckerman. 

Allium  tricoccum  Ait.  Wild  leek.  Beech-birch-maple  woods  through- 
out and  often  plentiful. 

Erythronium  americanum  Ker.  Yellow  adder's  tongue.  Beech- 
maple-birch  woods  throughout.     Seldom  abundant. 

Clintonia  borealis  (Ait.)  Raf.  Yellow  clintonia.  Very  abundant 
throughout  in  beech-maple-birch  woods. 

Smilacina  racemosa  (L.)  Desf.  False  spikenard.  Beech-maple-birch 
woods  throughout.     Common. 

Smilacina  stellata  (L.)  Desf.  Star-flowered  Solomon's  seal.  Moist 
open  or  slightly  shaded  ground,  and  also  sandy  open  or  shaded  places 
throughout.     Often  plentiful. 

Smilacina  trifolia  (L.)  Desf.  Three-leaved  Solomon's  seal.  In  bogs 
and  wet  open  places  throughout.    Abundant  near  Vermilion. 

Maianthemum  canadense  Desf.  Wild  lily-of -the- valley.  Beech-maple- 
birch  woods  throughout.     Often  abundant. 

Streptopus  amplexifolius  (L.)  DC.  Clasping-leaved  twdsted-stalk. 
Borders  of  woods  in  damp  ground  and  along  banks  of  streams.  Often  in 
shade.     Frequent  throughout. 

Streptopus  roseus  Michx.  Sessile-leaved  twisted-stalk.  Beech-maple- 
birch  woods  throughout.     Plentiful. 

Streptopus  longipes  Fernald.  Long-stemmed  twisted-stalk."  Beech- 
maple-birch  woods.     Frequent. 

Polygonatum  biflorum  (Walt.)  Ell.  Hairy  Solomon's  seal.  Beech- 
maple-birch  woods  throughout.     Plentiful. 

Medeola  virginiana  L.  Indian  cucumber-root.  Beech-maple-birch 
woods  throughout.     Plentiful. 

Trillium  cernv.um  L.  Nodding  wake-robin.  Beech-maple-birch 
woods,  throughout.     Frequent. 

IRIDACEAE.     Iris  Family 

Iris  versicolor  L.  Large  blue  flag.  Open  wet  ground  throughout,  but 
seldom  abundant. 


CHIPPEWA  COUNTY  143 

ORCHIDACEAE.     Orchis  Family 

Cypripedium  parviflorum  Salisb.  Smaller  yellow  lady's  slipper.  Wet 
swampy  ground  throughout. 

Cypripedium  parviflorum  pubescens  (Willd.)  Knight.  Larger  yellow 
lady's  slipper.    Rich  shaded  ground.    Frequent  throughout. 

Cypripedium  acaule  Ait.  Stemless  lady's  slipper.  Tamarack-black 
spruce  swamps  in  sphagnum  throughout,  but  never  abundant.  Also  in 
shaded  sandy  ground. 

Habenaria  bracteata  (Willd.)  R.Br.  Long-bracted  orchis.  Dam]) 
open  woods.     Frequent. 

Habenaria  hyperborea  (L.)  R.Br.  Tall  leafy  green  orchis.  Damp 
hardwoods.     Frequent. 

Habenaria  dilatata  (Pursh)  Gray.  Tall  white  bog  orchis.  Open  wet 
and  boggy  places  throughout.     Frequent. 

Habenaria  clavellata  (Michx.)  Spreng.  Boggy  wet  open  ground. 
Frequent.  Shaded  swampy  ground  especially  in  tamarack-black  spruce 
swamps.     Frequent  throughout. 

Habenaria  hookcri  Torr.  Hooker's  orchis.  Dry  shaded  ground.  Ap- 
parently infrequent. 

Habenaria  orbiculata  (Pursh)  Torr.  Round-leaved  orchis.  Rich 
shaded  ground  near  Vermilion.    Apparently  infrequent.    N.  A.  Wood. 

Pogonia  ophioglossoides  (L.)  Ker.  Rose  pogonia.  Open  wet  boggy 
ground  near  Vermilion.     Not  common. 

Calopogon  pulchellus  (Sw.)  R.Br.    Grass  pink.    Open  wet  and  bog 
places  near  Vermilion.     Apparently  not  common.     N.  A.  Wood. 

Arethusa  bulbosa  L.  Dragon's  mouth.  Open  bogs  at  Vermilion. 
Probably  frequent  throughout  but  overlooked. 

Spiranthes  cernua  (L.)  Richard.  Nodding  ladies'  tresse-.  Boggy 
open  places  and  wet  open  ground  generally.     Frequent. 

Epipactis  repens  ophioides  (Fernald)  A.  A.  Eaton.  Lesser  rattle- 
snake plantain.  Rich  ground  and  on  old  mossy  logs  in  beech-maple- 
birch  woods  throughout.     Frequent. 

Epipactis  decipiens  (Hook.)  Ames.  Menzie's  rattlesnake  plantain. 
Dryish  open  or  slightly  shaded  places,  often  in  rich  ground.  Plentiful 
throughout. 

Listera  cordata  (L.)  R.Br.  Heart-leaved  twayblade.  Wry  we1  and 
swamp}'-  place  near  Vermilion.  Apparently  infrequent,  probably  over- 
looked. 

Listera  convallarioides  (Sw.)  Torr.  Broad-lipped  twayblade  Damp 
places  in  hardwoods.     Frequent  but  seldom  abundant. 


144  BOTANY    OF    MICHIGAN 

SALICACEAE.     Willow  Family 

Salix  lucida  Muhl.  Shining  willow.  Damp  open  ground  throughout. 
Common. 

Salix  lucida  intonsa  Fernald.  Bearded  shining  willow.  Damp  open 
ground  at  Eckerman.     Apparently  infrequent. 

Salix  alba  L.  White  willow.  Occasionally  planted  but  not  noticed 
as  an  escape* 

Salix  longifolia  Muhl.  Sand  bar  willow.  Along  small  streams  and  in 
sandy  ground.     Frequent. 

Salix  glaucophylla  Bebb.  Broad-leaved  willow.  Sandy  open  ground 
on  or  near  sandy  beach  of  Lake  Superior.     Frequent. 

Salix  balsamifera  Barratt.  Balsam  willow.  Wet  bushy  places  and 
borders  of  tamarack-black  spruce  swamps  at  Vermilion  and  Emerson. 
Plentiful. 

Salix  syrticola  Fernald.  Furry  willow.  In  sandy  ground  near  and  on 
the  beach  of  Lake  Superior.     Frequent. 

Salix  pedicellaris  Pursh.  Bog  willow.  Open  wet  and  boggy  places 
throughout.     Common. 

Salix  discolor  Muhl.  Glaucous  willow.  Damp  open  ground  and  along 
streams.     Common. 

Salix  petiolaris  Sm.  Slender  willow.  Damp  open  ground  and  often 
in  damp  sand.     Abundant  throughout. 

Salix  humilis  Marsh.  Prairie  willow.  Dry  open  ground  on  sand 
dunes  and  lumbered  over  and  burned  over  sand  ridges.     Plentiful. 

Salix  rostrata  Richards.  Beaked  willow.  Usually  on  dryish  open 
ground  throughout.     Plentiful. 

Scdix  Candida  Flugge.  Sage  willow.  Open  wet  and  boggy  places 
throughout.     Common. 

Populus  alba  L.  White  poplar.  Occasionally  planted  but  not  noticed 
as  spreading. 

Populus  tremuloidcs  Michx.  American  aspen.  Noticed  in  this  region 
only  in  dry  or  sandy  ground.  Scarce  at  Eckerman,  Emerson,  Shell- 
drake,  Whitefish  Point  and  Vermilion.  Seldom  abundant  anywhere  in 
the  county. 

Populus  grandideviata  Michx.  Large-toothed  aspen.  Throughout 
the  county  but  nowmere  very  common. 

Popidus  balsamifera  L.  Balsam  poplar.  Throughout  the  county, 
trees  often  large.     Plentiful. 

Populus  deltoides  Marsh.  Large-leaved  poplar.  Carolina  poplar.  A 
form  of  this  species,  planted  at  Sault  Ste.  Marie,  but  not  noticed  as 
spreading. 


CHIPPEWA  COUNTY  14<5 

MYRICACEAE.     Sweet  Gale  Family 

Myrica  gale  L.  Sweet  gale.  Wet  places,  borders  of  ponds,  and  in 
swamps  throughout.    Very  abundant  at  Whitefish  Point  and  Vermilion. 

Myrica  asplenfolia  L.  Sweet  fern.  Open  or  slightly  shaded  i  Lry  san<  ly 
ground  throughout.     Often  abundant. 

BETULACEAE.     Birch  Family 

Corylus  rostrata  Ait.  Beaked  hazelnut.  Dry  open  ground  through- 
out.    Frequent  and  in  spots  abundant. 

Ostrya  Virginian  a  (Mill)  K.  Koch.    Ironwood.    Noticed  as  frequenl  in 
rich  ground  with  other  trees  from  Pickford  to  Detour.     Reported 
frequent  along  the  Tahquamenon  River  back  of  Emerson,  but  not  seen 
by  the  writer. 

Betula  lutea  Michx.f.  Yellow  birch.  In  rich  ground  with  sugar  maple 
and  beech  forming  large  forests  yet  standing.  Trees  often  large.  Land 
cruisers  and  lumbermen  call  the  small  smooth-barked  trees  'yellow 
birch"  and  the  large  ones  with  shaggy  bark,  "red  birch". 

Betula  alba  papyrifera  (Marsh)  Spach.  White  birch.  Canoe  birch. 
With  other  trees  throughout.     Seldom  abundant. 

Betula  pumila  glandulifera  Michx.  Glandular  low  birch.  Border- 
and  in  open  places  of  tamarack-black  spruce  swamps  throughout. 
Abundant. 

Alnus  incana  (L.)  Moench.  Speckled  alder.  Swamps  and  borders  of 
streams  throughout.  Abundant  along  Shelldrake  River,  covering  the 
river  bottom  forming  an  excellent  day  shelter  for  deer. 

FAGACEAE.     Beech  Family 

Fagus  grandifolia  Ehrh.     Beech.     In  rich  ground  with  other  tn 
forming  large  forests  throughout. 

Quercus  macrocarpa  Michx.  Bur  oak.  Noticed  only  in  rich  ground 
with  other  trees  from  Brimley  to  Detour.  Trees  often  very  large  and  tall. 
Reported  as  formerly  plentiful  in  eastern  half  of  Chippewa  County. 

Q.bicolor  Willd.  Swamp  white  oak.  Reported  along  the  Tahquam- 
enon River  above  the  lower  falls,  but  not  seen.  Since  noticed  along 
the  river  in  Luce  County.  Known  to  lumbermen  generally  as  'blue 
oak". 

Quercus  rubra  L.  Red  oak.  More  or  less  throughout.  Frequent  on 
sand  ridges;  plentiful  on  sand  dunes  and  in  sandy  ground  along  hake 
Superior  shore  from  Shelldrake  to  Vermilion.  Common  on  sandy  gr< mud 
up  the  Tahquamenon  River  back  of  Emerson.  Trees  usually  small, 
large  ones  having  been  cut.  Staminate  flowers  abundant  June  17,  L914. 
19 


146  BOTANY    OF    MICHIGAN 

URTICACEAE.     Nettle  Family 

Ulmus  americana  L.  American  elm.  Frequent  throughout,  especially 
along  streams.    Often  with  beech  and  maple,  and  many  trees  large. 

Urtica  gracilis  Ait.  Slender  nettle.  Occasional  throughout  in  moist 
open  or  slight ly  shaded  ground. 

SANTALACEAE.     Sandalwood  Family 

Comandra  richardsiana  Fernald.  Richards'  toadflax.  T>ry  sandy 
ground  throughout.     Often  abundant. 

Comandra  livida  Richards.  Northern  comandra.  In  dry  sandy  ground 
near  Vermilion.     Apparently  infrequent.     Probably  overlooked. 

POLYGONACEAE.     Buckwheat  Family 

Rumex  britannica  L.  Great  water  dock.  Wet  swampy  mostly  open 
places  throughout.  Common  near  Vermilion  on  border  of  tamarack- 
black  spruce  swamps. 

Rumex  crispus  L.  Yellow  dock.  In  cultivated  and  waste  grounds 
throughout.     Common. 

Rumex  obtusifolius  L.  Bitter  dock.  As  a  weed  in  cultivated  grounds. 
Infrequent. 

Rumex  aeetosella  L.  Field  sorrel.  Frequent  as  a  weed  near  dwellings 
and  cultivated  grounds. 

Polygonum  aviculare  L.  Knot-grass.  About  dwellings  and  in  culti- 
vated grounds  as  a  weed.     Frequent. 

Polygonum  erectum  L.  Erect  knotweed.  Only  as  a  weed  in  waste 
places,  cultivated  grounds  and  about  dwellings.     Not  common. 

Polygonum  ramosissimum  Michx.  Bushy  knotweed.  Abundant  in  a 
clearing  north  of  Eckerman,  appearing  to  be  introduced. 

Polygonum  lapathifolium  L.  Pale  persicaria.  Occasional  about  farm 
buildings  and  in  cultivated  grounds,  appearing  to  be  introduced. 

Polygonum  amphibium  L.  Water  persicaria.  Along  streams  and 
ponds  throughout.     Plentiful. 

Polygonum  hydropiper  L.  Common  smartweed.  Damp  open  or 
slightly  shaded  ground  throughout.     Often  plentiful. 

Polygonum  persicaria  I;.  Lady's  thumb.  Occasional  as  a  weed  about 
farm  buildings  and  in  cultivated  grounds. 

Polygonum  sagittatum  L.  Arrow-leaved  tear-thumb.  Damp  or 
swampy  places,  open  or  slightly  shaded  throughout.     Frequent. 

Polygonum  convolvulus  L.  Black  bindweed.  As  a  weed  in  gardens 
and  cultivated  grounds.     Not  abundant. 

Polygonum  cilinode  Michx.  Fringed  black  bindweed.  Open  dryish  or 
damp  ground  throughout.     Abundant  in  spots. 


CHIPPEWA  COUNTY  147 

Polygonella  articulata  (L.)  Meisn.  Coast  jointweed.  In  sandy  open 
ground  throughout.     Often  abundant. 

CHENOPODIACEAE.     Goosefoot  Family 

Chenpodium  capitalum  (L.)  Asch.  Strawberry  blite.  Open  ground 
near  Eckerman.     Apparently  infrequent. 

Chenopodium  album  L.    Lamb's  quarters.    Pigweed.    Only  as  a  wi 
in  cultivated  grounds  and  apparently  not  abundant. 

Atriplex  patula  hastata  (L.)  Gray.  Halbard-leaved  orache.  Occasional 
as  a  weed  about  farm  buildings  and  in  streets  of  villages. 

Atriplex  paiula  littoralis  (L.)  Gray.  Shore  orache.  Streets  of  Detour. 
Apparently  infrequent. 

Salsola  kali  tenuifolia  G.  F.  W.  Mey.  Russian  thistle.  Occasional 
about  farm  buildings  in  and  about  Sault  Ste.  Marie. 

AMARANTHACEAE.     Amaranth  Family 

Amaranthus  retroflexis  L.  Amaranth  pigweed.  In  cultivated  and 
waste  grounds  throughout  but  seldom  abundant. 

Amaranthus  graecizans  L.  Tumbleweed.  In  cultivated  grounds.  Xot 
abundant. 

Amaranthus  blitoides  Wats.  Prostrate  amaranth.  Only  as  a  weed 
about  villages  and  not  abundant. 

PHYTOLACCACEAE.     Pokeweed  Family 

Phytolacca  decandra  L.  Pokeweed.  Pigeon  berry.  Noticed  by  T.  L. 
Hankinson,  ichthyologist,  near  Vermilion.  Very  probably  an  escape 
from  cultivation. 

CARYOPHYLLACEAE.     Pink  Family 

Spergula  arvensis  L.  Corn  spurrey.  Along  roads  and  in  clearings 
north  of  Eckerman.     Plentiful. 

Stellaria  borealis  Bigel.  Northern  stitchwort.  Open  damp  places  in 
tamarack-black  spruce  swamps  near  Vermilion.     Abundant. 

Stellaria  longi  folia  Muhl.  Long-leaved  stitchwort.  Damp  open 
places  throughout.     Frequent. 

Stellaria  media  (L.)  Cyrill.     Common  chickweed.     A  weed  in  \\;t 
places  and  cultivated  grounds  but  seldom  abundant. 

Cerastium  vulgatum  L.  Common  mouse-ear  chickweed.  In  cult  ivat e<  1 
grounds  but  seldom  abundant. 

Lychnis  alba  Mill.  White  campion.  Occasional  about  farm  buildings 
and  in  waste  places  as  a  weed. 


148  BOTANY    OF    MICHIGAN 

PORTULACACEAE.     Purslane  Family 

Claytonia  caroliniana  Michx.  Carolina  spring  beauty.  Beech-maple- 
birch  woods  throughout.     Common. 

Portulaca  oleracea  L.  Common  purslane.  A  weed  in  gardens  but 
apparent^  not  abundant. 

NYMPHAEACEAE.     Water  Lily  Family 

Ny?nphaea  advena  Ait.  Yellow  pond  lily.  In  ponds,  small  lakes,  and 
slow  streams  throughout.     Common. 

Nymphaea  advena  variegata  (Engelm)  Fernald.  Variegated  yellow 
pond  lily.  Noticed  near  the  lower  falls  of  the  Tahquamenon  River  above 
Emerson. 

Castalia  tuber osa  (Paine)  Green.  Tuberous  white  water  lily.  In  open 
ponds  and  small  lakes  throughout.     Frequent. 

Brasenia  schreberi  Gmel.  Water  shield.  In  ponds,  small  lakes,  and 
slow  streams.     Plentiful. 

RANUNCULACEAE     Crowfoot  Family 

Ranunculus  purshii  Richards.  Pursh's  buttercup.  Abundant  along 
a  slow  stream  in  tamarack-black  spruce  swamp  near  Vermilion.  Not 
noticed  elsewhere. 

Ranunculus  abortivus  L.  Small-flowered  crowfoot.  In  beech-maple- 
birch  woods  and  other  damp  shaded  places  throughout.     Frequent. 

Ranunculus  recurvatus  Poir.  Hooked  crowfoot.  Beech-maple-birch 
woods  throughout.     Frequent. 

Ranunculus  septentrionalis  Poir.  Swamp  buttercup.  Moist  open  or 
shaded  places  throughout.     Frequent. 

Ranunculus  pennsylvanicus  L.f.  Bristly  crowfoot.  Wet  open  places. 
Apparently  rare. 

Ranunculus  acris  L.  Tall  crowfoot.  Established  throughout,  appear- 
ing like  a  native  plant,  but  nowhere  abundant. 

Thalictrum  dasycarpum  Fisch.  and  Lall.  Purplish  meadow  rue.  Rich 
ground  on  borders  of  woods,  along  streams  and  in  thickets.  Frequent 
throughout. 

Hepatica  acutiloba  DC.  Sharp-lobed  liver  leaf.  Hardwoods.  Fre- 
quent. 

Anemone  canadensis  L.  Canada  anemone.  Damp  open  ground 
throughout.     Frequent. 

Clematis  virginiana  L.  Virginia  virgin's  bower.  Along  small  streams. 
Frequent  throughout. 

Caltha  palustris  L.  Marsh  marigold.  Wet  open  shaded  ground 
throughout.     Frequent. 


CHIPPEWA  COUNTY  149 

Coptis  trifolia  (L.)  Salisb.  Goldthread.  Dam])  open  or  shaded 
ground  throughout.     Common. 

Aetata  rubra  (Ait.)  Willd.  Red  baneberry.  In  woods  throughout. 
Frequent. 

Actaea  alba  (L.)  Mill.  White  baneberry.  Beech-maplc-Lin-h  woods 
throughout.     Frequent. 

FUMARIACEAE.     Fumitory  Family 

Dicentra  cucullaria  (L.)  Bernh.  Dutchman's  breeches.  Beech-maple- 
birch  woods  near  Eckerman.     Apparently  infrequent. 

CRUCIFERAE.     Mustard  Family 

Alyssum  alyssoides  L.  Yellow  alyssum.  In  and  about  Sault  Ste. 
Marie  as  a  weed.     Frequent. 

Lepidium  virginicum  L.  Wild  pepper-grass.  In  and  about  Saull  Ste. 
Marie  as  a  weed,  and  in  cultivated  grounds. 

Capsella  bursa-pastoris  (L.)  Medic.  Shepherd's  purse.  As  a  weed  in 
cultivated  grounds,  but  not  abundant. 

Cakile  edentula  (Sigel.)  Hook.  American  sea  rocket.  Beach  of  Lake 
Superior.     Seldom  abundant. 

Brassica  arvensis  (L.)  Ktze.  Common  mustard.  A  weed  in  cultivated 
grounds  but  apparently  infrequent. 

Sisymbrium  officinale  leiocarpum  DC.  Smooth-podded  hedge  must  art  1 . 
Occasional  as  a  weed  about  dwellings  and  in  villages. 

Sisymbrium,  altissimum  L.  Tumble  mustard.  Near  Trout  Lake  as  a 
weed.     Infrequent. 

Erysimum  cheiranthoides  L.     Worm-seed  mustard.     In   cultival 
grounds  but  not  abundant. 

Radicula  naslurtium-aquaticum  (L.)  Britten  &  Rendle.  True  water 
cress.     Occasional  throughout  in  small  creeks  and  ditches. 

Radicula  palustris  (L.)  Moench.  Marsh  cress.  Wet  open  or  slightly 
shaded  places  throughout.     Not  common. 

Barbarea  vulgaris  R.Br.  Common  winter  cress.  Occasional  through- 
out in  low  ground. 

Cardamine  praiensis  L.  Cuckoo  flower.  Border  of  small  slow-run- 
ning creek  in  tamarack-black  spruce  swamp  near  Vermilion.  Appar- 
ently infrequent. 

Cardamine  pennsylvanica  Muhl.    Pennsylvania  bitter  cr<  ss.     Alonf 
slow  running  creek  in  a  tamarack-Mack  spruce  swa  op  near  Vermilion, 
Apparent! y  rare. 

Arabis  lyrata  L.  Lyre-leaved  rock  ere  Sandy  shores  <>i  Lake 
Superior  at  Whitefish  Point,  but  not  abundant. 


150  BOTANY    OF    MICHIGAN 

SARRACENIACEAE.     Pitcher-plant  Family 

Sarracenia  purpurea  L.  Pitcher-plant.  Bogs  and  swamps  through- 
out.    Frequent. 

DROSERACEAE.     Sundew  Family 

Drosera  ro'undifolia  L.  Round-leaved  sundew.  In  bogs  and  swamps 
throughout.     Often  abundant. 

Drosera  longifolia  L.  Oblong-leaved  sundew.  Bogs  and  wet  sandy 
shores.     Apparently  infrequent. 

CRASSULACEAE.     Orpine  Family 

Sedum  acre  L.  Mossy  stone  crop.  Noticed  on  sandy  ground  in  and 
about  Sault  Ste  Marie. 

Sedum  purpureum  Tausch.  Live-for-ever.  Noticed  as  an  escape  in 
and  about  Sault  Ste.  Marie. 

SAXIFRAGACEAE.     Saxifrage  Family 

Tiarella  cordifolia  L.  Beech-maple-birch  woods  throughout.  Fre- 
quent. 

Mitella  nuda  L.  Naked  bishop's  cap.  Woods,  especially  tamarack- 
black  spruce  swamps  throughout.     Common. 

Chrysosplenium  americana  Schwein.  Golden  saxifrage.  Wet  shaded 
places  especially  along  small  slow  streams.    Common  throughout. 

Parnassia  caroliniana  Michx.  Carolina  grass-of-parnassus.  Swampy 
open  or  slightly  shaded  places  throughout.     Frequent. 

Ribes  floridum  L'Her.  Wild  black  currant.  Damp  shaded  ground 
throughout.     Frequent. 

Ribes  lacusire  (Pers.)  Poir.  Swamp  black  currant.  Woods  throughout 
and  frequent. 

Ribes  prostratum  L'Her.  Skunk  currant.  Beech-maple-birch  woods 
throughout.     Frequent. 

ROSACEAE.     Rose  Family 

Physocarpus  opulifolius  (L.)  Maxim.  Ninebark.  Along  banks  of 
streams  throughout.     Common. 

Spiraea  salicifolia  L.  Meadow-sweet.  Low  damp  open  ground,  often 
in  damp  sand,  throughout.     Common. 

Pyrus  malus  L.  Apple.  Along  roads  and  margins  of  woods  through- 
out.    Frequent. 

Pyrus  arbutifolia  atropurpurea  (Britton)  Robinson.  Purple-fruited 
chokeberry.  Damp  open  or  slightly  shaded  swampy  places.  Common 
throughout.     Occasional  on  sand  dunes. 


CHIPPEWA  COUNTY  151 

Pyrus  americana  (Marsh.)  DC.  American  mountain  ash.  Wooda 
everywhere.  Common.  Often  40  feet  high.  Prof.  C.  S.  Sargent  -ays 
in  this  region  the  mountain  ashes  come  close  to  what  he  calls  Sorbua 
americana  decora  Sarg.  See  Manual  of  the  Trees  of  North  America 
C.  S.  Sargent,  page  357. 

Amelanchier  laevis  Wiegand.  Smooth-leaved  juneberry.  In  dryish 
open  or  shaded  ground  throughout.  Frequent.  Rhodora  Vol.  1  1-1.71. 
No.  163,  July  1912. 

Amelanchier  bartramiana  (Tausch)  Roemer.  Bartram's  juneberry. 
Borders  of  woods  throughout.  Common.  Rhodora  Vol.  14-158,  No. 
163.  July  1912. 

Amelanchier  bartramiana,  laevis.  Common  throughout.  Hybrids 
seem  to  prevail  in  Chippewa  County. 

Crataegus  rotwidifolia  Moench.  Round-leaved  thorn.  ( lommon 
along  the  Tahquamenon  River  near  Emerson. 

Crataegus  douglasii  Lindl.     Douglas'  thorn.     (C.  brockwayae  San 
At  Emerson  and  Vermilion  in  sandy  open  or  slightly  shaded  ground. 
Not  frequent. 

Fragaria  virginiana  Duchesne.  Common  strawberry.  Dryish  open 
or  slightly  shaded  ground  throughout.     Common. 

Fragaria  virginiana  glauca  Wats.  Glaucous  western  strawberry.  Dry 
open  ground  near  Vermilion.     Frequent. 

Fragaria  vesca  americana  Porter.  American  wood  strawl  jerry.  \Y<  m  n Is 
and  often  in  tamarack-black  spruce  swamps.    Frequent  throughout. 

Potentilla  monspeliensis  L.  Rough  cinquefoil.  Open  sandy  ground 
throughout.     Common. 

Potentilla  palustris  (L.)  Scop.  Marsh  five  finger.  Open  wet  boggy 
places  throughout.     Common. 

Potentilla  fruticosa  L.  Shrubby  cinquefoil.  Damp  open  ground 
throughout.     Plentiful  near  Eckerman. 

Potentilla  tridentata  Ait.  Three-toothed  cinquefoil.  Damp  or  dry 
open  ground  throughout.     Often  abundant  in  spots. 

Potentilla  canadensis  L.  Common  cinquefoil.  Open  dry  sandy  ground 
throughout.     Not  common. 

Geum  canadense  Jacq.    White  avens.    Woods  throughout.     Plentiful. 

Geum  strictum  Ait.  Yellow  avens.  Moist  open  ground  throughout. 
Frequent. 

Geum  rivale  L.     Water  avens.     Wet  open  or  slightly  shaded  pku 
throughout. 

Rubus  idaeus  aculeatissimus  (C.  A.  Mey.)  Regel  &  Tiling.  Wild  red 
raspberry.  Dryish  open  or  slightly  shaded  ground  throughout.  <  tommon. 

Rubus  triflorus   Richards.     Dwarf   raspberry.      Wei    shaded   pk 
throughout.     Common. 


152  BOTANY    OF    MICHIGAN 

Rubus  allegheniensis  Porter.  Tail  blackberry.  Dry  open  or  slightly 
shaded  ground  throughout.     Frequent. 

Rubus  nigricans  Rydb.  Bristly  blackberry.  About  dead  tamaracks 
in  margin  of  tamarack-black  spruce  swamp  near  Emerson.  Plentiful 
at  this  place. 

Rubus  hispidus  L.  Hispid  blackberry.  Damp  open  or  slightly  shaded 
ground  throughout.     Frequent. 

Rubus  villosus  Ait.  Dewberry.  Dry  sandy  ground,  often  on  shaded 
sand  dunes  throughout.     Frequent. 

Agrimonia-  gryposepala  Wallr.  Tall  hairy  agrimony.  Dryish  open  or 
slightly  shaded  ground  throughout.     Frequent. 

Rosa  acicularis  Lincll.  Prickly  rose.  Dryish  open  or  slightly  shaded 
ground,  throughout.     Not  common. 

Rosa  blanda  Ait.  Meadow  rose.  Open  sandy  ground  and  on  sandy 
beaches.     Plentiful. 

Rosa  rubiginosa  L.  Sweetbriar.  In  villages  and  along  roads.  No- 
ticed in  particular  on  the  road  from  Sault  Ste.  Marie  to  Detour.  On 
Mackinac  Island,  Mackinac  County,  and  in  Chippewa  County,  Michi- 
gan, this  shrub  is  being  killed  to  the  ground  by  the  sting  of  the  gall  fly, 
Rhodistes  rosae.    The  shaggy  galls  formed  are  often  called  "rose  apples ". 

Rosa  Carolina  L.  Swamp  rose.  Borders  of  swamps  and  streams. 
Frequent.  Noticed  in  particular  along  Shelldrake  River  south  of  Ver- 
milion. 

Prunus  virginiana  L.  Choke  cherry.  Open  ground  throughout. 
Common. 

Prunus  pennsylvanica  L.f.  Wild  red  cherry.  Common  throughout. 
Abundant  on  lumbered  over  and  burned  over  sand  ridges,  and  in  sandy 
ground  of  recent  clearings. 

Prunus  pumila  L.  Sand  cherry.  Common  throughout.  Abundant 
in  sandy  ground  near  Lake  Superior  shore. 

Prunus  nigra  Ait.  Canada  plum.  Abundant  along  streams  near 
Pickford,  and  common  about  Gatesville. 

LEGUMINOSAE.     Pulse  Family 

Trifolium  pratense  L.    Red  clover.    Frequent  everywhere  as  an  escape. 

Trifolium  repens  L.  White  clover.  Frequent  as  a  weed  everywhere, 
and  abundant  in  clearings. 

Trifolium  hybridum  L.  Alsike  clover.  Frequent  along  roads  as  an 
escape. 

Melilotus  alba  Desr.  White  sweet  clover.  Occasional  in  and  about 
Sault  Ste.  Marie. 

Lathyrus  maritimus  (L.)  Bigel.  Beach  pea.  Along  the  sandy  beach  of 
Lake  Superior.    Abundant  in  spots,  acting  as  an  efficient  sand  binder. 


m  CHIPPEWA  COUNTY  153 

Lathyrus  palustris  L.  Marsh  vetchling.  Moist  open  ground  through- 
out.    Frequent. 

Lathijrus  palustris  linearifolius  Ser.  Winged  marsh  vetchling.  Damp 
places  and  margins  of  woods  throughout.     Common. 

OXALIDACEAE.     Wood  Sorrel  Family 

Oxalis  acetosella  L.  Common  wood  sorrel.  Beech-maple-birch  woods 
throughout,  often  carpeting  the  ground  and  old  logs.  Noticed  also  in 
very  wet  ground  under  speckled  alders  along  Shelldrake  river  south  of 
Vermilion. 

POLYGALACEAE.     Milkwort  Family 

Polygala  paucifolia  Willd.  Fringed  polygala.  Dry  shaded  sandy 
ground  throughout.     Often  abundant. 

ANACARDIACEAE.     Cashew  Family 

Rhus  glabra  L.    Smooth  sumach.    Noticed  as  occasional  from  Ga j 
ville  to  Detour. 

AQUIFOLIACEAE.     Holly  Family 

Ilex  verticillata  (L.)  Gray.  Winterberry.  Low  open  or  slightly  shaded 
ground.     Frequent  throughout. 

Nemopanihus  mucronata  (L.)  Trel.  Mountain  holly.  On  margins  of 
and  in  tamarack-black  spruce  swamps  throughout.    Often  plentiful. 

ACERACEAE.     Maple  Family 

Acer  pennsylvanicum  L.  Striped  maple.  Noticed  as  frequent  from 
Gatesville  to  Detour. 

Acer  spicatum  Lam.  Mountain  maple.  Damp  woods  and  thickets 
throughout.     Abundant. 

Acer  saccharum  Marsh.  Sugar  maple.  With  beech,  birch,  some  bass- 
wood,  and  hemlock,  forming  extensive  forests  still  standing  throughout 
the  county,  excepting  in  the  eastern  and  southeastern  portion  where 
more  lumbering  has  been  done.     Forests  called  hardwood-. 

Acer  rubrum  L.  Red  maple.  A  few  large  trees  noticed  in  rich  ground 
with  other  trees.  Usually  in  Chippewa  County,  it  is  a  small  scraggy 
tree  covering  sandy  level  ground,  sand  ridges  and  sand  dunes.  Appar- 
ently it  is  the  smaller  trees  that  bear  fruit. 

Acer  negundo  L.  Box  elder.  Occasionally  planted  from  Sault  Ste. 
Marie  to  Detour  but  not  noticed  as  spreading. 


154  BOTANY    OF    MICHIGAN 

BALSAMINACEAE.     Touch-me-not  Family 

Impatiens  biflora  Walt.  Spotted  touch-me-not.  Moist  open  or  shaded 
ground  throughout.     Abundant. 

RHAMNACEAE.     Buckthorn  Family 

Rhamnus  alnifolia  L'Her.  Alder-leaved  buckthorn.  Open  damp  or 
slightly  shaded  ground  throughout.     Often  plentiful. 

TILIACEAE.     Linden  Family 

Tilia  americana  L.  Basswood.  Often  with  beech,  birch,  and  maple. 
Trees  sometimes  large.     Frequent  throughout. 

MALVACEAE.     Mallow  Family 

Malva  rotundifolia  L.  Common  mallow.  A  weed  about  dwellings  and 
in  villages.     Not  abundant. 

Malva  moschata  L.  Musk  mallow.  In  fields  and  along  roads  about 
Brimley,  Sault  Ste.  Marie,  and  south  to  Detour. 

HYPERICACEAE.     St.  John's-wort  Family 

Hypericum  perforatum  L.  Common  St.  John's-wort.  An  occasional 
weed  on  farms  and  in  villages. 

Hypericum  punctatum  Lam.  Spotted  St.  John's-wort.  In  woods  and 
thickets  near  Brimley.     Not  noticed  elsewhere. 

Hypericum  kalmianum  L.  Kami's  St.  John's-wort.  Sandy  open 
ground,  usually  near  shores.     Frequent. 

Hypericum  ellipticum  Hook.  Pale  St.  John's-wort.  Abundant  along 
Shelldrake  River  south  of  Vermilion.    Noticed  throughout. 

Hypericum,  boreale  (Britton)  Bicknell.  Northern  St.  John's-wort. 
Wet  open  places  throughout.     Abundant  near  Vermilion. 

Hypericum  majus  (Cray)  Britton.  Large  Canadian  St.  John's-wort. 
Damp  sand  near  lighthouse  at  Whitefish  Point.    Plentiful  at  this  place. 

Hypericum  canadense  L.  Canadian  St.  John's-wort.  In  damp  open 
sandy  ground  near  Eckerman.     Plentiful  at  this  place. 

Hypericum  virginicum  L.  Marsh  St.  John's-wort.  Open  wet  and 
swampy  ground  throughout.     Frequent. 

CISTACEAE.     Rockrose  Family 

Helianthemum  canadense  (L.?)  Michx.  Long-branched  frostweed. 
Sandy  open  ground  throughout.     Plentiful. 

Hudsonia  tomentosa  intermedia  Peck.  Awl-leaved  hudsonia.  Common 
on  the  sandy  beach  of  Lake  Superior  and  on  sand  dunes  at  Whitefish 
Point  and  Vermilion. 


CHIPPEWA  COUNTY  l5g 

VIOLACEAE.     Violet  Family 

Viola  cucullata  Ait.  Marsh  blue  violet.  Wet  open  or  slightly  -haded 
places  throughout.     Frequent. 

Viola  sororia  Willcl.  Wooly  blue  violet.  Rich  open  or  shaded  places 
throughout.     Plentiful. 

Viola  lanceolata  L.  Lance-leaved  violet.  Damp  open  ground  through- 
out.    Often  abundant. 

Viola  pollens  (Banks)  Brainard.    Northern  white  violet.    Wet  sprinj 
places  and  along  small  creeks  throughout.     Common. 

Viola  incognita  Brainard.    Large-leaved  white  violet.    Woods  throu \ 
out.     Common. 

Viola  renijolia  Gray.  Kidney-leaved  violet.  Rich  woods  throughout. 
Abundant. 

Viola  scabriuscula  Schwein.  Smoothish  yellow  violet.  Damp  rich 
shaded  ground  throughout.     Frequent. 

Viola  conspersa  Reichenb.  American  dog  violet.  Rich  damp  open 
shaded  ground  throughout.     Plentiful. 

ONAGRACEAE.     Evening  Primrose  Family 

Epilobium  angustifolium  L.  Great  willow-herb.  Fireweed.  Damp  or 
dry  ground  throughout,  especially  in  clearings  and  burned-over-ground. 
Often  abundant. 

Epilobium  adenocaulon  Haussk.  Northern  willow-herb.  Rich  damp 
or  slightly  shaded  ground  throughout.     Common. 

Oenothera  biennis  L.  Common  evening  primrose.  Open  sand}*  ground 
throughout.     Infrequent. 

Circaea  lutetiana  L.  Enchanter's  nightshade.  In  woods  throughout. 
Noticed  in  particular  near  lower  falls  of  Tahquamenon  River  above 
Emerson. 

Circaea  alpina  L.  Smaller  enchanter's  nightshade.  In  damp  rich 
w7oods  throughout.     Often  abundant. 

ARALIACEAE.     Ginseng  Family 

Aralia  racemosa  L.  Spikenard.  Rich  woods  throughout.  Not 
common. 

Aralia  hispida  Vent.  Bristly  sarsaparilla.  Usually  in  dry  sandy  open 
ground  throughout.  Abundant  on  recently  burned  over  sandy  land. 
sand  ridges,  and  in  clearings. 

Aralia  nudicaulis  L.  Wild  sarsaparilla.  Moist  woods  throughout. 
and  abundant.  Often  plentiful  on  dry  shaded  ground  and  even  on  shad- 
ed sand  dunes. 


156  BOTANY    OF    MICHIGAN 

UMBELLIFERAE.     Parsley  Family 

Osmorhiza  longistylis  (Torr.)  DC.  Smoother  sweet  cicely.  Rich 
woods  throughout.     Common. 

Osmorhiza  divaricata  Nutt.  Western  sweet  cicely.  Beech-maple- 
birch  woods  throughout.     Frequent. 

Cicuta  bulbifera  L.  Bulb-bearing  water  hemlock.  Wet  open  ground 
throughout.     Common. 

Carum  carvi  L.  Caraway.  Occasional  throughout  near  farm  build- 
ings and  in  villages. 

Heracleum  lanatum  Michx.  Abundant  near  Emerson  in  one  place. 
Not  noticed  elsewhere. 

CORNACEAE.     Dogwood  Family 

Cornus  canadensis  L.  Dwarf  cornel.  In  woods  and  thickets  through- 
out.    Often  carpeting  the  ground. 

Cornus  circinate  L'Her.  Round-leaved  cornel.  Usually  in  sandy 
open  ground,  or  bordering  woods  and  thickets.     Common  throughout. 

Cornus  stolonifera  Michx.  Red-osier  dogwood.  Usually  in  damp 
ground,  sometimes  in  sand,  throughout.     Not  common. 

Cornus  alternifolia  L.f.  Alternate-leaved  cornel.  Borders  of  streams 
and  woods.     Frequent. 

ERICACEAE.     Heath  Family 

Chimaphila  umbellata  (L.)  Nutt.  Prince's  pine.  Dry  shaded  ground, 
usualfy  among  pines.     Frequent  throughout. 

Moneses  uniflora  (L.)  Gray.  One-leaved  pyrola.  Beech-maple-birch 
woods  near  Vermilion.  Apparently  infrequent  but  perhaps  overlooked. 
N.  A.  Wood. 

Pyrola  chlorantha  Sw.  Greenish-flowered  wintergreen.  Beech-maple- 
birch  woods  throughout.     Frequent. 

Pyrola  secunda  L.  One-sided  winter-green.  Beech-maple-birch  woods 
throughout.     Frequent. 

Pyrola  secunda  obtusata  Turcz.  Obtuse-leaved  pyrola.  Tamarack- 
black  spruce  swamp  near  Eckerman.     Apparently  infrequent. 

M on otropa  uniflora  L.  Indian  pipe.  Usually  in  rich  woods,  sometimes 
in  the  open.     Noticed  by  N.  A.  Wood  near  Vermilion. 

Monotropa  hypopitys  L.  Pine  sap.  Dry  sandy  shaded  ground  at 
Whitefish  Point.     Apparently  rare.     Perhaps  overlooked. 

Ledum  groenlandicum  Oeder.  Labrador  tea.  Open  boggy  ground  and 
even  on  sandy  ground  and  sides  of  shaded  sand  dunes  throughout.  One" 
of  the  most  abundant  shrubs  in  the  countv. 

Kalmia  polifolia  W^ang.  Pale  laurel.  In  open  boggy  ground  through- 
out.    Common. 


CHIPPEWA  COUNTY  157 

Andromeda  glaucophylla  Link.  Bog  rosemary.  Open  or  shaded  I  oggy 
ground  throughout.     Common. 

Chamaedaphne  calyculala  (L.)  Moench.  Leather  leaf.  Open  or 
slightly  shaded  boggy  ground  throughout.  Abundant.  This  and  the 
three  preceding  are  the  prominent  and  dominant  bog  shrubs  of  the 
county. 

Epigaea  repens  L.  Trailing  arbutus.  Sandy  open  or  slightly  shaded 
ground  throughout.     Common  and  in  spots  abundant. 

Gaultheria  procumbent  L.    Wintergreen.    Usually  in  open  or  slightly 
shaded  ground,  sometimes  in  tamarack-black  spruce  swamps  in  sphag- 
num.   Abundant  throughout.    Fruit  abundant  and  delicious  June 
1914. 

Arctostaphylos  uva-ursi  (L.)  Spreng.  Bearberry.  Sandy  beach  oi 
Lake  Superior,  and  on  sand  dunes  throughout.  Plentiful  near  Whitefish 
Point  and  Vermilion. 

Chiogenes  hispidula  (L.)  T.  &  G.  Creeping  snowberry.  Open  or 
slightly  shaded  boggy  ground  throughout .  Often  abundant  in  tamarack- 
black  spruce  swamps. 

Gaylussacia  baccata  (Wang.)  C.  Koch.  Black  huckleberry.  Open  or 
slightly  shaded  sandy  ground  sometimes  in  swamps,  throughout.  Fre- 
quent. Fruit  black  and  collected  for  domestic  use  and  occasionally  for 
market. 

Vaccinium  pennsylvanicum  Lam.  Low  sweet  blueberry,  (.'pen  or 
slightly  shaded  sandy  ground,  sometimes  in  swamps,  throughout.  Very 
abundant.    Berries  delicious,  gathered  for  market  and  domestic  us  . 

Vaccinium  pennsylvanicum  nigrum  Wood.  Low  black  blueberry. 
Occasional  throughout  in  same  habitat  as  preceding.  Fruit  black,  ripe 
at  the  same  time  as  the  preceding,  and  collected  with  it  for  market  and 
domestic  use. 

Vaccinium  canadense  Kalm.  Sour  top.  Dry  sand}-  open  ground  or  in 
swamps  throughout.  Abundant.  Berries  blue  and  gathered  for  market 
and  sold  as  "blueberries",  with  the  preceding  species  and  variety.  Fruit 
slightly  tart,  abundant  and  delicious  September  3,  1914.  bui  qoI  con- 
sidered  quite  so  choice  as  the  low  sweet  blueberry. 

Vaccinium  membranaceum  Dougl .  Thin-leaved  bilberry.  I  sually 
in  rich  shaded  ground,  sometimes  in  damp  sand.  Common  throughout , 
Called  "rabbit  berry"  in  Chippewa  County.  Fruit  large,  usually  black, 
rather  tart,  but  delicious  and  gathered  for  domestic  use,  ripe  September 
3,  1914.  Berries  too  tender  and  delicate  for  market  purposes.  Perha 
a  shrub  worth  trial  and  experiment  in  cultivation. 

Vaccinium  ovalifolium  Sm.  Oval-leaved  bilberry.  Usually  in  rich 
shaded  ground  throughout  often  growing  with  the  preceding.  Abun- 
dant. Berry  blue,  large,  but  smaller  than  thai  of  the  preceding,  slightly 
tart,  but  delicious  and  much  sought  after  tor  domestic  use,  although  too 


158  BOTANY    OF'  MICHIGAN 

delicate  and  tender  for  market,  ripe  September  3,  1914.  Known  in 
Chippewa  County  as  "myrtilloid  berry",  or  "myrtilloid  huckleberry". 
Perhaps  this  shrub  also  is  worth  some  attention. 

Vaccinium  macrocarpon  Ait.  American  cranberry.  Boggy  places 
and  swamps  throughout.  Sometimes  abundant.  At  Vermilion  is 
a  model  cranberry  farm  owned  and  fitted  up  by  the  late  Mr.  John 
Clark,  and  another  at  Whitefish  Point  owned  by  Mr.  Frank  House. 

PRIMULACEAE.     Primrose  Family 

Lysimachia  terrestris  (L.)  BSP.  Bulb-bearing  loosestrife.  Low  wet- 
open  ground  throughout.     Frequent. 

Lysimachia  thyrsiflora  L.  Tufted  loosestrife.  Very  wet  open  places 
and  in  shallow  water  throughout.     Often  abundant. 

Trientalis  americana  (Pers.)  Pursh.  Star  flower.  Damp  woods  and 
thickets  throughout.     Common. 

OLEACEAE.     Olive  Family 

Fraxinus  nigra  Marsh.  Black  ash.  In  swampy  ground  with  other 
trees  throughout.  Disappearing  in  many  parts  of  the  county  on  account 
of  forest  fires.    Abundant  along  the  Tahquamenon  River  above  Emerson. 

GENTIANACEAE.     Gentian  Family 

Halenia  deflexa  (Sm)  Griseb.  Spurred  gentian.  Common  in  damp 
shaded  ground  throughout,  especially  in  hardwood. 

Menyanthes  trifoliata  L.  Buckbean.  Abundant  throughout  in  boggy- 
places  and  shallow  water. 

APOCYNACEAE.     Dogbane  Family 

Apocynum  androsaemifolium  L.  Spreading  dogbane.  In  open  dry 
ground  throughout.     Frequent. 

BORAGINACEAE.     Borage  Family 

Cynoglossum  officinale  L.  Common  hound's  tongue.  Occasional 
about  farm  buildings.     Apparently  rare  in  other  places. 

Lappula  echinata  Gilibert.  European  stickweed.  Along  roads  and  in 
villages.  Infrequent. 

LABIATAE.     Mint  Family 

Scutellaria  lateriflora  L.  Mad-dog  skullcap.  Rich  shaded  ground 
near  lower  falls  of  Tahquamenon  River  above  Emerson.  Apparently 
infrequent. 


CHIPPEWA  COUNTY  159 

Scutellaria  galericulata  L.    Marsh  skullcap.    Wet  marshy  ground  near 
Emerson.     Apparently  infrequent. 

Nepeta  cataria  L.     Catnip.     In  villages  but  not  abundant . 

Nepeta  hederacea  (L.)  Trevisan.  Ground  ivy.  In  dam})  shaded  ground. 
Infrequent. 

Prunella  vulgaris  L.     Heal-all.     Noticed  at  Emerson.     Apparently 
rare. 

Galeopsis  tetrahit  L.    Common  hemp  nettle.    Along  roads  i  hroughoul . 
Often  abundant. 

Blephilia  hirsuta   (Pursh)   Benth.     Hairy  biephilia.     Beech-ma] tic- 
birch  woods  near  the  lower  falls  of  the  Tahquamenon  River  abo 
Emerson.     Apparently  infrequent. 

Satureja  vulgaris  (L.)  Fritsch.    Basil.    Dryish  open  ground  or  in  dry 
open  woods  and  thickets  throughout.     Frequent. 

Lycopus  uniflorus  Michx.    Bugle  weed.    Low  open  or  slightly  -haded 
ground  throughout.     Frequent. 

Lycopus  americanus  Michx.     Cut-leaved  water  hoarhound.     Damp 
open  or  slightly  shaded  ground  throughout.     Common. 

Mentha  spicata  L.    Spearmint.    At  Trout  Lake.    Apparently  rare. 

Mentha  citrata  Ehrh.    Bergamot  mint.    Rare  as  an  escape  from  culti- 
vation.    Noticed  south  of  Sault  Ste.  Marie. 

Mentha  arvensis  canadensis  (L.)  Briquet.    American  wild  mint.    Rich 
damp  open  or  slightly  shaded  ground  throughout.     Frequent. 

*  SOLANACEAE.     Nightshade  Family 

Physalis  heterophylla  Nees.    Clammy  ground  cherry.    Foot  of  a  sand 
dune  at  Vermilion,  a  large  bunch  of  it.    Not  noticed  elsewhere. 

SCROPHULARIACEAE,     Figwort  Family 

Verbascum  thapsus  L.     Common  mullein.     Along  roads  and  in  fields 
throughout.     Not  noticed  as  abundant  anywhere. 

Linaria  vulgaris  Hill.     Butter  and  eggs.     A  weed  at  Troul    La] 
Apparently  rare  in  this  county. 

Scrophidaria  leporella  Bicknell.    Hare  figwort.     Usually  in  rich  open 
ground  throughout.     Frequent. 

Chelone  glabra  L.     Balmony.     Snakehead.     Wei  ground,  borders  <>f 
wood  and  thickets  and  along  small  streams.     Frequent . 

Mimulus  ringens  L.     Square-stemmed  monkey  flower.     Wei   pi 
borders  of  creeks  and  in  ditches  throughout.     Frequent. 

Veronica  americana  Schwein.    American  brooklime.    Brooks,  ditcfo 
and  wet  places  throughout.     Frequent. 

Melampyrum  lineare  Lam.     Cow  wheat.     Open  woods  throughout. 
Common. 


160  BOTANY    OF    MICHIGAN 

LENTIBULARIACEAE.     Bladderwort  Family 

UtricuJaria  intermedia  Hayne.  Flat-leaved  bladderwort.  Very  wet 
places  and  shallow  water  throughout.     Often  abundant. 

Utricularia  cornuta  Michx.  Horned  bladderwort.  Wet  sandy  open 
ground  throughout.     Frequent. 

OROBANCHACEAE.     Broom-rape  Family 

Epifagus  virginiana  (L.)  Bart.  Beech-drops.  Under  beeches  through- 
out.    Common. 

PLANTAGINACEAE.     Plantain  Family 

Plantago  major  L.  Common  plantain.  About  farm  buildings  and  in 
villages  but  not  abundant. 

Plantago  rugelii  Dene.  Rugel's  plantain.  Along  roads  and  in  fields 
and  clearings  throughout.     Frequent. 

RUBIACEAE.     Madder  Family 

Galium  trifidwn  L.  Small  bedstraw.  Open  or  slightly  shaded  wet 
and  swampy  places  throughout.     Frequent. 

Galium  claytoni  Michx.  Clayton's  bedstraw.  Damp  places  and 
swamps  throughout.     Frequent. 

Galium  asprellum  Michx.  Rough  bedstraw.  Damp  open  or  slightly 
shaded  places  throughout,  usua%  climbing  over  small  shrubs  or  other 
plants .     Common . 

Galium  triflorum  Michx.  Sweet  scented  bedstraw.  Rich  thin  woods 
throughout.     Common. 

Mitchella  repens  L.  Partridge  berry.  Dry  woods  throughout. 
Common. 

CAPRIFOLIACEAE.     Honeysuckle  Family 

Diervilla  lonicera  Mill.  Bush  honeysuckle.  Open  or  slightly  shaded 
dry  and  sandy  ground  throughout.     Common. 

Lonicera  canadensis  Marsh.  American  fly  honeysuckle.  Open  woods 
and  margins  of  thickets  throughout.     Common. 

Lonicera  oblongijolia  (Goldie)  Hook.  Swamp  fly  honeysuckle.  Tama- 
rack-black spruce  swamps  throughout.     Frequent. 

Lonicera  hirsuta  Eat.  Hairy  honeysuckle.  Margins  of  woods  near 
Eckerman.     Apparently  infrequent.     A  vine. 

Lonicera  dioica  L.  Glaucous  honeysuckle.  Margins  of  woods  and 
thickets  throughout  but  not  common.     A  vine. 

Syn  ploricarpos  racemosus  Michx.  Snowberry.  Dry  open  or  slightly 
shaded  places  throughout.     Frequent. 


CHIPPEWA  COUNTY  161 

Linnaea  borealis  americana  (Forbes)  Render.  Twin-flower.  Open 
woods  throughout.     Often  abundant. 

Viburnum  acerifolium  L.  Arrow-wood.  Dryish  open  woods  through- 
out.    Frequent. 

Viburnum  cassinoides  L.  Withe-rod.  ■  Wet  open  or  slightly  shaded 
ground  throughout.     Common. 

Viburnum  lentago  L.  Nannyberry.  Margins  of  woods  and  along 
streams  throughout.     Frequent. 

Sambucus  canadensis  L.  Common  elder.  Open  rich  ground  through- 
out.    Often  plentiful. 

Sambucus  racemosus  L.  Red-berried  elder.  Rich  open  or  shaded 
ground  throughout.     Common. 

VALERIANACEAE.     Valerian  Family 

Valeriana  idiginosa  (T.  &  G.)  Rydb.  Swamp  valerian.  Open  wet 
places,  and  on  margins  of  tamarack-black  spruce  swamps.  Abundant 
about  a  swamp  near  Eckerman. 

CAMPANULACEAE.     Bluebell  Family 

Campanula  rotundifolia  L.  Harebell.  Mostly  on  sandy  beaches. 
Frequent  throughout. 

Campanula  aparinoides  Pursh.  Marsh  bellflower.  Open  wet  grassy 
ground  throughout.     Frequent. 

LOBELIACEAE.     Lobelia  Family 

Lobelia  kalmii  L.  Brook  lobelia.  Marshy  open  places  throughout. 
Noticed  in  particular  in  swampy  ground  on  margin  of  tamarack-black 
spruce  swamp  north  of  Eckerman. 

COMPOSITAE.     Composite  Family 

Eupatorium  purpureum  L.  Joe-pye  weed.  Low  damp  open  ground 
and  margins  of  woods  throughout.     Common. 

Eupatorium  purpureum  maculatum  (L.)  Dark  Spotted  joe-pye  weed. 
Wet  open  places  throughout.     Common. 

Eupatorium  perfoliatum  L.  Boneset.  Low  open  or  slightly  shaded 
ground  throughout.     Common. 

Solidago  hispida  Muhl.  Hairy  goldenrod.  Dry  open  or  slightly 
shaded  ground  throughout.     Common. 

Solidago  randii  (Porter)  Britton.  Rand's  goldenrod.  Mostly  along 
or  near  the  sandy  beach  of  Lake  Superior.  Noticed  in  particular  near 
W^hitefish  Point  and  Vermilion. 

Solidago  uliginosa  IS utt.    Bog  goldenrod.    Open  wet  and  boggy  ground 
throughout.     Common. 
21 


162  BOTANY   OF   MICHIGAN 

Solidago  juncea  Ait.  Early  goldenrod.  Dry  open  or  slightly  shaded 
ground  throughout.     Common. 

Solidago  ragosa  Mill.  Wrinkled-leaved  goldenrod.  Damp  open  or 
dryish  slightly  shaded  ground  throughout.     Frequent. 

Solidago  nemoralis  Ait.  Gray  goldenrod.  Dry  open  ground  through- 
out.    Common  arid  often  abundant. 

Solidago  canadensis  L.  Canada  goldenrod.  Borders  of  woods  and  in 
rich  open  or  slightly  shaded  ground  throughout.     Common. 

Solidago  altissima  L.  Tall  goldenrod.  Rich  open  ground  throughout. 
Frequent. 

Solidago  serotina  Ait.  Late  goldenrod.  Rich  open  or  slightly  shaded 
ground  throughout.     Frequent. 

Solidago  graminifolia  (L.)  Salisb.  Flat-topped  goldenrod.  Moist 
open  ground  throughout.     Common. 

Solidago  tenuifolia  Pursh.  Slender  fragrant  goldenrod.  Damp  sandy 
ground  near  Whitefish  Point.     Apparently  rare. 

Aster  macrophyllus  L.  Large-leaved  aster.  Along  a  shaded  high 
creek  bank  near  Brimley.  Plentiful  at  this  place.  Apparently  rare  in 
Chippewa  Count}'. 

Aster  azureus  Lindl.  Sky-blue  aster.  Dry  open  or  shaded  ground 
throughout.     Frequent. 

Aster  lindleyanus  T.  &  G.  Lindley's  aster.  Damp  or  dryish  open  or 
slihgtly  shaded  ground  throughout.     Frequent. 

Aster  laieriflorus  (L.)  Britton.  Calico  aster.  Open  ground  near  lower 
falls  of  the  Tahquamenon  River  above  Emerson.  Apparently  infre- 
quent. 

Aster  tradescanli  L.  Tradescant's  aster.  Low  open  ground  through- 
out.    Often  abundant. 

Aster  paniculatus  Lam.  Panicled  aster.  Wet  open  ground  through- 
out.    Frequent. 

Aster  junceus  Ait.  Rush  aster.  Wet  open  meadow-like  ground 
throughout.     Frequent. 

Aster  longifolius  Lam.  Long-leaved  aster.  Low  open  ground  through- 
out.    Frequent. 

Aster  novi-belgii  L.  New  York  aster.  Damp  ground  north  of  Ecker- 
man.     Plentiful  there.     Not  noticed  elsewhere. 

Aster  puniceus  L.  Red-stalked  aster.  Low  swampy  ground  through- 
out.    Plentiful. 

Aster  umbellatus  Mill.  Flat-top  white  aster.  Usually  in  moist  shaded 
ground.     Abundant  throughout. 

Aster  nemoralis  Ait.  Bog  aster.  Very  wet  boggy  open  ground 
throughout.     Abundant  near  Emerson. 

Erigeron  philadelphicus  L.  Philadelphia  fleabane.  Occasional  as  a 
weed  and  appearing  to  be  introduced. 


CHIPPEWA  COUNTY  ]();; 

Erigeron  annuus  (L.)  Pers.    Sweet  scabious.    Apparently  as  a  weed 

only  and  probably  introduced. 

Erigeron  ramosus  (Walt.)  BSP.    Daisy  fleabane.    Noticed  only  as  a 
weed  and  probably  introduced. 

Erigeron  canadensis  L.     Horse  weed.     In  cultivated  grounds  as  a 
weed.     Not  abundant. 

Antennaria    neodioica    Greene.      Smaller    cat's-foot.      Open    woods 
throughout.     Frequent. 

Antennaria   petaloidea  Fernald.      Common   eat1*   foot.      Dry   open 
ground,  sand  dunes  and  fixed  ridges,  throughout.     Common. 

Anaphalis  margariiacea  (L.)  B.  &  H.    Pearly  everlasting.    Dry  open 
or  slightly  shaded  ground  throughout.     Common. 

Gnovhalium  decurrens  Ives.    Clammy  everlasting.    Dry  open  ground. 
throughout,  but  infrequent. 

Gnaphalium  idiginosum  L.     Low  cudweed.     Noticed  along  roads  at 
Brimley  and  other  villages.     Not  common. 

Inula  helenium  L.     Elecampane.    Along  road  near  Gatesville.     Ap- 
parently infrequent. 

Ambrosia  artemisii folia  L.     Common  ragweed.    As  a  weed  only  and 
infrequent. 

Rudbeckia  hirta  L.     Yellow  daisy.     Black-eyed  Susan.     Dry  open 
ground  throughout,  but  infrequent. 

Rudbeckia  laciniata  L.     Tall- coneflower.     Low  thickets  and  along 
small  creeks  throughout.     Frequent. 

Helianthus  giganteus  L.    Tall  sunflower.    Low  ground  near  Eckerman. 
Apparently  rare. 

Bidens  frondosa  L.    Beggar  ticks.    Damp  open  ground  but  infrequent. 

Bidens  comosa   (Gray)   Wiegand.     Leafy-bracted  tickseed.      Damp 
open  ground  throughout.     Frequent. 

Bidens  cernua  L.    Smaller  bur-marigold.    Damp  open  ground  through- 
out.    Frequent.     Abundant  near  Shelldrake. 

Achillea  millefolium  L.    Common  yarrow.    Roads  and  fields  through- 
out but  not  abundant. 

Anihemis  cotula  L.    May-weed.    About  farm  buildings  and  in  villa® 
Not  abundant. 

Chrysanthemum  leucanthemum  pinnatifidum  Lecoq  &  Lamotte.     Ox- 
eye  daisy.    Occasional  as  a  weed.    Not  noticed  as  abundant  anywhere. 

Chrysanthemum  balsamita  tanacetoides  Boiss.     Costmary.     Roadside 
near  Gatesville.     Apparently  infrequent  as  an  escape. 

Tanacetum  huronense  Nutt.     Lake  Huron  tansy.     On  or  near  the 
sandy  beach  of  Lake  Superior.     Abundant  in  spots. 

Artemisia  caudata  Michx.    Tall  wormwood.    I  to  sandy  beach  of  hake 
Superior,  sand  dunes  and  fixed  sand  ridges  throughout.    Frequent. 


164  BOTANY    OF    MICHIGAN 

Artemisia  biennis  Willd.  Biennial  wormwood.  Along  roads  and  in 
villages  as  a  weed.     Not  common. 

Artemisia  absinthium  L.  Common  wormwood.  Occasional  through- 
out.   Abundant  at  Gatesville  covering  large  areas  of  ground. 

Petasites  palmatatus  (Ait.)  Gray.  Palmate-leaf  sweet  coltsfoot.  Wet 
open  or  shaded  ground  throughout.     Frequent. 

Senecio  aureus  L.  Golden  ragwort.  Wet  open  or  shaded  ground 
throughout.     Often  abundant. 

Senecio  balsamitae  Muhl.  Balsam  groundsel.  Dry  open  ground 
throughout.     Not  common. 

Cirsium  lanceolatum  (L.)  Hill.  Common  thistle.  Occasional  through- 
out, as  a  weed. 

Cirsium  pitcheri  (Torr.)  T.  &  G.  Pitcher's  thistle.  Sandy  beach  of 
Lake  Superior,  but  not  abundant. 

Cirsium  discolor  (Muhl.)  Spreng.  Field  thistle.  Rich  open  or  slightly 
shaded  ground  throughout.     Frequent. 

Cirsium  muticum  Michx.  Swamp  thistle.  Wet  swampy  places 
throughout.     Frequent. 

Cirsium  arvense  (L.)  Scop.  Canada  thistle.  Gradually  spreading  as 
a  weed  in  cultivated  grounds. 

Taraxacum  officinale  Weber.  Dandelion.  Throughout  but  nowhere 
noticed  as  abundant. 

Sonchus  oleraceus  L.  Common  saw  thistle.  As  a  weed  in  cultivated 
grounds,  but  not  common. 

Sonchus  asper  (L.)  Hill.  Spiny-leaved  saw  thistle.  A  weed  in  culti- 
vated grounds.     Infrequent. 

Lactuca  scariola  inter  grata  Gren.  &  Godr.  Entire-leaved  prickly  let- 
tuce.    A  weed  in  cultivated  grounds,  but  infrequent. 

Lactuca  canadensis  L.  Wild  lettuce.  Rich  damp  open  or  slightly 
shaded  ground  throughout.     Frequent. 

Lactuca  spicata  (Lam.)  Hitchc.  Tall  blue  lettuce.  Low  open  or 
slightly  shaded  ground  throughout.     Common. 

Hieracium  venosum  L.  Rattlesnake  weed.  Dry  open  or  slightly 
shaded  places  throughout.     Frequent. 

Hieracium  scabrum  Michx.  Rough  hawkweed.  Dry  open  or  slightly 
shaded  ground  throughout.     Common. 

Hieracium  canadense  Michx.  Canada  hawkweed.  Dry  open  or 
slightly  shaded  ground  throughout. 


OBSERVATIONS  ON  THE  FLOWERING  PLANTS,  FERNS  AND 
FERN  ALLIES  GROWING  WITHOUT  CULTIVATION  IX 
TUSCOLA  COUNTY,  MICHIGAN. 

The  late  Professor  C.  A.  Davis,  while  engaged  in  geological  work  for 
Tuscola  County  begun  in  1897,  made  incidental  observations  on  the 
wild  plants,  and  his  report  with  an  annotated  list  of  plants  was  pul  dished 
in  the  Tenth  Annual  Report  of  the  state  geologist  for  the  year  1908, 
page  290,  under  title  "The  Native  Vegetation  of    Tuscola  County. 
The    Factors    Affecting  Plant  Distribution."     This  was  merely  the 
latter  part  of  his  valuable  report  on  "The  Geology  of  Tuscola  County, 
Michigan/'  published  in  the  same  report,  page  121.     The  part  of  the 
report  on  plants  was  timely  and  very  valuable,  for  about  that  time  the 
northern  part  of  the  county,  where  the  plant  observations  were  mostly 
made,  was  rapidly  undergoing  a  radical  change  brought  about  by  drain- 
age and  preparation  for  sugar  beet  culture.    Long  before  the  publicat  i<  m 
of  his  ecological  observations  and  plant  list,  Professor  Davis  urged  the 
writer  to  complete,  so  far  as  possible,  the  plant  list  of  the  county,  make 
a  separate  report,  incorporating  his  list  or  so  much  of  it  as  should  seem 
best.    Accordingly  in  1910  the  work  was  taken  up  as  an  independent 
effort  and  the  county  investigated  as  well  as  might  be.    The  Saginaw 
Bay  shore  was  traversed  and  examined  from  the  west  line  of  Huron 
County  to  the  east  line  of  Bay  County,  nearly  eve^  small  lake  visited, 
its  shores  and  adjacent  marshes  and  swamps  examined  and  the  morainal 
hills  looked  over  as  carefully  as  time  would  permit,  not  forgetting  swamps 
yet  untouched  by  destructive  fires,  the  marshes  and  prairie-like  land 
and  the  so  called  islands  in  the  northern  part.    Professor  Davis  rep  >r1 1  <  1 
591  species,  a  remarkably  large  number  considering  that  this  pari  of 
his  effort  was  merely  incidental  to  matters  considered  at  the  time  of  far 
greater  economic  importance.    After  much  careful  search  the  numl 
of  species  noticed  did  not  quite  reach  1,000,  but  it  is  believed  thai  from 
1,100  to  1,200  species  of  wild  plants  still  exist  within  the  limits  of  Tus- 
cola County,  which  will  be  found  and  yet  recorded  if  local  botanis 
make  a  careful  search. 

It  is  not  intended  or  believed  that  this  effort  shall  or  can  take  the 
place  of  Professor  Davis'  report  which  will  ever  stand  out  prominent  ly  s 
a  work  very  clearly  and  fully  representing  the  surface  condition-  of  the 
land  and  ecological  relations  of  plant  species  at  the  time. 


166  BOTANY    OF    MICHIGAN 

Geographical  Position 

Tuscola  County  is  bounded  on  the  south  by  Lapeer  and  Genesee 
counties,  east  by  Sanilac  County,  north  by  a  part  of  Huron  Comny  and 
Saginaw  Bay,  west  by  Bay  and  Saginaw  counties.  In  general  outline 
it  is  square,  approximately  30  miles  on  a  side  and  is  a  part  of  the  tract 
popularly  known  as  "The  Thumb.''  The  south  line  is  about  65  miles 
north  of  Detroit  and  100  miles  from  the  south  State  line. 

The  Present  and  Past  Conditions  Contrasted 

At  present  this  county  has  the  appearance  of  a  valuable,  progressive 
and  successful  agricultural  district.  The  land  generally  speaking  is  of 
good  quality  and  everywhere  general  thrift  arid  prosperity  are  indicated. 
In  recent  years  the  sugar  beet  industry  has  become  prominent  and 
valuable.  But  it  seems  only  yesterday  that  it  was  a  mid  district  mostly 
covered  with  dense  forests  penetrated  only  by  paths  and  trails  and  a 
favorite  locality  for  the  Indian.  For  him  it  was  a  paradise,  as  game  and 
fish  were  plentiful,  and  his  daily  wants  were  easily  procured  and  satisfied. 
These  conditions  had  existed  for  an  unknown  length  of  time.  However 
on  the  advent  of  the  paleface  a  radical  and  almost  sudden  change  took 
place.  The  white  man  felled  and  used  up  the  forests,  killed  with  his 
deadly  weapons  and  consumed  the  game,  and  even  reduced  the  former 
abundant  supply  of  fish.  The  Indians  of  this  region  are  now  known  only 
in  history.  These  great  changes  have  taken  place  perhaps  within  the 
memory  of  many  3^et  living  in  1910. 

General  Surface 

There  is  very  little  rock  outcropping  in  the  county  and  the  general 
surface  is  indeed  very  variable.  In  the  northern  part  near  and  extend- 
ing south  from  the  Bay,  there  is  much  marsh-like  or  damp  prairie-like 
ground  not  very  much  above  the  level  of  Saginaw  Bay,  formerly  covered 
part  of  the  time  with  shallow  water.  Dotted  here  and  there  in  this  low 
ground  are  spots  called  islands,  raised  a  few  feet  above  the  general  level 
and  covered  with  trees  and  shrubbery.  As  hereafter  mentioned  this 
prairie-like  land  in  its  drier  parts  seems  to  have  invited  a  number  of 
species  from  prairie  habitats  farther  south  and  west.  Toward  the  south 
part  of  the  county  is  apparently  very  rough  with  ridges  of  morainal 
formation,  and,  it  is  said,  rises  above  the  Bay  level  in  places  from  200 
to  400  feet. 

The  principal  stream  having  several  branches  is  Cass  River  with  a 
well  defined  valley  running  through  the  county  from  northeast  to  south- 
west. There  are  perhaps  16  small  lakes  and  ponds,  two  of  the  lakes 
being  partly  in  Lapeer  County,  a  number  of  them  having  no  names  and 
not  usually  noted  on  maps.    The  largest  of  these  lakes  are  mostly  in  the 


TUSCOLA  COUNTY  I67 

south  and  southeastern  part  and  about  or  near  most  of  them  arc  tama- 
rack-black spruce  swamps,  many  of  them  having  escaped  destructive 
fires.  Among  these  are  Spruce  Lake,  west  of  Fostoria;  Murphy's  Lake. 
southwest  of  Mayville;  Cat  Lake,  north  of  Mayville;  Hays  Lake  in 
Dayton  Township;  Cedar  Lake,  and  Long  Lake.  Along  the  Saginaw 
Bay  shore  temporary  ponds  are  often  formed  by  wave  action  and  tin 
gradually  fill  up  and  become  marshes,  or  wet  prairie-like  land. 

Range  of  Some  Plants  Extended 

A  few  plants,  mostly  peculiar  to  prairie-like  regions  farther  south 
and  west,  have  appeared  in  the  northern  part  of  Tuscola  County 
native  or  at  least  long  established.  Prominent  among  these  are  Silph  nun 
terebinthinaceum  L.,  prairie  dock;  Vernonia  illinoensis  Gleason,  Drum- 
mond's  iron-weed;  Liatris  spicata  (L.)  Willd.,  gay  feather;  Cacalia  tvbe- 
rosa  Nutt.,  tuberous  Indian  plantain;  Lythrum  alaium  Marsh,  wing- 
angled  loosestrife;  Acerates  floridana  (Lam.)  Hitchc,  Florida  milkweed: 
and  Asclepias  sullivanlii  Engelm,  Sullivant's  milkweed. 

Acknowledgments 

The  writer  is  much  indebted  to  Mr.  Kenneth  K.  Mackenzie  of  New 
York  City  for  an  examination  and  determination  of  the  sedges  and  other 
difficult  and  doubtful  plants  and  to  Prof.  A.  S.  Hitchcock,  agrostologisl 
of  the  United  States  Department  of  Agriculture,  for  a  determination 
of  some  of  the  grasses. 

Annotated  List 
POLYPODIACEAE.     Fern  Family 

Phegopteris  drijopteris  (L.)  Fee.  Oak  fern.  Rich  open  dryish  woods. 
Frequent. 

Adiantum  pedatum  L.  Maidenhair.  Frequent  in  rich  woods  along 
streams  and  about  the  small  lakes. 

Pteris  aquilina  L.  Common  brake.  Common  and  abundant  on  dry 
ground  or  in  swamps. 

Asplenium  aa^ostichoidesSw.  Silver  spleenwort.  'Wells  and  Dayton 
townships  in  rich  woodlands."     C.  A.  Davis. 

Asplenium  filix-femina  (L.)  Bernh.  Lady  fern.  Very  common  in 
low  open  or  shaded  ground. 

Polystichum  acrostichoides  (Mich.)  Schott.  Christmas  fern,  [ts 
favorite  place  on  bluffy  shaded  banks  of  streams.  Noticed  in  particular 
on  the  shaded  bank  of  a  small  stream  running  into  Murphy's  Laki 

Aspidium  thelypteris  (L.)  Sw.  Marsh  shield-fern.  Very  abundant  on 
low  marshy  shaded  or  open  ground,  especially  about  the  small  lakes. 


168  BOTANY    OF    MICHIGAN 

Aspidium  marginale  (L.)  Sw.  Evergreen  wood  fern.  In  damp  rich 
woods  apparently  preferring  bluffy  shaded  banks  of  streams.  Noticed 
in  particular  along  a  small  stream  running  into  Murphy's  Lake. 

Aspidium  goldianum  Hook.  Goldie's  fern.  Noticed  in  particular 
near  Murphy's  Lake  in  rich  woods.     Not  noticed  elsewhere. 

Aspidium  cristatum  (L.)Sw.  Crested  shield-fern.  "In  rich  woods  in 
Aimer  Township."     C.  A.  Davis. 

Aspidium  cristatum  clintonianum  D.  C.  Eaton.  Clinton's  fern.  Damp 
rich  woods.     Frequent. 

Aspidium  spinulosum  (0.  F.  Miiller)  Sw.  Spinulose  shield-fern. 
Common  in  rich  woods. 

Aspidium  spinulosum  intermedium  (Muhl.)  D.  C.  Eaton.  American 
shield-fern.  Common  in  damp  rich  woods,  especially  near  the  small 
lakes. 

Cystopteris  bidbifera  (L.)  Bernh.  Bulblet  cystopteris.  Frequent  and 
noticed  especially  in  tamarack  swamps  near  the  small  lakes  and  on 
bluffy  shaded  banks  of  streams. 

Cystopteris  fragilis  (L.)  Bernh.  Brittle  fern.  Occasional  in  damp 
rich  woods. 

Onoclea  sensibilis  L.  Sensitive  fern.  Very  common  in  damp  open  or 
shaded  places. 

Onoclea  struthioptcris  (L.)  Hoffm.  Ostrich  fern.  Apparently  pre- 
ferring rich  shaded  ground  near  streams.  Noticed  only  near  Murphy's 
Lake. 

OSMUND ACEAE.     Flowering  Fern  Family 

Osmunda  regalis  L.    Royal  fern.    Common  in  swamps  and  wet  woods. 

Osmunda  claytoniana  L.  Clayton's  fern.  Noticed  on  low  ground 
near  Murphy's  Lake.     Probably  frequent  throughout. 

Osmunda  cinnamomeo,  L.  Cinnamon  fern.  Frequent  in  swamps  and 
damp  open  woods. 

OPHIOGLOSSACEAE.     Adder's  Tongue  Family 

Botrychium  obliquum  Muhl.  Ternate  grape  fern.  In  rich  woods  near 
Murphy's  Lake.     Apparently  infrequent. 

Botrychium  virginianum  (L.)  Sw.  Rattlesnake  fern.  Common  in 
rich  woods. 

EQUISETACEAE.     Horsetail  Family 

Equisetum  arvense  L.  Common  horsetail.  Common  in  rich  or  poor 
ground.  Usually  very  abundant  along  railway  embankments,  where 
the  extensive  roots  tend  to  bind  the  embankment  together. 

Equisetum  sylvatium  L.    Wood   horsetail.    Common  in  damp  shaded 


TUSCOLA  COUNTY  169 

places  and  sometimes  in  open  wet  ground.    Abundant  in  the  swamps 
near  the  small  lakes. 

Equisetum  fluviatile  L.  Pipes.  Swamp  horsetail.  Common  in  water 
and  very  wet  places  along  slow  streams  and  about  the  small  laki 

Equisetum  hyemale  intermedium  A.  A.  Eaton.  Scouring  rush.  Fre- 
quent in  dry  open  or  shaded  ground. 

Equisetum  varicgatum    Schleich.     Variegated  equisetum.     Abundant 
on  spots  in  wet  sand  along  the  Saginaw  Bay  shore  and  in  we1  plac 
about  the  small  lakes. 

LYCOPODIACEAE.     Club  Moss  Family 

Lycopodium  lucidulum  Michx.  Shining  club  moss.  Occasional  in 
rich  damp  woods. 

Lycopodium  clavatum  L.  Common  club  moss.  Dryish  open  woods. 
Frequent. 

Lycopodium  obscurum  dendroideum  (Michx.)  D.  C.  Eaton.  Ground 
pine.  Apparently  preferring  open  dry  woods.  Noticed  only  near 
Murphy's  Lake. 

Lycopodium  complanatum  L.  Trailing  Christmas-green.  Occasional 
in  dry  open  woods.    Noticed  in  particular  near  Murphy's  Lake. 

SELAGINELLACEAE.     Selaginella  Family 

Selaginella  apus  (L.)  Spring.  Creeping  selaginella.  Common  on  low 
grassy  ground,  especially  near  the  Saginaw  Bay  shore  and  about  the 
small  lakes.     A  very  pretty  mossy-looking  plant. 

TAXACEAE.     Yew  Family 

Taxus  ca?iadensis  Marsh.  American  yew.  Ground  hemlock.  Prob- 
ably frequent  throughout.  Noticed  in  particular  in  tamarack  swamps 
near  Cat  Lake  and  in  rich  woods  near  Murphy's  Lake. 

PINACEAE.     Pine  Family 

Pinus  strobus  L.     White  pine.     Formerly   very  abundant  on  sandy 
ground  and  dry  ridges.     It  was  Very  abundant  about  Fostoria  and  on 
dry  hills  about  the  small  lakes.    Now  (1910)  only  an  occasional  large  I  r 
and  small  shrubs  left.    Stumps  still  in  place  and  stump  fences  give  evi- 
dence of  its  former  prevalence. 

Pinus  banksiana  Lamb.  Jack  pine.  Occasional  along  or  near  Sagi- 
naw Bay  shore. 

Pinus  resinosa  Ait.  Red  pine.  Norway  pine.  Very  scattering  along 
or  near  Saginaw  Bay  shore. 

Larix  laricina  (Du  Roi)  Koch.    Tamarack.    American  larch.     Form- 


170  BOTANY    OF    MICHIGAN 

erly  abundant  in  "tamarack  swamps",  but  now  very  much  less  common 
on  account  of  drainage,  fires,  and  lumbering.  Small  patches  of  it  are 
still  (1910)  noticed  throughout  the  county,  especially  near  the  small 
lakes. 

Picea  mariana  (Mill.)  BSP.  Black  spruce.  Occasional  in  swamps 
mixed  with  tamaracks.     Noticed  in  particular  about  Cat  Lake. 

Tsuga  canadensis  (L.)  Carr.  Hemlock.  Noticed  in  damp  rich  ground 
with  other  trees  near  the  small  lakes.  "  Common  along  the  western  part 
of  Koylton  Township  and  eastern  part  of  Wells  Township. '  C.  A. 
Davis. 

Thuja  occidentalis  L.  Arbor  vitae.  White  cedar.  Common  in  many 
places  but  not  large.  Noticed  m  particular  in  sandy  ground  along 
Saginaw  Bay  shore,  about  swamps  and  on  hillsides,  and  borders  of 
swamps  about  small  lakes.  "Frequent  in  swamps.  In  many  places  in 
Akron  Township  appearing  as  undergrowth  in  the  swampy  woods. ': 
C.  A.  Davis. 

Juniperus  communis  L.  Common  juniper.  Occasional  in  clrj^  open 
or  shaded  ground. 

Juniperus  communis  depressa  Pursh.  Low  juniper.  Frequent  in 
dryish  open  rocky  ground  and  near  beach  of  Saginaw  Bay. 

TYPHACEAE.     Cat-tail  Family 

Typha  latifolia  L.  Common  cat-tail.  Abundant  in  very  wet  ground 
and  swampy  places  throughout.  "Common  in  ditches  and  marshes.  A 
bad  weed  in  the  ditches  of  the  western  part  of  the  county  as  it  checks 
the  outflow  of  water  and  helps  silt  them  up."     C.  A.  Davis. 

Typha  angustifolia  L.  Narrow-leaved  cat-tail.  Noticed  in  very  wet 
ground  near  the  Saginaw  Bay  shore,  in  particular  at  Quanicassee. 

SPARGANIACEAE.     Bur-reed  Family 

Sparganium  eurycarpum  Engelm.  Broad-fruited  bur-reed.  Very 
common  on  borders  of  ponds,  slow  streams  and  in  wet  places.  "Ditches, 
very  common.  Also  on  borders  of  millponds  at  Vassar  and  Caro  and  in 
bayous  of  Cass  River.  At  mouth  of  Quanicassee  Creek.'  C.  A. 
Davis. 

Sparganium  simplex  Huds.  Simple-stemmed  bur-reed.  "Ditches  on 
west  side  of  county."     C.  A.  Davis. 

NAJADACEAE.     Pondweed  Family 

Potamogeton  natans  L.  Common  floating  pondweed.  Noticed  in 
ponds  and  on  borders  of  small  lakes. 

Potamogeton  epihydrus  Raf.  Nuttall's  pondweed.  "Quanicassee 
Creek."     C.  A.  Davis. 


TUSCOLA  COUNTY  171 

Potamogeton  heterophyllus  Schreb.    Various-leaved  pondweed.    "( 
River  and  millponds  at  Vassar  and  Caro."     C.  A.  Davi-. 

Potamogeton  peetinalus  I j.  Fennel-leaved  pondweed.  "Millponds  of 
Caro."     C.A.Davis. 

Najas  flexilis  (Wild.)  Rostk.  &  Schmidt.  Slender  najas.  "Ditches 
in  Akron  and  Wisner  townships  near  the  bay.,:     C.  A.  Davis. 

JUNCAGINACEAE.     Arrow  Grass  Family 

Triglochin  maritinia  L.  Seaside  arrow-grass.  In  marshy  places  (-or- 
dering the  Saginaw  Bay  shore  and  near  the  small  lakes. 

Triglochin  palustris  L.  Marsh  arrow-grass.  Occasional  in  wet  sand 
along  the  Saginaw  Bay  beach.  "Common  on  the  prairies  in  Akron  and 
Wisner  townships. "     C.  A.  Davis. 

ALISMACEAE.     Water  Plantain  Family 

Sagittana  laii folia  Willd.  Broad-leaved  arrow-head.  Common  in 
wet  places  along  the  Saginaw  Bay  shore,  ditches,  slow  streams  and  about 
the 'small  lakes. 

Sagittaria  heterophylla  Pursh.    Sessile-fruited  arrow-head.     "In  ( 
River  about  Vassar."     C.  A.  Davis. 

Alisma  plantago-aquatica  L.  Water  plantain.  Common  in  ditches, 
slow  streams,  wet  and  muddy  places,  and  about  the  small  lab 

HYDROCHARITACEAE.     Frog's  Bit  Family 

Elodea  canadensis  Michx.  Water-weed.  Noticed  in  the  small  lakes 
and  in  the  creek  at  Quanicassee. 

Vallisneria  spiralis  L.  Wild  celery.  Tape  grass.  "Millponds  at 
Caro  and  Vassar.  Ditches  near  Saginaw  Bay.'  C.  A.  Davis.  Said  to 
be  an  attractive  food  for  wild  ducks. 

GRAMINEAE.     Grass  Family 

Andropogon  scoparius  Michx.     Broom   beard-grass.     Occasional  on 

poor  ground  near  the  Saginaw  Bay  shore. 

Andropogon  furcatus  Muhl.  Forked  beard-grass.  Frequenl  in  dry 
open  places. 

Sorghastrum  nutans  (L.)  Nash.  Indian  grass.  Wood  grass.  No- 
ticed by  Prof.  C.  A.  Davis  on  low  sand  ridges  in  northern  part  of  Akron 
Township. 

Digitaria  sanguinalis  (L.)  Scop.  Crab  grass.  A  common  and  vicious 
weed  in  gardens  and  fields. 

Panicum  capillar -e  L.  Old-witch  grass.  Common  a- a  weed  in  gar- 
dens and  fields. 


172  BOTANY    OP    MICHIGAN 

Panicum  virgatum  L.  Switch  grass.  Occasional,  growing  in  bunches 
along  low  sandy  ridges  near  the  Saginaw  Bay  shore.  "Sandy  areas  and 
slopes  of  sand  dunes,  Akron  Township."     C.  A.  Davis. 

Panicum  depauperatum  Muhl.  Starved  panicum.  Frequent  in  poor 
sand}^  ground,  especially  on  low  sand  ridges  along  the  Saginaw  Bay 
shore. 

Panicum  li?idheimeri  Nash.  Lindheimer's  panicum.  Frequent  in 
prairie-like  ground  near  the  Saginaw  Bay  shore. 

Panicum  tennesseense  Ashe.  Tennessee  panic  grass.  Often  abundant 
in  prairie-like  ground  near  the  Saginaw  Bay  shore. 

Panicum  scribnerianum  Nash.  Scribner's  panicum.  Noticed  by 
Prof.  C.  A.  Davis  in  prairie-like  ground  in  northern  part  of  Akron  Town- 
ship. 

Panicum  boscii  Poir.  Porter's  panicum.  "  Common  on  the  sand  dunes 
along  the  bay  and  in  dry  woods  throughout. "     C.  A.  Davis. 

Echinochloa  crusgalli  (L.)  Beauv.  Barnyard  grass.  A  weed  in  fields 
and  damp  waste  places. 

Setaria  glauca  (L.)  Beauv.  Foxtail  Pigeon  grass.  A  common  weed 
in  gardens  and  cultivated  fields. 

Setaria  viridis  (L.)  Beauv.  Green  foxtail.  Bottle  grass.  A  common 
weed  in  fields  and  waste  places. 

Cenchrus  carolinianus  Walt.  Sand  bur.  Bur  grass.  Becoming  very 
common  in  light  sandy  ground  along  roads.  Often  a  vicious  weed  in 
sandy  fields  and  pastures. 

Zizania  aquatica  L.  Wild  rice.  Water  oats.  Indian  rice.  Occasional 
in  shallow  water  and  on  mud  along  the  Saginaw  Bay  shore,  being  from 
2  to  3  feet  high.  Noticed  also  at  Shay's  Lake  and  Murptry's  Lake. 
"Borders  of  marshy  prairies  in  Akron  Township.  Also  in  shallow  water 
in  the  bay  near  Fish  Point. "  C.  A.  Davis.  Not  noticed  as  very  abun- 
dant anywhere.  A  larger  form  now  known  as  Zizania  palustris  L., 
larger  wild  rice,  often  more  than  10  feet  high  is  found  about  Lake  St. 
Clair  and  Lake  Erie.  This  was  perhaps  formerly  very  abundant  about 
Saginaw  Bay  and  may  still  exist  there. 

Leersia  virginica  WiUd.  White  grass.  Noticed  in  damp  rich  woods 
near  Murphy's  Lake.     Very  probably  frequent  throughout. 

Leersia  oryzoides  (L.)  Sw.  Bice  cut-grass.  Scratch  grass.  Common 
in  low  marshy  places,  ditches  and  along  slow  streams. 

Phalaris  caveriensis  L.  Canary  grass.  Noticed  as  occasional  in 
waste  places  of  cities  and  villages. 

Phalaris  arundinacea  L.  Reed  canary  grass.  Frequent  in  wet 
marshy  places. 

Phalaris  arundinacea  picta  L.  Ribbon  grass.  Frequently  escaping 
from  cultivation  to  marshy  places  and  persisting.  It  is  very  prominent 
in  white  patches  and  can  be  seen  from  a  long  distance. 


TUSCOLA  COUNTY  173 

Milium  effusumL.  Millet  grass.  In  rich  woods  near  Murphy's  Lake. 
Probably  occurring  throughout. 

Oryzopsis  pungens  (Torr.)  Hitchc.  Dry  and  sandy  ground.  Frequent 
throughout. 

Oryzopsis  asperifolia  Michx.     White-grained    mountain    rice     i  : 
quent  in  dry  woods.    Noticed  in  particular  on  the  dry  shaded  hillsides 
about  Murphy's  Lake.    "Dry  woods  in  Cass  River  valley.    Sand  ridg 
Akron  Township."     C.  A.  Davis. 

Stipa  spartea  Trin.  Porcupine  grass.  Noticed  as  occasional  on  low 
sand  ridges  in  the  northeast  part  of  the  county.  "  Sandy  ridges  i  o  \ V  i sner 
Township  near  Bay  Park."     C.  A.  Davis. 

Muhlenbergia  mexicana  (L.)  Trin.  Meadow  muhlenbergia.  Noticed 
by  Prof.  C.  A.  Davis  near  Unionville.    Probably  frequent  throughout. 

Muhlenbergia  racemosa  (Michx.)  BSP.  Marsh  muhlenbergia.  Com- 
mon in  damp  places,  especially  on  borders  of  marshes  with  other  grasses 
and  sedges. 

Brachyelytrum  erecium  (Schreb.)  Beauv.  Brachyelytrum.  "Dry  wood- 
lands throughout  eastern  part  of  county."     C.  A.  Davis. 

Phleum  pratense  L.     Timothy.     One  of  our  best  cultivated  gr. 
Common  along  roads,  in  fields,  and  often  a  weed  in  gardens. 

Alopecurus  geniculatus  aristulatus  Torr.  Floating  foxtail.  Frequent 
in  very  wet  places,  especially  in  the  vicinity  of  the  small  lakes. 

Sporobolus  cryptandrus  (Torr.)  Gray.  Sand  dropseed.  Frequent  on 
low  sand  ridges  and  in  sand  along  the  Saginaw  Bay  beach. 

Agrostis  alba  L.  Red  top.  Common  in  damp  and  frequent  in  dry 
sand}^  ground.    Very  variable  in  size  and  general  appearance. 

Agrostis  hyemalis  (Walt.)  BSP.  Rough  hair-grass.  Occasional  and 
in  spots  abundant  on  and  near  sand  ridges,  especially  near  the  Saginaw 
Bay  shore.     " Islands  in  the  prairies,  Akron  Township. ';     C.  A.  I  lavis. 

Agrostis  perennans  (Walt.)  Tuckerm.  Thin  grass.  Usually  in  damp 
partially  shaded  places,  occasional  in  moist  open  ground. 

Calamovilfa  longifolia  (Hook.)  Hack.  Long-leaved  reed-grass.  ( ><•- 
casional  in  sand,  usually  on  the  middle  or  upper  beach  along  the  Saginaw 
Bay  shore.  One  of  our  best  shore  sand  binders  protecting  mainly  the 
sands  from  the  action  of  the  winds. 

Calamagrostis  canadensis  (Michx.)  Beauv.     Blue-joint,  grass.     Fre- 
quent and  in  spots  abundant  throughout  in  damp  and  we1    plac< 
especially  on  damp  prairie-like  ground  and  about  the  small  laki 

Ammophila  arenaria  (L.)  Link.  Sea  sand-reed.  In  sand  along  the 
Saginaw  Bay  shore,  found  even  below  the  middle  bench  and  acting  as 
one  of  our  best  known  sand  binders,  protecting  the  I. each  from  the  action 
of  waves.    "Sand  dunes,  Akron  and  Wisner  townshi]  C.  A.  Davis. 

Cinna  arundianacea  L.  Wood  reed  grass.  In  damp  shaded  ground 
near  Murphy's  Lake.    Very  probably  frequent  throughout. 


174  BOTANY    OF    MICHIGAN 

Koeleria  cristata  (L.)  Pers.  Koeleria.  Noticed  on  dry  sandy  ground 
in  many  places. 

Deschampsia  flexuosa  (L.)  Trin.  Common  hair-grass.  Dry  sandy 
shaded  ground.     Frequent. 

Avena  sativa  L.  Common  oat.  Frequently  noticed  in  waste  places 
of  cities  and  villages. 

Danthonia  spicata  (L.)  Beauv.  Common  wild  oat  grass.  Common 
in  dry  or  open  shaded  ground,  especially  on  dry  hilly  ground  near  the 
small  lakes. 

Spartina  michauxiana  Hitchc.  Slough  grass.  In  damp  and  marshy 
places,  especially  about  the  small  lakes. 

Phragmites  communis  Trin.  Reed.  Occasional  in  wet  and  marshy 
places  but  not  noticed  as  abundant  anywhere.  "Marshes  throughout. 
Covers  considerable  areas  on  the  east  side  of  Fish  Point,  Akron  Town- 
ship. "     C.  A.  Davis. 

Eragrostis  hypnoides  (Lam.)  BSP.  Creeping  cragrostis.  "Sandy 
moist  soil,  banks  of  streams  and  ditches."    C.  A.  Davis. 

Eragrostis  pilosa  (L.)  Beauv.  Small  tufted  love-grass.  Along  rail- 
roads and  in  dry  open  places.     Frequent  throughout. 

Eragrostis  megastachya  (Koeler)  Link.  Strong  scented  eragrostis. 
Open  sandy  ground  and  a  common  weed  in  garden  and  field. 

Dactylis  glomerata  L.  Orchard  grass.  Frequent  in  yards,  streets  and 
roads.     Not  noticed  in  cultivation. 

Poa  annua  L.  Low  spear  grass.  Noticed  mostly  in  lawns  and  streets 
of  villages. 

Poa  compressa  L.  Canada  blue  grass.  Wire  grass.  English  blue 
grass.  Common  throughout  in  dry  poor  ground  along  roads,  in  fields, 
and  on  hills. 

Poa  triflora  Gilib.  Fowl  meadow-grass.  Damp  open  meadow-like 
ground  and  wet  places.     Frequent. 

Poa  pratensis  L.  June  grass.  Kentucky  blue  grass.  Common 
throughout  in  pastures,  lawns,  and  along  roads.  One  of  our  very  best 
pasture  grasses. 

Glyceria  canadensis  (Michx.)  Trin.     Rattlesnake  grass. 

Glyceria  nervata  (Willd.)  Trin.  Nerved  manna-grass.  Common  in 
wet  open  places  and  damp  open  woods.  "Marshes  and  wet  prairies 
throughout."     C.  A.  Davis. 

Glyceria  grandis  Wats.  Reed  meadow  grass.  Frequent  in  damp  and 
wet  ground,  especially  in  the  vicinity  of  the  small  lakes. 

Glyceria  septentrionalis  Hitchc.  Floating  manna  grass.  Frequent  in 
ditches,  very  wet  places,  borders  of  ponds  and  slow  streams. 

Glyceria  borealis  (Nash.)  Batchelder.  Slender  manna  grass.  Abun- 
dant on  the  margin  of  a  pond  near  Fostoria.    Not  noticed  elsewhere. 

Festuca  octoflora  Walt.    Slender  fescue  grass.    Common  in  dry  poor 


TUSCOLA  COUNTY  [75 

ground,  especially  on  dry  hills.  "Dry  sandy  soil  especially  in  the  prairie 
region  of  Akron  and  Wisner  townships."     C.  A.  Davis. 

Festuca  ovinaJj.  Sheep's  fescue.  Frequent  on  poor  dry  ground  and 
on  low  sand  ridges. 

Fesiuca  elatior  L.     Meadow    fescue.     Occasional  along  roads  and  in 

« 

waste  places  of  villages. 

Festuca  nutans  Spreng.  Nodding  fescue  grass.  Noticed  on  the 
"islands"  in  the  northern  part  of  Akron  Township. 

Bromus  secalinusL.  Common  chess.  Cheat.  Noticed  along  roads  and 
in  the  waste  places  of  villages. 

Bromns  ciliatus  L.  Fringed  brome  grass.  Frequent  in  damp  shaded 
ground,  especially  near  the  small  lakes. 

Bromus  kalmii  Gray.  Kami's  chess.  Wild  chess.  Noticed  as  fre- 
quent on  dry  shaded  or  open  ground  near  the  small  lakes.  "Dry  sandy 
soil  in  islands  in  the  prairies,  Akron  Township.'      C.  A.  Davis. 

Agropyron  repens  (L.)  Beauv.  Quack  grass.  Couch  grass.  Frequent 
about  villages  and  along  railroads.    A  vicious  weed  in  cultivated  ground-. 

Agropyron  dasystachywn  (Hoak.)  Scribn.  Northern  wheat-grass. 
occasional  on  and  near  the  Saginaw  Bay  beaches. 

Agropyron  caninum  (L.)  Beauv.  Awned  wheat  grass.  Occasional 
in  diy  open  woods. 

Secale  cereale  L.  Rye.  Common  as  a  weed  about  Mayville  along 
roads,  in  cultivated  fields  and  pastures.    Apparently  well  established. 

Hcrdeum  jubatwn  L.     Squirrel-tail    grass.     Frequent  in  the  waste 
places  of  villages,   and  fast  invading  damp   hayfields  and  pastur 
Apparently  a  bad  weed. 

Elymus  virginicus  L.  Virginia  wild  rye.  In  damp  open  or  partially 
shaded  ground.     Frequent. 

Elymus  canadensis  L.  Nodding  wild  rye.  Frequent  in  sand  on  the 
upper  beach  of  Saginaw  Bay.  Occasional  in  other  places.  "Sand  dunes 
near  Saginaw  Bay."     C.  A.  Davis. 

Hystrix  patula  Moench.  Bottle  brush  grass.  Common  in  rich  open 
woods. 

'    CYPERACEAE.     Sedge  Family 

Cyperus  diandrus  Terr.  Low  cyperus.  Frequent  in  damp  and  wet 
ground,  and  often  in  damp  sand  on  the  beach  of  Saginaw  Bay. 

Cyperus  rividar is  Kunth.  Shining  cyperus.  "Beaches  Akron  Town- 
ship."    C.  A.  Davis. 

Cyperus  esculentus  L.  Yellow  nut  grass.  "Moist  sandy  soil,  ( Jolum- 
bia  Township."     C.  A.  Davis. 

Cyperus  strigosus  L.  Straw-colored  cyperus.  Frequent  in  damp 
grassy  ground. 


176  BOTANY    OF    MICHIGAN 

*.  Cyperus  fdiculmus  Vahl.  Slender  cyperus.  Occasional  throughout 
in  dry  poor  open  ground. 

Dulichium  arundinaceum  (L.)  Britton.  Dulichium.  In  very  wet 
places,  especiaHy  near  the  small  lakes  and  low  banks  of  slow  streams. 

Eleocharis  obtusa  (Willd.)  Schultes.  Blunt  spike  rush.  "Wet  mud 
near  the  bay  in  Akron  Township. "  C.  A.  Davis.  "Frequent  throughout 
the  county. 

Eleocharis  palustris  (L.)  R.  &  S.  Creeping  spike  rush.  Common  in 
wet  marslry  places. 

Eleocharis  palustris  glaucescens  (Willd.)  Gray.  Creeping  spike  rush. 
Noticed  by  Prof.  C.  A.  Davis  in  damp  places  near  the  shore  of  Saginaw 
Bay. 

Eleocharis  palustris  vigens  Bailey.  Larger  creeping  spike  rush.  In 
wet  places  or  shallow  water  about  small  lakes.     Plentiful. 

Eleocharis  acicularis  (L.)  R.  &  S.  Needle  spike  rush.  "Wet  sandy 
soil  along  ditches  and  the  beach  of  Saginaw  Bay  in  Akron  and  Wisner 
townships."     C.  A.  Davis. 

Eleocharis  tenuis  (Willd.)  Schultes.  Slender  spike  rush.  Common  in 
damp  open  ground. 

Eleocharis  rostellaia  Torr.  Beaked  spike  rush.  "Wisner  Township 
in  swales  along  the  base  of  the  dune  line  next  to  the  shore  of  the  bay. " 
C  A.  Davis. 

Scirpus  pauciflorus  Lightf.  Few-flowered  club  rush.  Noticed  by 
Prof.  C.  A.  Davis  in  wet  ground  along  the  shore  of  Saginaw  Bay  where  it 
formed  dense  carpets  below  the  storm  wave  line. 

Scirpus  subterminalis  Torr.  Water  club-rush.  In  shallow  water  of 
ponds,  caves  and  small  lakes.     Frequent. 

Scirpus  americanus  Pers.  Three-square.  Common  along  the  shore  of 
Saginaw  Bajr,  about  ponds,  the  small  lakes,  and  along  low  banks  of 
slow  streams. 

Scirpus  validus  Vahl.  Great  bulrush.  Common  in  wet  places,  mar- 
gins of  ponds  and  small  lakes. 

Scirpus  occidentalis  (Wats.)  Chase.  Western  bulrush.  Shay's  Lake, 
Cat  Lake,  Murphy's  Lake,  and  in  shallow  water  often  extending  far  out 
into  the  water  along  the  shore  of  Saginaw  Bay. 

Scirpus  atrovirens  Muhl.  Dark-green  bulrush.  Common  in  wet 
marshy  open  places  and  often  in  damp  ground  along  roads. 

Scirpus  lineatus  Michx.  Reddish  bulrush.  Noticed  in  marshy  ground 
about  Shay's  Lake.     Probably  frequent  throughout. 

Scirpus  cyperinus  pelius  F'ernald.  Wool  grass.  Common  throughout 
in  wet  marshy  open  places. 

Eriophorum  callitrix  Cham.    Hare 's-t ail.    Frequent  in  bogs. 

Eriophorum  viridi-carinatum  (Engelm.)  Fernald.    Tall   cotton  grass. 


TUSCOLA  COUNTY 


177 


Noticed  in  very  wet  open  places  about  Cat  Lake.    Probably  frequent 
throughout. 

Eriophorwn  virginicumL.    Virginia  cotton  grass.    Frequenl  in  bog 
places  about  Cat  Lake.     Not  noticed  elsewhere. 

Rynchospora  alba  (L.)  Vahl.  White  beaked  rush.  In  boggy  mound 
at  Quanicassee  and  Cat  Lake. 

Rynchospora  capillacea  Torr.  Capillary  beaked  rush.  X  >ticed  by 
Prof.  C.  A.  Davis  in  wet  marshy  ground  near  the  shore  of  Saginaw  Bay. 

Rynchospora  glomerata  (L.)  Vahl.  Clustered  beaked  rush.  "Prairies, 
Akron  Township. "     C.A.Davis. 

Scleria  verticillata  Muhl.  Low  nut  rush.  "In  prairie-like  ground 
in  the  northern  part  of  Akron  Township."     C.  A.  Davis. 

Cladium  mariscoidcs  (Muhl.)  Torr.  Twig-rush.  Bogs  arid  often  in 
wet  sand.     Frequent. 

Car  ex  scoparia  Schkuhr.  Pointed  broom  sedge.  Frequent  and  often 
abundant  in  wet  marshy  ground,  especially  in  places  where  it  is  quite 
wet  in  spring  and  fall,  but  liable  to  he  dry  and  spongy  in  summer. 

Carex  tribuloides  Wahlend.  Blunt  broom  sedge.  Common  in  very 
wet  marshy  places. 

Carex  siccata  Dewey.  Hillside  sedge.  Occasional  on  shaded  sand 
ridges  near  shore  of  Saginaw  Bay. 

Carex  cristata  Schwein.  Crested  sedge.  Frequent  in  wet  shaded 
ground. 

Carex  mirabilis  perlonga  Fernald.  Larger  straw  sedge.  Noticed  in 
shaded  ground  near  Akron. 

Carex  straminea  Willd.  Straw  sedge.  Noticed  by  Prof.  C.  A.  Davis 
near  Union ville. 

Carex  stellulata  Good.  Little  prickly  sedge.  Low  wet  open  ground. 
Common  throughout. 

Carex  stellulata  cephalantha  (Bailey)  Fernald.  Larger  prickly  sedge. 
"Prairies  and  wet  meadows  throughout."     C.  A.  Davis. 

Carex  scirpoides  Schkuhr.     Inland   sedge.     In  damp  marshy  pla 
near  Cat  Lake  and  Murphy's  Lake.    (More  recent  approved  name  is  C. 
interior  Bailey.) 

Carex  bromoides  Schkuhr.    Brome-like  sedge.    In  very  swampy  pla 
near  Cat  Lake  and  the  other  small  lakes. 

Carex  deweyana  Schwein.  Dewey's  sedge.  Noticed  on  the  banks  of 
the  small  lakes.    "Rich  low  woods,  Fairgrove  Township. '"  ( '.  A.  Da \ 

Carex  tenuiflora  Wahlend.  Sparse-flowered  sedge,  open  1  n  iggy  gr<  >und. 
Frequent. 

Carex  trisperma  Dewey.  Three-fruited  sedge.  Shaded  1  K)ggy  gn  >und. 
Plentiful  in  tamarack-blaek  spruce  swamps. 

Carex  trisperma  billing sii  Knight.     Billings'  sedge.    Tamarack-black 
23 


178  BOTANY    OF    MICHIGAN 

spruce  swamps.  Plentiful.  Very  small  and  slender  but  resembling  the 
preceding. 

Carex  tenella  Schkuhr.  Soft-leaved  sedge.  Swamps  and  margins  of 
wet  woods.     Frequent. 

Carex  rosea  Schkuhr.  Stellate  sedge.  In  rich  woods  near  Murphy's 
Lake.     Probably  frequent  throughout. 

Carex  rosea  radiata  Dewey.  Hay-like  sedge.  In  damp  woods  near 
Mayville.     Frequent. 

Carex  muhlenbergii  Schkuhr.  Muhlenberg's  sedge.  Frequent  on  poor 
sand}r  ground. 

Carex  cephalophora  Muhl.  Oval-headed  sedge.  "Clay  soil  on  oak 
islands,  Akron  Township."     C.  A.  Davis. 

Carex  sparganioides  Muhl.  Bur-reed  sedge.  In  damp  rich  woods 
near  Murphy's  Lake.     Probably  frequent  throughout. 

Carex  vulpinoidea  Michx.  Fox  sedge.  Common  throughout  in  low 
open  ground. 

Carex  diandra  Shrank.  Lesser  panicled  sedge.  In  wet  boggy  ground 
near  Akron,  probably  frequent  throughout. 

Carex  diandra  ramosa  (Boott)  Fernald.  Prairie  sedge.  In  very  wet 
and  boggy  ground  near  Cat  Lake. 

Carex  stipata  Muhl.  Awl-fruited  sedge.  Common  in  very  wet  open 
or  partially  shaded  places,  especially  about  the  small  lakes. 

Carex  sariwellii  Dewey.  Sartwell's  sedge.  In  very  wet  open  marshy 
ground,  especially  about  the  small  lakes. 

Carex  crinita  Lam.  Fringed  sedge.  Occasional  in  and  near  open  or 
partially  shaded  places. 

Carex  aquaiilis  Wahlenb.  Water  sedge.  Frequent  in  wet  places  near 
the  shore  of  Saginaw  Bay,  and  occasional  near  the  small  lakes.  Accord- 
ing to  K.  K.  Mackenzie  of  New  York  Cit}r,  we  do  not  have  C.  aquaiilis 
in  this  part  of  Michigan,  but  rather  a  variety,  C.  aquatilis  subsiricta  Kii- 
kenthal.     Smaller  water  sedge. 

Carex  stricta  Lamb.  Tussock  sedge.  In  boggy  places  near  the  small 
lakes. 

Carex  aurea  Nutt.  Golden-fruited  sedge.  Damp  grassy  shaded  or 
open  places.     Frequent. 

Carex  leptalea  Wahlenb.  Bristle-stalked  sedge.  In  swamps  near  the 
small  lakes.     Plentiful. 

Carex  polygama  Schkuhr.  Brown  sedge.  Common  in  wet  marshy 
places  about  the  small  lakes  and  in  prairie-like  ground  in  the  northern 
part  of  the  county. 

Carex  gracillima  Schwein.  Graceful  sedge.  In  rich  woods  near 
Murphy's  Lake.     Probably  frequent  throughout. 

Carex  communis  Bailey.  Fibrous-rooted  sedge.  Noticed  in  rich  woods 
in  Aimer  Township  by  C.  A.  Davis.    Probably  frequent  throughout. 


TUSCOLA  COUNTY  179 

Carex  varia  Muhl.    Emmons'  sedge.    Dry  sterile  open  ground.    Fre 

quent. 

Carex  pennsylvanica  Lam.  Pennsylvania  sedge.  Common  in  dry 
open  or  shaded  ground. 

Carex  tetanica  Sehkuhr.  Wood's  sedge.  Frequent  in  wet  open  ground 
about  the  small  lakes. 

Carex  laxi flora  blanda  (Dewey)  Boott.  Loose-flowered  sedge.  Com- 
mon in  woods  near  Akron.     Probably  frequent  throughout . 

Carex  laxiflora  latifolia  Boott.  White  bear  sedge.  Quite  abundanl 
in  rich  woods  near  Murphy's  Lake.    Probably  frequent  throughout. 

Carex  conoidea  Sehkuhr.  Field  sedge.  "Prairies,  Akron  and  Wisner 
townships."     C.  A.  Davis. 

Carex  granulans  Muhl.  Meadow  sedge.  In  meadow-like  ground 
near  Cat  Lake.     Probably  frequent  throughout. 

Carex  crawei  Dewey.  Crawe's  sedge.  In  prairie-like  ground  in  north- 
ern part  of  county.  "Common  in  swales  along  the  shores  of  bay  in 
Akron  and  Wisner  townships."     C.  A.  Davis. 

Carex  flava  L.  Yellow  sedge.  In  wet  marshy  places  near  the  lakes. 
Common  throughout. 

Carex  oederi  pumila  (Cosson  &  Germain)  Fernald.  Green  sedge.  In 
damp  sand  along  the  shore  of  Saginaw  Bay.  "Wet,  muddy  and  sandy 
shores  of  Saginaw  Bay  below  storm  wave  mark.'      C.  A.  Davis. 

Carex  filiformis  L.  Slender  sedge.  Common  in  wet  prairie-like 
ground  in  northern  part  of  county  and  in  wet  places  about  the  small 
lakes.  "Common  about  lakes  in  Dayton  and  Watertown  townships. 
Mud  Lake,  Arbela  Township.    Also  on  prairies."    C.  A.  Davis. 

Carex  lanuginosa  Michx.  Woolly  sedge.  In  wet  marshy  places, 
especialty  about  the  small  lakes  and  at  Quanicassee. 

Carex  riparia  W.  Curtis.  River-bank  sedge.  In  very  wet  places  aear 
the  shore  of  Saginaw  Bay  and  about  the  small  lakes. 

Carex  pseudo-cyperusL.  Cyperus-like  sedge.  In  very  wet  places  near 
the  shore  of  Saginaw  Bay  and  about  the  small  lakes.     Frequent. 

Carex  com osa  Boott.  Bristly  sedge.  In  wet  spots  on  the  prairies  and 
about  the  small  lakes. 

Carex  hystericina  Muhl.  Porcupine  sedge.  Common  throughout  in 
wet  places. 

Carex  lurida  Wahlenb.  Sallow  sedge.  Frequent  in  swampy  places 
near  the  small  lakes. 

Carex  retrorsa  Schwein.  Retrorse  sedge.  In  wet  places  near  t  he  small 
lakes. 

Carex  retrorsa  hartii  (Dewey)  Gray.  Hart  Wright's  sedge.  "Shaded 
swampy  places  in  Akron  and  Columbia  townships.'      ( J.  A.  Davis. 

Carex  lupulina  Muhl.  Hop  sedge.  In  wet  mostly  open  places  aear 
Murphy's  Lake      Probably  frequent  throughout. 


180  BOTANY   OF    MICHIGAN 

Carez  grayii  Carey.  Gray's  sedge.  In  rich  woods  near  Murphy's 
Lake.     Probably  common  throughout. 

Carex  intumescens  Rudge.  Bladder  sedge.  In  rich  woods  near 
Murphy's  Lake.     Probably  frequent  throughout. 

ARACEAE.     Arum  Family 

Arisaema  iriphyllum  (L.)  Schott.  Jack-in-t he-pulpit.  Indian  turnip. 
Common  throughout  in  damp  rich  woods. 

Calla  palustris  L.  Wild  calla.  Water  arum.  "Swamps  in  Dayton 
and  Arbela  townships."     C.  A.  Davis. 

Symplocarpus  foetidus  (L.)  Nutt.  Skunk  cabbage.  Abundant  in 
shaded  ground  along  and  on  the  banks  of  a  small  creek  near  Murphy's 
Lake.    " Common  in  swampy  woods,  Dayton  Township."    C.  A.  Davis. 

Acorus  calamus  L.  Sweet  flag.  In  a  wet  place  on  border  of  Shay's 
Lake.     Probably  frequent  throughout. 

LEMNACEAE.     Duckweed  Family 

Spirodela  polyrhiza  (L.)  Schleid.  Greater  duckweed.  Common 
about  ponds  and  stagnant  pools  on  mud  and  shallow  water.  "  Common 
in  ditches  and  ponds."     C.  A.  Davis. 

Lemna  minor  L.  Lesser  duckweed.  Floating  on  stagnant  water 
about  the  small  lakes. 

PONTEDERIACEAE.     Pickerel-weed  Family 

Pontederia  cordata  L.  Pickerel  weed.  In  large  ponds  and  shallow 
water  of  the  small  lakes.     Frequent. 

JUNCACEAE.     Rush  Family 

Juncus  bufonius  L.  Toad  rush.  "Moist  roadsides  and  wet  places 
along  ditches.     Often  very  abundant."     C.  A.  Davis. 

Juncus  tenuis  Willd.  Slender  rush.  Yard  rush.  Common  on  road- 
sides and  along  paths. 

Juncus  balticus  littorolis  Engelm.  Baltic  rush.  Occasional  in  sand 
on  the  beach  of  Saginaw  Bay,  and  in  damp  places  throughout.  An  ex- 
cellent sand  binder,  holding  the  shore  sands  firmly  in  place  against  the 
action  of  wind  and  wave. 

Juncus  effusus  L.  Common  rush.  Soft  rush.  Common  in  wet  and 
marshy  ground.    Noticed  as  often  abundant  in  damp  pastures. 

Juncus  brachycephalus  (Engelm.)  Buchenau.  Small-headed  rush. 
Marshy  places  and  wet  shores.     Frequent. 

Juncus  brevicaudatus  (Engelm.)  Fernald.  Narrow-panicled  rush. 
Wet  muddy,  or  damp  places  about  ponds,  small  lakes,  low  banks  of 
small  streams  and  wet  shores.     Frequent. 


TUSCOLA  COUNTY  181 

Juncus  canadensis  J.  Gay.  Canada  rush.  Occasional  in  marshy 
places  near  the  small  lakes  and  in  prairie-like  ground  in  the  northern 
part  of  Akron  Township. 

Juncus  pelocarpus  Mey.  Brown-fruited  rush.  Wet  gravelly  or  sandy 
low  beaches  of  small  lakes  and  in  open  swampy  places.     Frequent. 

Juncus  nodosus  L.  Knotted  rush.  Frequent  in  prairie-like  ground 
in  Akron  Township  and  probably  occurring  throughout. 

Juncus  torreyi  Coville.  Torrey's  rush.  Noticed  in  prairie-like 
ground  in  northern  part  of  Akron  Township  by  Prof.  C.  A.  Davis. 

Juncus  alpinus  insignis  Fries.  Richardson's  rush.  Occasional  in 
damp  sand  along  the  shore  of  Saginaw  Bay. 

Luzula  saltuensis  Fernald.  Hairy  wood  rush.  Common  throughout 
in  damp  shaded  ground. 

Luzula  campestris  multiflora  (Ehrh.)  Celak.  Common  wood  rush. 
Common  in  old  fields  and  dryish  open  woods. 

LILIACEAE.     Lily  Family 

Tofieldia  glutinosa  (Michx.)  Pers.  Glutinous  tofieldia.  Damp  marshy 
ground.     Frequent. 

Uvularia  grandiflora  Sm.  Large-flowered  bellwort.  Frequent  in  rich 
woods.     Noticed  especially  in  rich  woods  near  Murphy's  Lake. 

Oakesia  sessilifolia  (L.)  Wats.  Sessile-leaved  bellwort.  In  rich  open 
woods  near  Murphy's  Lake. 

Allium  tricoccum  Ait.  Wild  leek.  "Rich  woodlands,  Columbia  and 
Akron  townships."     C.  A.  Davis. 

Allium  canadense  L.  Wild  garlic.  "Moist  open  sandy  soil  borders  of 
the  prairies,  Akron  and  Wisner  townships."     C.  A.  Davis. 

Hemerocallis  fidva  L.  Common  day  lily.  Noticed  as  a  well  estab- 
lished escape  throughout,  on  roadsides  and  in  waste  places. 

Lilium  pldladelphicum  andinum  (Nutt.)  Ker.  Western  red  lily. 
"Dry  sandy  ridges  near  Saginaw  Bay  in  Akron  Township. '  C.  A. 
Davis. 

Lilium,  superbum  L.  Turk's-cap  lily.  Noticed  in  rich  open  wo<  ><Is 
near  Murphy's  Lake  and  on  the  "islands"  in  northern  pari  of  county. 

Erythronium  americanum  Ker.     Yellow  adder's  tongue.    YehN  >w  dog 
tooth  violet.     Noticed  as  frequent  in  rich  woods. 

Asparagus  officinalis  L.  Garden  asparagus.  Occasional  along  roads 
and  in  open  dry  woods.     Frequent. 

Clintonia  borealis  (Ait.)  Raf.  Yellow  clintonia.  Common  in  the 
swamps  near  Cat  Lake.     Probably  throughout. 

Smilacwa  racemosa  (L.)  Desf.  False  spikenard.  Common  in  moist 
shaded  ground  and  on  steep  shaded  banks  of  small  stream-. 

Smilacina  slellata  (L.)  Desf.    Star-flowered  Solomon'.-  seal.    Frequent 


182  BOTANY    OF    MICHIGAN 

in  rich  shaded  ground  and  common  in  shaded  sandy  places  near  the 
beach  of  Saginaw  Bay. 

Smilacina  trifolia  (L.)  Desf.  Three-leaved  Solomon's  seal.  In  wet 
places  near  Cat  Lake.     Plentiful. 

Maianthemum  canadense  Desf.  False  lily  of  the  valley.  Common  in 
rich  shaded  ground.  "Common  in  dry  woods.  Also  in  sandy  plains  in 
Indianfields  and  Vassar  townships."     C.  A.  Davis. 

Streptopus  roseas  Michx.  ■  Sessile-leaved  twisted  stalk.  Rich  damp 
woods.     Frequent  throughout. 

Polygonatum  biflorum  (Walt.)  Ell.  Small  Solomon's  seal.  Frequent 
in  rich  woods. 

Convallaria  majalis  L.  Lily  of  the  valley.  Apparently  escaping  and 
persisting. 

Medeola  virginiana  L.  Indian  cucumber-root.  In  rich  shaded  ground 
near  Cat  Lake.     Probably  frequent  throughout. 

Trillium  erectum  L.  Red  trillium.  Ill-scented  wrake  robin.  Common 
in  rich  woods  near  Murphy's  Lake.    Probably  frequent  throughout. 

Trillium  grandiflorum  (Michx.)  Salisb.  White  trillium.  Large- 
flowered  wake  robin.  In  rich  woods  near  Murphy's  Lake.  Very  prob- 
ably appearing  in  many  places  throughout  the  county. 

Smilax  herbacea  L.  Carrion  flower.  Occasional  in  rich  shaded 
ground.  "  Borders  of  sand  dunes  and  oak  islands  in  the  prairies  of  Akron 
and  Wisner  townships. "     C.  A.  Davis. 

Smilax  ecirrhata  (Engelm.)  Wats.  Upright  smilax.  In  rich  woods 
near  Murphy's  Lake.    Very  probably  frequent  throughout. 

Smilax  hispida  Muhl.  Hispid  greenbrier.  Frequent  in  woods  and 
thickets.  "Low  rich  woodlands  and  thickets  Columbia  and  Akron 
townships. "     C.  A.  Davis. 

DIOSCOREACEAE.     Yam  Family 

Dioscorea  villosa  L.  Wild  yam-root.  Common  on  borders  of  woods 
and  in  thickets.  It  is  claimed  by  Harley  Harris  Bartlett  in  Bulletin  189, 
United  States  Department  of  Agriculture,  Bureau  of  Plant  Industry, 
that  the  correct  name  of  our  plant  is  Dioscorea  paniculata  Michx. 

AMARYLLIDACEAE.     Amaryllis  Family 

Hypoxis  hirsuta  (L.)  Coville.  Star  grass.  Common  on  borders  of 
prairie-like  land  in  northern  part  of  county.  "Prairies,  Akron  and 
Wisner  townships."     C.  A.  Davis. 

IRIDACEAE.     Iris  Family 

Iris  versicolor  L.  Larger  blue  flag.  Frequent  in  wet  open  places,  but 
seldom  abundant. 


TUSCOLA  COUNTY  183 

Sisyrinchium  angustifolium  Mill.  Pointed  blue-eyed  grass.  Occa- 
sional in  damp  or  dry  ground. 

Sisyrinchium  gramineum  Curtis.  Common  blue-eyed  grass.  "Abun- 
dant on  sandy  'islands',  Akron  Township."     C  A  Davis. 

ORCHIDACEAE.     Orchis  Family 

Cypripedium  parviflorum  Salisb.  Small  yellow  lady'-  slipper.  In 
open  swampy  and  boggy  places.     Frequent. 

Cypripedium  parviflorum  pubescens  (Willd.)  Knight.  Larger  yellow 
lady's  slipper.     In  a  tamarack  swamp  near  Cat  Lake. 

Cypripedium  hirsutum  Mill.  Showy  lady's  slipper.  In  swamps 
about  the  small  lakes. 

Cypripedium  acaule  Ait.    Stemless  lady's  slipper.    Growing  in  sph 
num  in  a  spruce-tamarack  swamp  near  Cat  Lake.     Probably  found 
throughout. 

Orchis  spectabilis  L.    Showy  orchis.    Rich  shaded  ground.    Frequent. 

Habenaria  bracteata  (Willd.)  R.Br.  Long-bracted  orchis.  Damp 
woods  and  thickets.     Frequent. 

Habenaria  hyperborea  (L.)  R.Br.  Tall  leafy  green  orchis.  Damp 
woods.     Frequent. 

Habenaria  dilatata  (Pursh)  Gray.  Tall  white  bog  orchis.  Very  wet 
open  places  about  the  small  lakes.     Frequent. 

Habenaria  hookeri  Torr.  Hooker's  orchis.  Noticed  in  woods  near 
Murphy's  Lake.     Probably  frequent  throughout. 

Habenaria  orbiculata  (Pursh)  Torr.  Large  round-leaved  orchis. 
Rich  shaded  ground.     Occasional. 

Habenaria  blephari  glottis  (Willd.)  Torr.  White-fringed  orchis.  Abun- 
dant in  a  spruce-tamarack  swamp  northwest  of  Cat  Lake  on  the  farm  of 
F.  E.  Warner.     Not  noticed  elsewhere. 

Habenaria  lacera  (Michx.)  R.Br.  Ragged  orchis.  Mostly  in  we1  open 
ground.     Frequent. 

Habenaria  leucophaea  (Nutt.)  Gray.  Prairie  white-fringed  orchis. 
"Frequent  on  the  open  prairies  of  Akron  Township. '      ( '.  A.  1  )avis. 

Habenaria  psy codes  (L.)  Sw.  Smaller  purple-fringed  orchis.  'Road- 
sides in  swamps,  Koylton  Township.'      C.  A.  Davis. 

Pogonia  ophioglossoides  (L.)  Ker.  Rose  pogonia.  Open  marshy  and 
boggy  places.     Frequent. 

Calopogon  pulchellus  (Sw.)  R.Br.  Grass  pink.  Calopogon.  Abundanl 
in  a  spruce-tamarack  swamp  northwest  of  (  at  Lake.  Prol  lably  frequent 
throughout. 

Spiranthes  gracilis  (Bigel.)  Beck.  Dry  mostly  opeo  mound.  Occa- 
sional.    Perhaps  overlooked. 

Spiranthes  cernua  (L.)  Richard.    Nodding    ladies'    tn  Noticed 

about  Mud  Lake  southwest  of  Fostoria.    "Moisl  grassy  places,  Fremonl 


184  BOTANY    OF    MICHIGAN 

Township.  Also  in  swales  between  dune  lines  on  the  prairies  in  Akron 
Township."     C.  A.  Davis. 

Liparis  loeselii  (L.)  Richard.  Fen  orchis.  Noticed  in  a  swampy 
place  near  Mud  Lake  southwest  of  Fostoria.  Probably  frequent 
throughout. 

Aplectrum  hyemale  (Muhl.)  Torr.  Putty-root.  Rich  shaded  ground. 
Frequent. 

PIPERACEAE.     Pepper  Family 

Saururus  cernuus  L.  Lizard's  tail.  "  Occasional  along  streams  in 
Columbia  Township."     C.  A.  Davis. 

SALICACEAE.     Willow  Family 

Salix  nigra  Marsh.  Black  willow.  Common  in  low  places  especially 
along  small  streams.  Occasional  in  damp  sand  on  the  beach  of  Saginaw 
Bay. 

Salix  amygdaloides  Anders.  Peach-leaved  willow.  Common  in  rich 
damp  ground  and  usually  mixed  with  other  trees.  "  Borders  of  the 
prairies  and  on  low  sand  dunes  along  Saginaw  Bay  in  Akron  and  Wisner 
townships."     C.  A.  Davis. 

Salix  pentandra  L.  Ivy-leaved  willow.  Occasionally  planted  as  an 
ornamental  tree.     Not  spreading. 

Salix  lucida  Muhl.  Shining  willow.  Common  in  damp  and  swampy 
ground  with  other  willows. 

Salix  serissima  (Bailey)  Fernald.  Autumn  willow.  In  low  ground 
near  Cat  Lake.  Pistillate  catkins  were  still  clinging  to  the  tree  August 
6,  1910. 

Salix  alba  L.  White  willow.  Planted  for  ornament  and  inclined  to 
escape. 

Salix  alba  vitellina  (L.)  Koch.  Golden  willow.  "Planted  in  many 
places  as  a  shade  tree."     C.  A.  Davis. 

Salix  babylonica  L.  Weeping  willow.  Planted  as  an  ornamental  tree 
but  not  escaping. 

Salix  longifolia  Muhl.  Sand-bar  willow.  Common  in  low  places, 
about  the  small  lakes,  and  along  the  banks  of  small  streams. 

Salix  pedicellaris  Pursh.  Bog  willow.  Wet  open  boggy  places. 
Frequent. 

Salix  discolor  Muhl.  Glaucus  willow.  Frequent  in  low  places  with 
other  willows. 

jg  Salix  petiolaris   Sm.     Slender    willow.     Common   in   wet  ground, 
especially  in  the  vicinity  of  the  small  lakes. 
•  Salix  humilis  Marsh.    Prairie  willow.    Noticed  on  low  sand  ridges  in 
the  northern  part  of  Akron  Township  by  Prof.  C.  A.  Davis.    Probably 
frequent  throughout. 


TUSCOLA  COUNTY 


185 


Salix  sericea  Marsh.    Silky  willow.    Wet  open  ground.    Frequent. 

Salix  rostrata  Richards.  Bebb's  willow.  Noticed  in  dryish  ground 
near  Murphy's  Lake.     Probably  common  throughout. 

Salix  Candida  Fliigge.    Sage  willow.    Hoary  willow.    In  boggy  plac 
especially  about  the  small  lakes.     Frequent. 

Populus  alba  L.  White  poplar.  Planted  as  an  ornamental  tree  in 
villages  and  inclined  to  spread  by  root.    Noticed  only  pistillate  ca1  Id]    . 

Populus  tremuloides  Michx.  Common  poplar.  American  aspen. 
Common  throughout.  Often  springing  up  very  thick  on  burned-over 
and  low  drained  ground. 

Populus  grandidentata  Michx.  Large-toothed  aspen.  Frequent  on 
dry  and  hilly  ground  with  other  trees. 

Populus  balsamifera  L.  Balsam  poplar.  Common  in  sandy  ground 
on  and  near  the  shore  of  Saginaw  Bay,  and  frequent  in  other  places. 
"  Common  in  the  sandy  parts  of  Cass  River  valley  in  Indian  fields,  Wells 
and  Novesta  townships."     C.  A.  Davis. 

Populus  deltoides  Marsh.  Cotton-wood.  Frequent  throughout  in 
rich  ground  with  other  trees.  "Frequent  in  the  vicinity  of  Saginaw 
Bay  and  in  moist  places  generally."     C.  A.  Davis. 

Populus  nigra  italica  DuRoi.  Lombardy  poplar.  Planted  as  an  orna- 
mental tree  and  inclined  to  spread  by  root. 

MYRICACEAE.     Sweet  Gale  Family 

Myrica  asplenifolia  L.    Sweet  fern.    Noticed  on  poor  ground  west  of 
Murphy's  Lake.    "Light  sandy  soil,  Indianfields  and  Wells  townshi] 
C.  A.  Davis. 

JUGLANDACEAE.     Walnut  Family 

Juglans  cinerea  L.  Butternut.  Frequent  throughout  in  rich  ground 
with  other  trees.     "Arbela  and  Millington  townships. ,;     C.  A.  Davis. 

Juglans  nigra  L.    Black  walnut.    Mostly  planted,  but  small  appar- 
ently native  trees  occasionally  noticed  in  rich  ground.    "Along  the  ( 
River  below  Vassar. "     C.  A.  Davis. 

Carya  ovata  (Mill.)  K.  Koch.  Shag-bark  hickory.  Frequent  through- 
out. Many  large  trees  noticed  with  other  trees.  "Frequent  in  t  In- 
southeastern  part  of  the  county."     C.  A.  Davis. 

Carya  cordijormis  (Wang)  K.  Koch.  Bitter  nut.  Frequent  in  rich 
ground  with  other  trees. 

BETULACEAE.     Birch  Family 

Corylus  americana  Walt.  Common  hazelnut.  Noticed  in  particular 
as  abundant  on  some  of  the  islands  in  the  north  part  of  Akron  Town- 
ship.   "Common  in  wood  and  brush  lands  throughout .'      C.  A.  Davis. 

Ostrya  virginiana   (Mill.)   K.   Koch.     Ironwood.     Common  in  rich 


186  BOTANY    OF    MICHIGAN 

ground  with  other  trees,  especially  in  the  vicinity  of  the  small  lakes. 
"Common  with  the  beech  and  hard  maple."     C.  A.  Davis. 

Carpinus  caroliniana  Walt.  Blue  beech.  Common  in  damp  rich 
ground  with  other  trees. 

Belula  lutea  Michx.f.  Yellow  birch.  Frequent  in  rich  ground  with 
other  trees.  Prof.  C.  S.  Sargent  of  the  Arnold  Arboretum,  Jamaica 
Plain,  Mass.,  is  inclined  to  call  this  birch  Betula  allegheniensis  Britton, 
southern  yellow  birch,  and  doubts  whether  we  have  Betula  lenta  L., 
cherry  birch,  in  Michigan  or  western  Ontario. 

Betula  alba  papyrifcra  (Marsh.)  Spach.  White  birch.  Paper  birch, 
Canoe  birch.  Common  throughout  in  rich  or  poor  ground  with  other 
trees. 

Betula  pumila  L.  Low  birch.  Abundant  in  the  swamps  about  Cat 
Lake  and  Mud  Lake. 

Alnus  incana  (L.)  Moench.  Speckled  alder.  Common  in  wet  rich 
ground  especially  along  streams  and  about  the  small  lakes.  Often 
abundant. 

FAGACEAE.     Beech  Family 

Fagus  grandifolia  Ehrh.  Common  beech.  Common  in  rich  ground 
with  other  trees.  Often  noticed  on  good  hilly  land.  " Formerly  abun- 
dant on  the  better  drained  clayey  soils  and  on  the  moraines. ,:  C.  A. 
Davis. 

Castanea  dentata  (Marsh.)  Borkh.  Chestnut.  "A  few  trees  by  the 
roadside  in  Millington  Township,  apparently  planted.'      C.  A.  Davis. 

Quercus  alba  L.  White  oak.  Reported  as  formerly  very  abundant, 
but  most  of  the  large  and  valuable  trees  were  cut  many  years  ago  for 
staves  and  lumber.  Now  confined  mostly  to  small  trees  on  hilly,  sandy 
and  gravelly  land. 

Quercus  macrocarpa  Michx.  Bur  oak.  Frequent  throughout  and 
usually  in  rich  ground  with  other  trees. 

Quercus  bicolor  Willd.  Swamp  white  oak.  Frequent  throughout 
with  other  trees  and  usually  in  rich  ground.  In  Akron  Township  west  of 
Unionville  on  the  north  side  of  the  road,  this  and  the  preceding  species 
have  been  set  out  for  some  distance  as  ornamental  trees  and  they  appear 
to  be  a  striking  success. 

Quercus  muhlenbergii  Engelm.  Chestnut  oak.  "Watertown  Town- 
ship."    C.  A.  Davis. 

Quercus  rubra  L.  Red  oak.  Common  throughout  with  other  trees, 
both  in  damp  rich  and  dry  poor  ground. 

Quercus  coccinea  Moench.  Scarlet  oak.  "Sand  dunes  and  plains  in 
Cass  River  valley."     C.  A.  Davis. 

Quercus  velutina  Lam.  Yellow-barked  oak.  Black  oak.  "Sandy 
island  in  the  prairies  and  on  the  dunes  along  the  bay  shore  in  Akron  and 
Wisner  townships."     C.  A.  Davis. 


TUSCOLA  COUNTY  Is; 

URTICACEAE.     Nettle  Family 

Uhnus  fulva  Michx.     Slippery  elm.      Red  elm.      ''Common  aloi 
streams."     C.  A.  Davis. 

Uhnus  americana  L.  American  elm.  White  elm.  Very  common 
throughout  in  rich  ground  with  other  trees. 

Uhnus  racemosa  Thomas.  Rock  elm.  Cork  elm.  In  rich  ground  wil  h 
other  trees  near  Murphy's  Lake.  Noticed  also  on  the  "islands'3  by 
Prof.  C.  A.  Davis. 

Cannabis  sativa  L.  Hemp.  Occasional  as  an  escape  in  cities  and 
villages. 

Humulus  lupulus  L.  Common  hop.  Hops.  Inclined  to  escape  and 
persist  along  fences. 

Madura  pomifera  (Raf.)  Schneider.  Osage  orange.  Planted  for 
hedges  and  inclined  to  persist,  but  not  spreading.  Apparently  not  a 
success  for  hedge  purposes  in  this  locality. 

Urtica  gracilis  Ait.  Slender  nettle.  Common  in  rich  woods,  open 
damp  places,  and  often  inclined  to  be  a  weed. 

Laportea  canadensis  (L.)  Gaud.  Wood  nettle.  In  rich  wood-, 
especially  near  Murphy's  Lake.     Probably  frequent  throughout. 

Pilea  pumila  (L.)  Gray.  Richweed.  Clearweed.  Common  in  dam]) 
rich  woods  and  thickets. 

Boehmeria  cylindrica  (L.)  Sw.  False  nettle.  Frequent  in  moist  shaded 
or  open  ground,  especially  near  the  small  lakes. 

SANTALACEAE.     Sandalwood  Family 

Comandra  richardsiana  Fernald.  Richard's  bastard  toad-flax.  Com- 
mon throughout  in  dry  poor  ground.  Formerly  included  in  C.  umbellate 
(L.)  Nutt. 

ARISTOLOCHIACEAE.     Birthwort  Family 

Asarum  canadense  L.  Wild  ginger.  In  rich  woods  near  Murphy's 
Lake.     Probably  appearing  throughout. 

POLYGONACEAE.     Buckwheat  Family 

Rumex  britannica  L.  Great  water  dock.  Common  in  swamp-  and 
wet  places,  especially  about  the  small  lakes. 

Rumex  crispus  L.  Yellow  dock.  Common  as  a  weed  along  roads,  In 
hay  fields  and  damp  meadows. 

Rumex  verticillatus  L.  Swamp  dock.  Occasional  in  very  we1  places 
and  often  in  shallow  water,  especially  along  the  low  wet  banks  of  small 
streams. 

Rumex  obtusifolius  L.  Bitter  dock.  Frequent  and  often  common  as 
a  weed  along  roads,  in  yards,  cultivated  fields,  and  open  woods. 


188  BOTANY    OF    MICHIGAN 

Rumex  acetosella  L.  Field  sorrel.  Sheep  sorrel.  A  common  weed, 
especially  in  old  fields. 

Polygonum  avicvlarelj .  Knotgrass.  Door-weed.  Common  as  a  weed 
in  yards,  fields  and  along  roads. 

Polygonum  erectum  L.  Erect  knotweed.  Common  as  a  weed  in  yards 
and  waste  places. 

Polygonum  lapathifolium  L.  Slender  pink  persicaria.  Frequent  in 
wet  places,  especially  near  the  small  lakes,  and  often  a  weed  in  gardens 
and  cultivated  fields. 

Polygonum  amphibium  L.  Water  persicaria.  Common  about  ponds 
and  small  lakes  in  very  wet  places.  Often  in  shallow  still  water,  when  in 
general  appearance  it  much  resembles  a  pond  weed. 

Polygonum  muhlenbergii  (Meisn.)  Wats.  Swamp  persicaria.  In  very 
wet  places  and  often  in  water  near  and  about  the  small  lakes. 

Polygonum  pennsylvanicum  L.  Pennsylvania  persicaria.  Common  in 
moist  open  or  shaded  ground. 

Polygonum  hydropiper  L.  Common  smartweed.  Frequent  in  moist- 
open  or  shaded  ground. 

Polygonum  acre  HBK.  Water  smartweed.  Common  in  wet  places 
about  the  small  lakes  and  along  the  low  grassy  banks  of  small  streams. 

Polygonum  orientate  L.  Prince's  feather.  Occasionally  escaping 
from  cultivation  to  roads  and  near-by  fields.     Often  a  weed  in  gardens. 

Polygonum  persicaria  L.  Lady's  thumb.  Frequent  in  damp  places, 
along  banks  of  ditches,  and  often  a  roadside  weed. 

Polygonum  hydropiper  oides  Michx.  Wild  water  pepper.  In  ditches 
and  in  and  along  small  streams. 

Polygonum  virginianum  L.  Virginia  knotweed.  In  rich  woods  near 
Murphy's  Lake. 

Polygonum  sagittatum  L.  Arrow-leaved  tear-thumb.  In  wet  places 
about  Mud  Lake  southwest  of  Fostoria.  Very  probably  appearing  in 
many  other  wet  places. 

Polygonum  convolvulus  L.  Black  bindweed.  Everywhere  as  a  weed  in 
cultivated  and  waste  places. 

Polygonum  cilinode  Michx.  Fringed  black  bindweed.  On  sides  of 
dry  hills  near  Cat  Lake  and  Mud  Lake.  "Dry  woods  on  the  east  side 
of  Dayton  Township."     C.  A.  Davis. 

Polygonum  scandens  L.  Climbing  buckwheat.  Frequent  on  borders 
of  woods  and  thickets,  especially  in  the  vicinity  of  the  small  lakes. 

Fagopyrum  esculentum  Moench.  Buckwheat.  Occasional  as  an  escape 
along  roads,  in  fields,  and  about  farm  buildings. 

Polygonella  articulata  (L.)  Meisn.  Coast  jointweed.  Noticed  by 
Prof.  C.  A.  Davis  on  sand  ridges  near  the  shore  of  Saginaw  Bay. 


TUSCOLA  COUNTY  189 

* 

CHENOPODIACEAE.     Goosefoot  Family 

Cycloloma  atriplicifolium  (Spreng.)  Coult,  Winged  pigweed.  "In 
light  sand,  Inclianfielcls  Township,  near  Caro.J:  I  '.  A.  Davis.  Spreading 
as  common  weed. 

Kochia  scaparia  (L.)  Schrod.  Kochia.  Inclined  to  escape  from  cul- 
tivation and  persist. 

Chenopodium  botrys  L.  Jerusalem  oak.  Feather  geranium.  Occa- 
sional about  depot  grounds  in  villages.  "Sand  dunes  and  dry  sand  near 
Bay  Park,  Akron  Township."     C.  A.  Davis. 

Chenopodium  capitatum  (L.)  Asch.  Strawberry  blite.  Noticed  on 
the  border  of  a  newly  cleared  and  plowed  field  near  Cat  Lake.  "  Fre- 
quent in  moist  soil  throughout."     C.  A.  Davis. 

Chenopodium  glaucum  L.  Oak-leaved  goosefoot.  Occasional  as  a 
harmless  weed  in  gardens  and  the  streets  of  villages. 

Chenopodium  hybridum  L.  Maple-leaved  goosefoot.  Occasional  as 
a  weed  in  gardens,  especially  bean  fields,  open  woods  and  along  roads. 

Chenopodium  album  L.  Common  pigweed.  Lamb's  quarters.  Avery 
common  wreed  in  all  cultivated  grounds. 

Beta  vulgaris  L.  Sugar  beet.  Noticed  in  several  oat  fields,  with  small 
but  sweet  root.    After  a  crop  it  is  said  to  persist  two  or  more  years. 

Atriplex  patula  haslata  (L.)  Gray.  Halberd-leaved  orache.  Noticed 
in  streets  of  villages  and  in  depot  grounds. 

Salsola  tenuifolia  G.  F.  W.  Mey.  Russian  thistle.  Noticed  as  a  weed 
in  villages  especially  about  depot  grounds.  "Sandy  roadside,  terrace  of 
Cass  River  opposite  Caro,  and  near  the  railway  crossing  at  Vassar."  C. 
A.  Davis. 

AMARANTHACEAE.     Amaranth  Family 

Amaranthus  relroflexus  L.  Amaranth  pigweed.  Green  amaranth.  A 
common  weed  in  cultivated  grounds  and  often  called  red  root. 

Amaranthus  hybridus  forma  hypochondriacus  (L.)  Robinson.  Slender 
pigweed.     "Escaped  from  cultivation  in  a  few  places. ';     C.  A.  Davis. 

Amaranthus  graecizans  L.  Tumble  weed.  A  weed  in  cultivated 
grounds,  especially  corn  fields. 

Amaranthus  blitoides  Wats.  Prostrate  amaranth.  A  rec-nt  weed 
from  the  West  noticed  mostly  in  gardens  and  villages,  but  occasionally 
in  cultivated  fields. 

AIZOACEAE.     Carpet  Weed  Family 

Mollugo  verticillataJj.    Carpet  weed.    Occasional  on  sandy  roadsid 
Sperzula  arvensis  L.    Corn  spurry.    Often  as  a  weed  in  gardens  and 
grain  fields. 


190  BOTANY    OF    MICHIGAN 

CARYOPHYLLACEAE.     Pink  Family 

Arenaria  serpyllifolia  L.  Thyme-leaved  sandwort.  Common  as  a 
weed  in  dry  poor  ground  about  villages,  along  roads  and  in  cultivated 
grounds. 

Stellaria  longifolia  Muhl.  Long-leaved  stitehwort.  Common  in  damp 
and  marshy  places,  especially  in  the  vicinity  of  the  small  lakes. 

Stellaria  graminea  L.  Lesser  stitehwort.  Grassy  places  in  cemeteries 
and  villages.     Frequent. 

Stellaria  media  (L.)  C.  Trill.  Common  chickweed.  A  common  weed 
in  gardens,  fields  and  open  woods. 

Cer  ostium  vulgatum  L.  Common  mouse-ear  chickweed.  Common  as 
a  weed  in  gardens,  fields  and  open  woods. 

Agrostemma  githago  L.  Cockle.  Com  cockle.  Noticed  as  a  frequent 
weed  in  wheat  fields  and  waste  places. 

Lychnis  coronaria  (L.)  Desr.  Mullein  pink.  "  Escaped  from  culti- 
vation around  cemeteries  and  houses  in  a  few  places.'     C.  A.  Davis. 

Lychnis  alba  Mill  White  campian.  Becoming  a  common  weed  in 
cultivated  grounds. 

Silene  antirrhina  L.  Sleepy  catchfly.  Frequent  throughout  in  dry 
sandy  ground. 

Silene  noctiflora  L.  Night-flowering  catchfly.  Noticed  as  occasional 
along  roads,  in  waste  places,  and  about  farm  buildings. 

Saponaria  officinalis  L.  Bouncing  Bet.  Soapwort.  Occasional  as  a 
weed  along  roads  and  in  dry  sandy  places.    Fast  spreading. 

Saponaria  vaccaria  L.  Cow-herb.  A  recent  weed  appearing  along 
railroads  and  in  waste  places  of  cities  and  villages.    Frequent. 

Dianthus  armeria  L.  Deptford  pink.  Noticed  along  the  road  north 
of  Mayville. 

PORTULACACEAE.     Purslane  Family 

Claytonia  virginica  L.    Spring  beauty.    Common  in  damp  rich  woods. 
Portulaca  oleracea  L.     Common  purslane.    A  common  weed  in  gar- 
dens, fields,  and  waste  places. 

NYMPHAEACEAE.     Water  Lily  Family 

Nymphaea  advena  Ait.  Yellow  pond  lily.  Cow  lily.  Common  in 
still  and  stagnant  water,  especially  about  ponds  and  the  small  lakes. 

Castalia  tuberosa  (Paine)  Greene.  White  water  lily.  Frequent 
throughout  in  ponds,  coves  and  margins  of  small  lakes. 

Brasenia  schreberi  Smel.  Water  slime.  Ponds,  coves,  small  lakes 
and  sluggish  streams.     Frequent. 


TUSCOLA  COUNTY  1()1 

RANUNCULACEAE.     Crowfoot  Family 

Ranunculus  circinatus  Sibth.  Stiff  water  crowfoot.  Noticed  in  still 
water  at  Quanicassee.    "  In  millponds  at  Caro  and  Vassar. '     C.  A.  ]  )avis. 

Ranunculus  delphinifolius  Torr.  Yellow  water  crowfoot.  Common 
in  ditches,  pools,  borders  of  ponds,  and  slow  streams. 

Ranunculus  sceleratus  L.  Cursed  crowfoot.  Common  in  ditches  and 
wet  open  places. 

Ranunculus  abortivus  L.  Small-flowered  crowfoot.  Very  common  in 
damp  shaded  ground. 

Ranunculus  recurvatus  Poir.  Hooked  crowfoot.  Common  in  rich 
shaded  ground. 

Ranunculus  septentrionalis  Poir.    Swamp  buttercup.    Usually  notii 
and  frequent  in  damp  rich  shaded  ground,   but  sometimes   in   open 
marshy  places. 

Ranunculus  pemisylvanicusL.f.  Bristly  crowfoot.  Frequent  through- 
out in  damp  grassy  places. 

Ranunculus  acris  L.  Tall  crowfoot.  Occasional  alone-  roads  and  in 
pastures. 

Thalictrum  dioicum  L.  Early  meadow  rue.  Common,  often  abun- 
dant in  rich  shaded  ground.  "  'Islands'  in  the  prairies,  Akron  Town- 
ship."    C.  A.  Davis. 

Thalictrum  dasycarpum  Fisch.  &  Lall.  Purplish  meadow  rue.  Fre- 
quent and  often  abundant  on  borders  of  swamps  and  low  banks  of 
streams.  "Common  on  the  borders  of  the  prairies  and  in  open  swamps 
generally. "     C.  A.  Davis. 

Hepatica  triloba  Chaix.  Round-lobed  liver  leaf.  Frequent  in  woods. 
Noticed  in  particular  on  the  steep  shaded  banks  of  a  small  creek  running 
into  Murphy's  Lake. 

Hepatica  acutiloba  DC.  Sharp-lobed  liverleaf.  Usually  in  damp 
rich  beech  and  maple  woods.  Noticed  especially  in  rich  woods  near 
Murphy's  Lake. 

Anemone  cylindrica  Gray.  Long-fruited  anemone.  On  low  sand 
ridges  near  the  shores  of  Saginaw  Bay  and  dry  hills  about  the  -mall 
lakes. 

Anemone  virginianaL.  Tall  anemone.  Occasional  in  shaded  ground. 
Noticed  in  particular  near  Murphy's  Lake. 

Anemone  canadensis  L.  Canada  anemone.  Abundant  in  spots  in 
damp  open  ground.  "Common  on  the  prairies  in  Akron  and  Wisner 
townships. "     C.A.Davis. 

Anemone  quinque folia  \j.  Wood  anemone.  Common  in  shaded  rich 
ground. 

Clematis  virginiana  L.  Virginia  virgin's  bower.  Noticed  in  damp 
thickets  and  along  the  banks  of  small  streams.     Frequent. 


192  BOTANY   OF    MICHIGAN 

Caltha  palustris  L.  Marsh  marigold.  Common  in  swamps,  wet 
woods,  thickets  and  open  marshy  ground. 

Coptis  trifolia  (L.)  Salisb.  Gold  thread.  Noticed  in  particular  in 
tamarack  swamps  about  Cat  Lake  and  Mud  Lake.  Probably  frequent 
throughout. 

Aquilegia  canadensis  L.  Wild  columbine.  Frequent  in  open  shaded 
sandy  ground.  Often  abundant  on  low  shaded  sand  ridges  near  the  shore 
of  Saginaw  Bay  and  also  on  the  islands  of  the  prairies. 

Actaea  rubra  (Ait.)  Willd.  Red  baneberry.  Frequent  in  rich  woods 
and  thickets  and  noticed  on  the  islands  in  Akron  Township. 

Actaea  alba  (L.)  Mill.  White  baneberry.  Noticed  on  damp  hillsides 
among  trees  near  Spruce  Lake. 

MAGNOLIACEAE.     Magnolia  Family 

Liriodendron  tulipifera  L.  Whitewood.  Tulip  tree.  " Southern  part 
of  Fremont  and  Water  town  townships."     C.  A.  Davis. 

MENISPERMACEAE.     Moonseed  Family 

Menispermum  canadense  L.  Moonseed.  Common  in  rich  woods  and 
thickets.  Noticed  in  particular  in  damp  open  woods  near  Murphy's 
Lake.  "Borders  of  low  woodlands  and  marshes,  Akron  and  Columbia 
townships.'''     C.  A.  Davis. 

BERBERIDACEAE.     Barberry  Family 

Podophyllum  peltatum  L.  Mandrake.  May  apple.  Common  through- 
out in  rich  shaded  ground. 

Caulophyllum  thalictroides  (L.)  Michx.  Pappoose  root.  In  rich 
woods  especially  near  Murphy's  Lake.    Probably  frequent  throughout. 

Berberis  vidgaris  L.  Common  barberry.  "  Roadside  in  Wisner  Town- 
ship. "     C.  A.  Davis. 

LAURACEAE.     Laurel  Family 

Sassafras  variifolium  (Salisb.)  Ktze.  Sassafras.  Not  frequent  in 
northern  part  of  county  near  Saginaw  Bay,  but  in  other  parts  often 
abundant,  especially  on  dry  hills.  "Dry  woodlands,  Watertown  and 
Dayton  townships."     C.  A.  Davis. 

Benzoin  aestivale  (L.)  Nees.  Spice  bush.  Noticed  in  particular  in 
rich  woods  near  Murphy's  Lake  and  Mud  Lake.  Probably  frequent 
throughout. 

PAPAVERACEAE.     Poppy  Family 

Sanguinaria  canadensis  L.  Bloodroot.  Frequent  in  rich  woods. 
Noticed  in  particular  near  Murphy's  Lake  and  Mud  Lake.  Probably 
frequent  throughout. 


TUSCOLA  COUNTY  193 

FUMARIACEAE.     Fumitory  Family 

D icentra  cucullaria  (L.)  Bernh.  Dutchman's  breeches.  Rich  shaded 
ground.     Frequent. 

Dicentra  canadensis  (Goldie)  Walp.  Squirrel  corn.  In  rich  shad  d 
ground  near  Murphy's  Lake.    Probably  frequent  throughout. 

Cordalis  sempervirens  (L.)  Pers.     Pale  corydaiis!     Dry  open  placi 
especially  burned  over  ground.     Frequent. 

CRUCIFERAE.     Mustard  Family 

Alyssum  alyssoidcs  L.  Yellow  alyssum.  Frequent  as  a  weed  along 
roads  and  in  villages. 

Thlaspi  arvense  L.  Field  penny-cress.  Waste  places  about  cities  and 
villages.     Frequent. 

Lepidium  virginicum  L.  Wild  peppergrass.  Common  as  a  w< sed  along 
roads  and  about  farm  buildings. 

Lepidium  apetalum  Willd.  Apetalous  peppergrass.  Common  a'ong 
roads,  railroads  and  a  weed  in  cultivated  fields. 

Capsella  bursa-pastoris  (L.)  Medic.  Shepherd's  purse.  A  common 
weed  in  all  cultivated  grounds. 

Camelina  sativa  (L.)  Crantz.  Gold-of-pleasure.  Along  railroads  and 
in  waste  places  of  cities  and  villages.     Frequent. 

Cakile  edentida  (Bigel.)  Hook.  American  sea  rocket.  In  sand  along 
the  beach  of  Saginaw  Bay,  often  growing  below  the  wave  line. 

Raphanus  raphanistrum  L.  Wild  radish.  Jointed  charlock.  '  Escaped 
in  sandy  places  near  dwellings."     C.  A.  Davis. 

Brassica  arvensis  (L.)  Ktze.  Common  mustard.  Charlock.  A  com- 
mon weed  in  grain  fields  and  waste  places. 

Brassica  nigra  (L.)  Koch.  Black  mustard.  "Cultivated  and  waste 
land."     C.  A.  Davis. 

Conringia  oricntalis  (L.)  Dumart.  Hare's  ear  mustard.  Along 
railroads  and  in  waste  places  of  cities  and  villages. 

Sisymbrium  officinale  leiocarpum  DC.  Smooth  podded  hedge-mus- 
tard.   A  common  weed  along  roads  and  about  farm  built  linn 

Sisymbrium  altissimum  L.  Tumble  mustard.  Noticed  along  the 
road  near  Murphy's  Lake  and  in  villages.     Spreading. 

Erysimum  cheiranthoides  L.  Worm-seed  mustard.  A  weed  along 
roads,  about  farm  buildings  and  in  cultivated  grounds. 

Radicula  nasturtium-aquaticum  (L.)  Britten  &  Rendle.  True  water 
cress.  In  ditches  and  small  streams.  Abundant  in  a  small  stream  west 
of  May ville  where  it  climbed  three  feet  and  more  upon  willows  like 
a  vine. 

Radicula  palustris  (L.)  Moench.    Marsh    cress.    Frequenl  and  often 
abundant  in  ditches  and  wet  marshy  places. 
25 


194  BOTANY    OF    MICHIGAN 

Radiculd  armor acia  (L.)  Robinson.  Horseradish.  Noticed  as  an 
escape  in  ditches  and  wet  places,  throughout. 

Dentaria  diphylla  Michx.  Crinkle-root.  In  rich  woods  near  Murphy's 
Lake.     Probably  frequent  throughout. 

Dentaria  laciniata  Muhl.  Cat-leaved  toothwort.  In  rich  woods  near 
Murphy's  Lake  and  Mud  Lake.     Probably  frequent  throughout. 

Cardamine  bulbosa  (Schreb.)  BSP.  Spring  cress.  In  damp  grassy 
places,  especially  near  the  small  lakes.     Frequent. 

Cardamine  douglassii  (Torr.)  Britton.  Purple  cress.  Noticed  in 
rich  woods  near  Murphy's  Lake.    Probably  frequent  throughout. 

Cardamine  pennsylvanica  Muhl.  Pennsylvania  bitter  cress.  No- 
ticed in  a  wet  open  place  near  Quanicassee.  Probably  frequent  through- 
out. 

Cardamine  pratensis  L.  Cuckoo  flower.  Wet  low  places  and  low 
banks  of  streams.     Frequent. 

Arabis  lyrata  L.  Lyre-leaved  rock  cress.  On  sandy  ridges  near  the 
shore  of  Saginaw  Bay,  and  high  hills  about  Murphy's  Lake. 

Arabis  glabra  (L.)  Bernh.  Tower  mustard.  Dry  open  or  partially 
shaded  ground.     Frequent. 

Arabis  laevigata  (Muhl.)  Poir.  Smooth  rock  cress.  "Sandy  ridges 
and  poor  soil,  Akron  and  Wisner  townships."     C.  A.  Davis. 

SARRACENIACEAE.     Pitcher-plant  Family 

Sarracenia  purpurea  L.  Pitcher-plant.  Abundant  in  the  swamps 
about  Cat  Lake  and  Mud  Lake. 

DROSERACEAE.     Sundew  Family 

Drosera  rotundifolia  L.  Bound-leaved  sundew.  Swamps  and  peat- 
bogs.    Frequent. 

CRASSULACEAE.     Orpine  Family 

Penthorum  sedoides  L.  Ditch  stonecrop.  Common  in  wet  places, 
especially  along  ditches. 

Sedum  acre  L.  Mossy  stonecrop.  Occasional  on  sandy  ground  along 
roads  and  about  cemeteries. 

Sedum  purpureum  Tausch.  Live-for-ever.  Frequent  along  roads,  in 
cemeteries  and  about  dwellings. 

SAXIFRAGACEAE.     Saxifrage  Family 

Tiarella  cordifolia  L.  False  miterwort.  Common  in  rich  woods, 
especially  near  Murphy's  Lake. 

Mitella  diphylla  L.  Two-leaved  bishop's  cap.  In  rich  woods  about 
Murphy's  Lake  and  Cat  Lake.     Probably  common  throughout. 


TUSCOLA  COUNTY 

Mitella  nuda  L.  Naked  bishop's  cap.  In  tamarack  swamps  near 
Cat  Lake  and  Mud  Lake. 

Chrysosplenium  americanum  Schwein.  Golden  saxifrage.  In  a  very 
wet  shaded  place  near  Murphy's  Lake.    Probably  occurring  throughout . 

Parnassia  caroliana  Michx.  Carolina  grass  of  parnassus.  Noticed 
by  Prof.  C.  A.  Davis  in  damp  prairie-like  ground  in  the  northern  part 
of  Akron  Township. 

Ribes  cynosbati  L.  Prickly  gooseberry.  Very  frequent  in  rich  open 
or  shaded  ground. 

Ribes  oxyacanthoides  L.  Smooth  gooseberry.  Frequent  in  tamarack 
swamps  about  Cat  Lake  and  Mud  Lake. 

Ribes  floridum  Jj: 'Her.  Wild  black  currant.  Common  in  rich  woods 
and  thickets. 

Ribes  prostratum  L'Her.  Skunk  currant.  In  a  tamarack  swamp  near 
Cat  Lake. 

Ribes  triste  Pall.  Swamp  red  currant.  Noticed  by  Prof.  C.  A.  Davis 
in  rich  woods  in  northern  part  of  Akron  Township. 

Ribes  aureum  Pursh.  Buffalo  currant.  An  escape  from  cultivation 
in  many  places. 

HAMAMELIDACEAE.     Witch-hazel  Family 

Hamamelis  virgi?iiana  L.  Witch-hazel.  Common  especially  on  high 
hilly  ground. 

PLATANACEAE.     Plane  Tree  Family 

PlatanusoccidentalisL.  Sycamore.  Buttonwood.  Occasional  through- 
out with  other  trees.     More  common  near  the  shore  of  Saginaw  Bay, 

often  fringing  the  upper  beach. 

ROSACEAE.     Rose  Family 

Physocarpus  opulifolius  (L.)  Maxim.  Nine-bark.  Noticed  in  the 
vicinity  of  small  lakes. 

Spiraea  salicifolia  L.  American  meadow-sweet.  Common  and 
usually  in  low  open  ground. 

Spiraea  tomentosa  L.  Hardback.  Steeple  bush.  ''Border-  of  swamp-. 
Dayton  and  Wells  townships. "     C.  A.  Davis. 

Sorbaria  sorbifolia  (L.)  A.Br.  Mountain  ash  spiraea.  Inclined  to 
escape  from  cultivation  into  streets  and  roads. 

Pyrus  coronaria  L.  American  crab.  Noticed  in  particular  on  the  dry 
banks  of  North  Lake.     "Akron  Township. "     C.  A.  Davis. 

Pyrus  malus  L.  Common  apple.  Noticed  throughout  along  roadfl 
and  in  open  woods. 

Pyrus  arbutifolia  atropurpurea  (Britton)  Robinson.  Red  chokeberry. 
In  swamps  especially  about  the  small  lakes. 


196  BOTANY    OF    MICHIGAN 

Pyrus  melanocarpa  (Michx.)  WiUd.  Black  chokeberry.  Abundant 
in  spots  in  low  open  ground,  especially  near  the  small  lakes. 

Pyrus  americana  (Marsh.)  DC.  American  mountain  ash.  In  woods 
near  Shay's  Lake  and  perhaps  an  escape. 

Amelanchier  canadensis  (L.)  Medic.  Juneberry.  May-cherry.  No- 
ticed in  particular  on  high  dry  ground  about  the  small  lakes. 

Amelanchier  oblongifolia  (T.  &  G.)  Roem.  Shad  bush.  On  low  sand 
ridges  near  the  shore  of  Saginaw  Bay.  "  In  swampy  woods  throughout. " 
C.  A.  Davis. 

Crataegus  crus-galli  L.  Cockspur  thorn.  Frequent  and  usually  in 
dry  open  ground.  "One  tree  about  a  foot  in  diameter  noted  in  north 
part  of  Akron  Township."     C.  A.  Davis. 

Crataegus  punctata  Jacq.  Large-fruited  thorn.  Frequent  in  woods 
and  open  ground. 

Crataegus  tomentosa  L.  Pear  thorn.  Pear  haw.  Noticed  by  Prof.  C. 
A.  Davis,  near  Unionville.     Probably  frequent  throughout. 

Fragaria  virginiana  Duchesne.  Common  strawberry.  Common  in 
damp  or  dry  ground. 

Fragaria  vesca  americana  Porter.  American  wood  strawberry.  In 
rich  woods  along  a  small  stream  with  high  shaded  banks  near  Murphy's 
Lake.     Also  frequent  on  the  "islands." 

Potentilla  monspeliensis  L.  Rough  cinquefoil.  A  weed  in  yards,  fields 
and  along  roads. 

Potentilla  argentea  L.  Silvery  cinquefoil.  Frequent  on  dry  sandy 
ground.    Noticed  in  particular  on  dry  hills  about  the  small  lakes. 

Potentilla  palustris  (L.)  Scop.  Marsh  five-finger.  In  very  wet  and 
swampy  places  especially  near  the  small  lakes. 

Potentilla  fruticosa  L.  Shrubby  cinquefoil.  "Moist  or  dry  sandy 
soil  back  of  Algonquin  beach  in  Akron  Township.'      C.  A.  Davis. 

Potentilla  anserina  L.  Silver  weed.  In  damp  ground  near  the  shore 
of  Saginaw  Bay.  Often  very  abundant.  "Frequent  on  the  sandy  tracts 
in  the  prairies  of  Akron  and  Wisner  townships  and  in  moist  places  along 
the  dunes  of  the  bay.    Rare  inland  in  moist  sand.':     C.  A.  Davis. 

Potentilla  canadensis  L.    Five-finger.     Common  in  dry  open  ground. 

Geum  canadense  Jacq.  White  avens.  Common  throughout  in  damp 
rich  woods. 

Geum  virginianum  L.  Rough  avens.  "  Rich  woodlands  and  wet  open 
grounds."     C.  A.  Davis. 

Geum  strictum  Ait.  Yellow  avens.  Frequent  in  damp  meadows  and 
moist  grassy  places. 

Geum  rivale  L.  Water  avens.  In  very  wet  places  and  wet  open  woods. 
Noticed  in  particular  near  Cat  Lake. 

Rubus  idaeus  aculeatissimus  (C.  A.  Mey.)  Regel  &  Tiling.  Wild  red 
raspberry.     Common  in  open  dry  or  damp  shaded  ground. 


TUSCOLA  COUNTY 

Rubus  occidentalis  L.  Black  raspberry.  Black  caps.  Frequenl  in 
clamp  woods  and  thickets. 

Rubus  odoratus  L.  Purple-flowering  raspberry.  In  hilly  ground 
north  of  Cat  Lake.     Not  noticed  elsewhere. 

Rubus  tri floras  Richards.  Dwarf  raspberry.  Common  in  wel  woods 
and  thickets. 

Rubus  allegheniensis  Porter.  High-bush  blackberry.  Common  along 
fences,  on  dry  sandy  ground  and  in  open  dry  woods. 

Rubus  nigricans  Rydb.     Peck's    dewberry.     "Borders  of  swan 
Dayton  Township."     C.  A.  Davis. 

Rubus  hispidus  L.  Hispid  blackberry.  Common  in  tamarack  s*  amps 
and  in  damp  open  or  shaded  ground. 

Rubus  villosus  Ait.  Dewberry.  Common  in  sandy  open  ground  and 
on  dry  hills. 

Agrimonia  gryposcpala  Wallr.  Common  agrimonj'.  Occasional  in 
woods  and  thickets.  "  Rich  low  woods  in  Columbia  Township.  C.  A. 
Davis. 

Agrimonia  parviflora  Ait.  Many  flowered  agrimony.  Columbia 
Township.     Beech  and  maple  woods. 

Rosa  acicularis  Lindl.  Prickfy  rose.  "Sand  dunes  along  Saginaw 
Bay."     C.A.Davis. 

Rosa  blanda  Ait.  Meadow  rose.  Common  throughout  on  dry  or 
damp  ground. 

Rosa  spinosissima  L.  Scotch  rose.  Inclined  to  escape  from  culti- 
vation and  persist.  Noticed  in  particular  in  the  yard  of  F.  E.  Warner 
near  Cat  Lake. 

Rosa  canina  L.  Dog  rose.  "Roadsides  near  old  gardens  in  ( Columbia 
Township."     C.  A.  Davis. 

Rosa  rubiginosa  L.  Sweetbrier.  Frequent  along  roads,  occasional  in 
old  fields  and  open  dry  woods. 

Rosa  Carolina  L.  Swamp  rose.  Common  in  swamps  and  low  marshy 
places. 

Rosa  humilis  Marsh.  Pasture  rose.  On  high  and  dry  ground.  No- 
ticed in  particular  on  sides  of  dry  hills  near  the  small  laki  s. 

Prunus  serotina  Ehrh.    Wild  black  cherry.    Common  in  rich  ground 
with  other  trees.    "Rich  woods.    Also  in  pine  slashings  and  on  dun<  3. 
C.  A.  Davis. 

Prunus  virginiana  L.  Choke  cherry.  Common  throughout  in  damp 
or  dry  ground  often  on  dunes.  "Sand  dunes  in  Akron  and  Wisner  town- 
ships."    C.  A.  Davis. 

Prunus  pennsylvanica  L.f.    Wild   red    cherry.    Along  fences,  bord< 
of  dry  woods  and  on  dry  hills.     "Common  in  old  pine  slashings,    in 
Indianfields  and  Vassar  townships.     Also  in  Watertown  and   Fremont 
townships."     C.A.Davis. 


198  BOTANY   OF   MICHIGAN 

Primus  pumila  L.  Sand  cherry.  In  sandy  places  on  and  near  the 
beach  of  Saginaw  Bay  and  dry  hills. 

Prunus  cerasus  L.  Common  sour  cherry.  Abundant  and  fast  spread- 
ing along  road  fences  and  about  dwellings. 

Prunus  americana  Marsh.  Wild  red  plum.  Frequent  on  borders  of 
woods  and  thickets.  Noticed  in  particular  in  the  vicinity  of  Murphy's 
Lake  and  North  Lake. 

Prunus  persica  (L.)  Stokes.  Common  peach.  Noticed  on  roadsides 
in  several  places  as  an  escape  from  cultivation. 

LEGUMINOSAE.     Pulse  Family 

Gleditsia  triacanthos  L.  Honey  locust.  Occasionally  planted  for 
ornament  in  villages,  but  apparently  not  escaping. 

Trijolium  arvenseL.  Rabbit-foot  clover.  Stone  clover.  "Noted  in  a 
single  station  in  southwest  Watertown  and  also  near  Vassar  Railroad 
station."     C.  A.  Davis. 

Trijolium  pratense  L.  Red  clover.  Common  along  roads,  in  yards 
and  pastures. 

Trijolium  repens  L.  White  clover.  Common  along  roads,  in  yards 
and  pastures. 

Trijolium  hybridum  L.  Alsike  clover.  Becoming  common  every- 
where as  an  escape. 

Trijolium  agrarium  L.  Hop  clover.  Occasional  in  villages  and  along 
roads. 

Melilotus  officinalis  (L.)  Lam.    Yellow  melilot.    Occasional  in  villages. 

Melilotus  alba  Desr.  Sweet  clover.  Common  in  villages  and  along 
roads  preferring  hard  clayey  ground,  and  often  a  weed  in  cultivated 
fields. 

Medicago  sativa  L.  Alfalfa  lucerne.  Frequent  in  villages  and  occa- 
sional along  roads  and  railroads. 

Medicago  lupulina  L.  Black  medic.  Common  along  roads  and  in 
waste  places.     Often  a  lawn  weed. 

Robinia  pseudo-acacia  L.  Common  locust.  Planted  and  often  escap- 
ing and  persisting. 

Astragalus  neglectus  (T.  &  G.)  Sheldon.  Cooper's  milk  vetch.  "  Sandy 
soil,  section  9,  Kingston  Township."     C.  A.  Davis. 

Desmodium  nudijlorum  (L.)  DC.  Naked-flowered  tick-trefoil.  No- 
ticed in  shaded  dry  ground  on  the  hills  about  Murphy's  Lake  and 
Spruce  Lake.    "Oak  woods  and  islands  in  the  prairies."    C.  A.  Davis. 

Desmodium  grandijlorum  (Walt.)  DC.  Pointed-leaved  tick-trefoil. 
In  rich  woods  especially  near  the  small  lakes.  "  Open  dry  woods  and  oak 
islands  in  prairies  of  Akron  Township."     C.  A.  Davis. 

Desmodium  rotundifolium  (Michx.)  DC.  Prostrate  tick-trefoil.  On 
the  dry  shaded  banks  of  North  Lake.     Not  noticed  elsewhere. 


TUSCOLA  COUNTY 


L99 


Desmodium  paniculatum   (L.)  DC.     Panieled    tick-trefoil.     On   I 

dry  banks  of  North  Lake.     "Oak  woods  and  islands  in  the  prairii  - 
C.  A.  Davis. 

Desmodium  canadense  (L.)  DC.  Showy  tick-trefoil.  Occasional  on 
low  sand  ridges  near  the  shore  of  Saginaw  Bay  and  on  some  of  the 
"islands."     "Sandy  prairies. "     C.A.Davis. 

Lespedeza  violacea  (L.)  Pers.  Bush  clover.  "Sandy  and  gravelly 
woods,  Watertown  Township."     C.  A.  Davis. 

Lespedeza  virginica  (L.)  Button.  Slender  bush  clover.  On  the  dry 
banks  of  North  Lake.     Not  noticed  elsewhere. 

Lespedeza  frutescens  (L.)  Britton.  Wand-like  bush  clover.  In  dry 
hilly  ground  near  Murphy's  Lake  and  Spruce  Lake. 

Lespedeza  capitata  Michx.  Round-headed  bush  clover.  On  high 
and  dry  hills  about  the  small  lakes.  "Sandy  ridges  and  flats,  Akron  and 
Columbia  townships."     C.  A.  Davis. 

Lespedeza  hirta  (L.)  Hornem.  Hairy  bush  clover.  On  dry  rocky 
hills  near  Spruce  Lake.  "Sandy  ridges  and  flats,  Akron  and  ( !olumbia 
townships. "     C.  A.  Davis. 

Vicia  angustifolia  (L.)  Reichard.  Common  vetch.  Along  road-  and 
railroads.     Frequent. 

Vicia  americana  Muhl.  American  vetch.  On  dry  hilly  ground  ami  >ng 
brush  near  Murphy's  Lake.     Not  noticed  elsewhere. 

Vicia  villosa  Roth.    Hairy  vetch.    Noticed  in  clover  fields  and  al< 
the  road  north  of  Mayville  where  it  appeared  to  be  a  permanent  esca 

Lathyrus  maritimus  (L.)  Bigel.    Beach  pea.    Occasional  on  the 
of  Saginaw  Bay. 

Lathyrus  palustris  L.  Marsh  vetchling.  Common  in  damp  marshy 
places. 

Lathyrus  palustris  myrtifolius  (Muhl.)  Gray.  Myrtle-leaved  marsh 
pea.     Along  ditches  and  about  the  small  lakes. 

Lathyrus  ochroleucus  Hook.  Cream-colored  vetchling.  Abundant  on 
shaded  hillsides  near  Murphy's  Lake. 

Apios  tuberosa  Moench.    Wild  bean.    In  damp  open  ground  and 
borders  of  thickets.     Common. 

Amphicarpamonoica(li.)  Ell.  Hog  peanut.  Frequent  in  wo<  tnd 
thickets. 

LINACEAE.     Flax  Family 

Linum  usitatissimum  L.    Common   flax.     Frequent  in  villages,  along 
railroads,  about  stations  and  depot  grounds. 
Linum  sulcatum  Riddell.    Grooved  yellow  flax.    In  dry  open  ground 

near  North  Lake.     Not  noticed  elsewhere. 


200  BOTANY    OF    MICHIGAN 

OXALIDACEAE.     Wood  Sorrel  Family 

Oxalis  stricta  L.  Upright  yellow  wood  sorrel.  Often  along  railroads, 
in  depot  grounds  and  waste  places. 

Oxalis  corniculata  L.  Lady's  sorrel.  Dry  or  damp  open  ground. 
Often  a  weed  in  gardens  and  waste  places. 

GERANIACEAE.     Geranium  Family 

Geranium  maculatum  L.  Wild  crane's-bill.  "  Burned  over  sandy 
land  in  the  Cass  River  valley,  Vassar  Township. '     C.  A.  Davis. 

Geranium  bicknellii  Britton.  Bicknell's  crane's-bill.  Open  woods 
and  especially  in  recent  clearings  and  burned  over  ground.    Frequent. 

RUTACEAE.     Rue  Family 

Zanthoxylum  americanum  Mill.  Northern  prickly  ash.  Common  in 
damp  woods  and  thickets. 

SIMARUBACEAE.     Quassia  Family 

Ailanthus  glandulosa  Desf.  Tree  of  heaven.  Planted  occasionally  as 
an  ornamental  tree  and  often  escaping. 

POLYGALACEAE.     Milkwort  Family 

Poly  gala  pauciflora  Willd.  Fringed  pohTgala.  In  dry  sterile  shaded 
ground.     Frequent. 

Polygala  polygama  Walt.  Racemed  milkwort.  " Low  sand  ridges  on 
the  prairies  and  in  Indianfields  Township."     C.  A.  Davis. 

Polygala  senega  L.  Seneca  snakeroot.  Abundant  on  an  " island '; 
near  Bay  Park.  "Low  sandy  areas  on  the  prairies  of  Akron  and  Wisner 
townships. "     C.  A.  Davis. 

EUPHORBIACEAE.     Spurge  Family 

Euphorbia  polygonifolia  L.  Seaside  spurge.  Occasional  in  sand  along 
the  beach  of  Saginaw  Bay. 

Euphorbia  preslii  Guss.  Upright  spotted  spurge.  Dry  open  ground. 
Noticed  particularly  about  depot  grounds  in  cities  and  villages. 

Euphorbia  maculata  L.  Milk  purslane.  On  roadsides  in  villages  and 
along  railroads.     Common. 

Euphorbia  corollata  L.  Flowering  spurge.  Occasional  on  low  sand 
ridges  near  the  shore  of  Saginaw  Bay,  and  on  dry  hills  about  the  small 
la,kes. 

Euphorbia  cyparissias  L.  Cypress  spurge.  Frequent  in  cemeteries 
and  on  sandy  dry  ground  along  roads. 


TUSCOLA  COUNTY  201 

ANACARDIACEAE.     Cashew  Tamil}' 

Rhus  lyphina  L.  Staghorn  sumach.  Common  throughoul  in  dry  or 
damp  ground. 

Rhus  glabra  L.  Smooth  sumach.  Frequent  and  usually  on  high  and 
dry  ground.     Noticed  in  particular  on  the  hills  aboul  (  at  Lake. 

Rhus  copallina  L.  Dwarf  sumach.  Abundant  on  high  ground  in  one 
place  near  North  Lake.     Not  noticed  elsewhere. 

Rhus  vernix  L.  Poison  sumach.  Poison  dogwood.  In  swampy  ground 
throughout.     Abundant  in  swamps  near  the  small  lakes. 

Rhus  toxicodendron  L.  Poison  ivy.  Poison  oak.  Common  in  <\iv  or 
damp,  open  or  shaded  ground.  In  spots  very  abundant,  especially  on 
sand  ridges  near  the  shore  of  Saginaw  Bay.  Occasionally  climbing 
trees  as  a  vine,  which  form  some  authors  designate  as  Rhus  toxicodi  n- 
dron  radicans  (L.)  Torr.,  climbing  poison  ivy. 

Rhus  canadensis  Marsh.  Fragrant  sumach.  Noticed  by  Prof.  C.  A. 
Davis  on  low  sand  ridges  in  northern  part  of  Akron  Township. 

AQUIFOLIACEAE.     Holly  Family 

Ilex  verticillata  (L.)  Gray.  Winterberry.  Black  alder.  Common  in 
low  ground  and  rich  open  woods,  especially  in  the  vicinity  of  the  small 
lakes. 

Nemopanthus  mucronata  (L.)  Trel.  Mountain  holly.  In  tamarack 
swamps  and  in  swampy  places  among  willows  and  other  shrubs,  espec- 
ially in  the  vicinity  of  the  small  lakes. 

CELASTRACEAE.     Staff  Tree  Family 

• 

Evonymus  obovatus  Nutt.  Running  strawberry  bush.  Frequent  in 
rich  damp  woods.     Noticed  in  particular  near  Murphy's  Lake. 

Celastrus  scandens  L.  Climbing  bittersweet.  Common  in  woods, 
thickets  and  along  fences.    Known  in  Michigan  and  Western  <  Ontario 

bitter-sweet. 

STAPHYLEACEAE.     Bladder  Nut  Family 

Staphylea  trifolia  L.  American  bladder  nut.  "(ass  River  valley 
north  of  Vassar  and  in  Tuscola  Township. r     C.  A.  1  >avis. 

ACERACEAE.     Maple  Family 

Acer  spicatum  Lam.  Mountain  maple.  ( Jommon  in  swain])-  and  rich 
open  woods,  especially  about  the  small  lakes. 

Acer  pseudo-platanus  L.  Sycamore  maple.  Occasionally  planted  as 
an  ornamental  tree,  but  not  spreading. 

Acer  so ccharum  Marsh.  Sugar  maple.  Common  throughout  in  rich 
ground  with  other  trees,  often  covering  hilly  land. 


202  BOTANY    OF    MICHIGAN 

Acer  saccharum  nigrum  (Michx.f.)  Britton.  Black  maple.  Black 
sugar  maple.  "Frequent  in  Akron  and  Columbia  townships. "  C.  A. 
Davis. 

Acer  saccharinum  L.  Silver  maple.  Usually  on  borders  of  rich  woods 
and  along  small  streams.     Frequent. 

Acer  rubrum  L.  Red  maple.  Common  in  rich  wet  ground  with  other 
trees. 

Acer  platanoides  L.  Norway  maple.  Occasionally  planted  in  villages 
along  streets  and  in  yards,  but  apparently  not  escaping. 

Acer  negundo  L.  Box  elder.  Planted  in  villages  as  a  street  and  yard 
tree  and  escaping  everywhere.  "Banks  of  Cass  River  near  Vassar. 
Planted  generally."     C.  A.  Davis. 

SAPINDACEAE.     Soapberry  Family 

Aesculus  hippocastanum  L.  Common  horse-chestnut.  Planted  in 
villages  as  a  street  and  lawn  tree  and  occasionally  escaping. 

BALSAMINACEAE.     Touch-me-not  Family 

Impatiens  biflora  Walt.  Spotted  touch-me-not.  Very  common  in 
damp  open  and  shaded  places. 

RHAMNACEAE.     Buckthorn  Family 

Rhamnus  alnifolia  L'Her.  Alder-leaved  buckthorn.  Common  in 
swampy  places,  especially  near  the  small  lakes. 

Ceanoihus  americanus  L.  New  Jersey  tea.  Red-root.  Common 
throughout  on  dry  sandy  ground.  Noticed  in  particular  on  the  hills 
about  the  small  lakes. 

VITACEAE.     Vine  Family 

Psedera  vitacea  (Knerr)  Greene.  American  woodbine.  American  ivy. 
Common  in  moist  woods  and  along  fences.  Often  cultivated  as  an  orna- 
mental vine. 

Vitis  bicolor  LeConte.  Summer  grape.  In  woods  or  open  ground. 
Noticed  in  particular  on  hilly  ground  near  Cat  Lake,  Murphy's  Lake 
and  Spruce  Lake. 

Vitis  vulpina  L.  River-bank  grape.  Common  in  woods  and  on  dry 
sandy  or  rich  open  ground,  along  streams,  and  often  fringing  the  upper 
beach  of  Saginaw  Bay.    Also  on  sand  dunes. 

TILIACEAE.     Linden  Family 

Tilia  americana  L.  Basswood.  Common  in  rich  ground  with  other 
trees. 


TUSCOLA  COUNTY  203 

MALVACEAE.     Mallow  Family 

Abutilon  theophrasti  Medic.  Velvet  leaf.  Noticed  along  roada  and 
as  a  weed  in  gardens  and  bean  fields. 

Althaea  rosea  Cav.     Hollyhock.     "Escaped  from  cultivation  al< 
moist  roadsides  in  Fairgrove  and  Columbia  township 3.       <  '.  A.  J 

Malva  rotundifolia  L.  Common  mallow.  Cheeses.  Common  as  a 
roadside  and  garden  weed. 

Malva  stjlvestris  L.  High  mallow.  "Millington  Township  by  the  road- 
side."    C.  A.  Davis. 

Malva  moschata  L.    Musk  mallow.     Occasional  a-  an  escape   al 
roads  and  in  old  fields. 

HYPERICACEAE.     St.  Johns-wort  Family 

Hypericum  ascyron  L.  Great  St  John's-wort,  Damp  open  ground  and 
on  banks  of  streams.     Frequent. 

Hypericum  perforatum  L.  Common  St.  John's-wort.  Frequenl  afi  a 
weed  along  roads  and  occasional  in  old  fields. 

Hypericum  punclatum  Lam.  Spotted  St.  John's-wort.  <  Occasional  in 
damp  shaded  ground,  especially  near  the  small  lakes. 

Hypericum  prolificum  L.  Shrubby  St.  Johns-wort.  In  dryish  open 
woods  near  Murphy's  Lake.     Probably  frequent  throughout. 

Hypericum  kalmianum  L.  Kalm's  St.  John's-wort.  Occasional  in 
sand  near  the  beach  of  Saginaw  Bay.  "  Prairies  in  Akron  Township.  " 
C.  A.  Davis. 

Hypericum  mutilum  L.  Small-flowered  St.  Johns-wort.  Frequent  in 
low  grassy  ground,  especially  in  the  vicinity  of  the  small  lakes. 

Hypericum  canadense  L.  Canadian  St.  John's-wort.  "Along  the 
shores  of  the  bay  in  Akron  Township. "     C.  A.  Davis. 

Hypericum  virginicum  L.  Marsh  St.  John's-wort.  Common,  espe- 
cially in  low  open  and  marsh}'  ground  about  the  small  lak< 

CISTACEAE.     Rockrose  Family 

Helianthemum  canadense  (L.?)   Michx.     Long-branched    frostweed. 

In  dry  sandy  ground  near  the  shore  of  Saginaw  Hay  and  on  the  hills 
about  the  small  lakes. 

Lechea  villosa  Ell.  Hairy  pinweed.  Noticed  by  Prof.  ( '.  A.  Davis  in 
the  northern  part  of  Akron  Township. 

VIOLACEAE.     Violet  Family 

Viola  cucullata  Ait.  Marsh  blue  violet.  Common  in  wet  marshy 
ground,  especially  about  the  small  lakes. 

Viola  sororia  Willd.    Woolly  blue  violet,    Common  in  meadows  and 


204  BOTANY  OF  MICHIGAN 

woods,  and  on  the  "islands''.  This  and  the  preceding  were  formerly 
included  under  the  name  of  Viola  palmata  cucullata  Gray. 

Viola  fimbriatula  Ait.  Arrow-leaved  violet.  Along  the  railroad  be- 
tween Sebewaing  and  Akron.  Probably  frequent  throughout  in  dry 
sandy  ground. 

Viola  pollens  fBanks)  Brainard.  Northern  white  violet.  Wet 
springy  places  and  along  the  low  banks  of  shaded  brooks.    Frequent.. 

Viola  blanda  Willd.  Sweet  white  violet.  "Cold  swamps  in  Wells 
Township."     C.  A.  Davis. 

Viola  incognita  Brainard.  Sweet  white  violet.  Common  in  rich 
damp  open  ground  and  woods. 

Viola  pubescens  Ait.  Downy  yellow  violet.  In  dry  woods  and  on  dry 
shaded  hills. 

Viola  scabriuscula  Schwein.  Smooth  yellow  i volet.  Common  in 
rich  damp  woods  and  thickets. 

Viola  canadensis  L.  Canada  violet.  Dr}rish  rich  open  woods.  Fre- 
quent throughout. 

Viola  striata  Ait.  Pale  violet.  Striped  violet.  Rich  shaded  ground. 
Frequent. 

Viola  conspersa  Reichenb.  American  dog  violet.  Common  in  rich 
woods,  damp  shaded  places,  and  often  abundant  in  wet  open  ground. 

Viola  rostrata  Pursh.  Long-spurred  violet.  On  shaded  hillsides  about 
Murphy's  Lake.     Probably  frequent  throughout. 

Viola  tricolor  L.     Pansy.     Cultivated  and  inclined  to  escape. 

THYMELAEACEAE.     Mezereum  Family 

Dirca  palustris  L.  Leatherwood.  Moosewood.  "  Rich  woods  in  Aimer 
Township. "     C.  A.  Davis. 

LYTHRACEAE.     Loosestrife  Family 

Decodon  verticillatus  (L.)  Ell.  Water  willow.  Often  abundant  in 
swampy  places  in  the  vicinity  of  the  small  lakes.  The  beautiful  little 
Cedar  Lake  is  completely  encircled  with  it. 

Lythrum  alatum  Pursh.  Wing-angled  loosestrife.  Frequent  on 
prairie-like  ground  throughout. 

ONAGRACEAE.     Evening  Primrose  Family 

Ludvigia  polycarpa  Short  &  Peter.  Many-fruited  ludvigia.  "Ditches 
and  wet  marshy  places  in  prairies  of  Akron  Township.'      C.  A.  Davis. 

Ludvigia  palustris  (L.)  Ell.  Water  purslanes.  Abundant,  when  found 
at  all,  in  ditches  and  muddy  places. 

Epilobium  angusti folium  L.     Great  willow  herb.     Common    in    low 


TUSCOLA  COUNTY 


21 15 


open  ground  or  open  woods.    One  of  the  recent  common  names  is  I. 
weed. 

Epilobium  molle  Torr.  Downy  willow  herb.  Noticed  in  wel  open 
places  about  Cat  Lake. 

Epilobium  densum  Raf.  Linear-leaved  willow  herb.  Frequenl  in 
low  marshy  ground.     Very  abundant  about  Mud  Lake 

Epilobium  coloratum  Muhl.  Purple-leaved  willow  herb.  "Low 
meadows  and  pastures  throughout."     C.  A.  Davis. 

Epilobium  adenocaulon  Haussk.  Northern  willow  herb.  Frequent 
in  rich  damp  open  ground,  especially  about  the  small  lakes. 

Oenothera  biennis  L.  Common  evening  primrose.  Common  in  « In- 
sanely open  or  shaded  ground. 

Circaea  lutetiana  L.  Enchanter's  nightshade.  Very  common  in  rich 
woods  and  thickets. 

Circaea  alpina  L.  Smaller  enchanter's  nightshade.  In  thick  damp 
woods  and  thickets.  Noticed  in  particular  in  tamarack  swamps  near 
Cat  Lake  and  Murphy's  Lake. 

HALORAGIDACEAE.     Water  Milfoil  Family 

Myriophyllum  spicatwn  L.  Spiked  water-milfoil.  In  shallow  water 
on  margins  of  small  lakes.     Frequent. 

Myriophyllum  heterophyllum.  Various  leaved  water-milfoil.  Mar- 
gins of  small  lakes  in  shallow  water.     Frequent. 

Proserpinaca  palustris  L.  Mermaid-weed.  Frequent  and  often  abun- 
dant in  wet  marshy  places  near  the  shore  of  Saginaw  Bay  and  near  the 
small  lakes. 

ARALIACEAE.     Ginseng  Family 

Aralia  racemosa  L.  Spikenard.  Common  in  rich  damp  woods.  No- 
ticed in  particular  in  woods  near  Cat  Lake  and  Murphy's  lake. 

Aralia  hispida  Vent.  Bristly  sarsaparilla.  Noticed  in  dry  poor 
ground  on  the  hills  near  Cat  Lake.     Probably  frequent  throughout. 

Aralia  nudicaidis  L.  Wild  sarsaparilla.  Very  commou  in  moist 
woods  and  thickets,  and  occasional  in  dry  sandy  ground. 

Panax  quinque folium  L.  Ginseng.  Not  noticed,  but  report*  d  by  old 
residents  as  formerly  abundant. 

Panax  trifolium  L.     Dwarf  ginseng.     Ground-nut.       'Rich    mo 
woodlands."     C.  A.  Davis. 

UMBELLIFERAE.     Parsley  Family 

Sanicula  marilandica  L.  Black  snakeroot.  Common  in  rich  woods 
and  thickets. 

Osmorhiza  claytoni  (Michx.)  Clarke.    Woolly  sweel    cicely.     On   the 

"islands"  in  Akron  Township.     C.  A.  Davis. 


206  BOTANY  OF  MICHIGAN 

Osmorhiza  longistylis  (Torr.)  DC.  Smoother  .sweet  cicely.  Common 
in  rich  woods,  especially  near  the  small  lakes. 

Coniurn  maculatum  L.  Poison  hemlock.  Frequent  in  waste  places 
of  cities  and  villages. 

Cicuta  maculata  L.  Water  hemlock.  Beaver  poison.  Frequent 
throughout  in  wet  marshy  ground,  and  often  in  open  damp  woods.  Root 
said  to  be  very  poisonous. 

Cicuta  bulbifera  L.  Bulb-bearing  water  hemlock.  Common  in  open 
wet  places  along  the  shore  of  Saginaw  Bay  and  about  the  small  lakes. 

Carum  carvi  L.  Caraway.  Occasional  as  an  escape  along  roads  and 
about  dwellings. 

Sium  cicutaefolium  Schrank.  Water  parsnip.  Common  in  ditches, 
wet  and  muddy  places. 

Cryptotaenia  canadensis  (L.)  DC.  Honewort.  Very  common  in  rich 
woods  and  thickets. 

Zizia  aurea  (L.)  Koch.  Golden  alexanders.  Meadow-like  ground. 
Frequent. 

Taenidia  integerrima  (L.)  Drude.  Yellow  pimpernel.  On  the 
"islands"  in  Akron  Township  and  the  dry  banks  of  North  Lake. 

Thaspium  aureum  Nutt.  Purple  meadow  parsnip.  "Dry  ground, 
Millington  and  Watertown  townships."     C.  A.  Davis. 

Pastinaca  sativa  L.    Parsnip.    Frequent  along  roads  as  an  escape. 

Heracleum  lanatum  Michx.  Cow  Parsnip.  Occasional  in  woods  in 
northern  part  of  Akron  Township. 

Daucus  carota  L.  Carrot.  Noticed  along  roads  and  as  a  frequent 
weed  in  fields. 

CORNACEAE.     Dogwood  Family 

Cornus  canadensis  L.  Dwarf  cornel.  Bunch  berry.  In  tamarack 
swamps  about  Cat  Lake.  "  Indianfields  Township  in  old  pine  slashings. ,: 
C.  A.  Davis. 

Cornus  florida  L.  Flowering  dogwood.  Plentiful  on  the  dry  banks  of 
North  Lake.     Not  noticed  elsewhere. 

Cornus  circinata  L'Her.  Round-leaved  dogwood.  In  open  woods 
and  thickets  and  on  hilly  ground  about  the  small  lakes.  "  Rich  low  wood- 
lands, Columbia  and  Fairgrove  townships."     C.  A.  Davis. 

Cornus  amomum  Mill.  Silky  cornel.  In  wet  swampy  places,  especially 
about  the  small  lakes. 

Cornus  baileyi  Coult  &  Evans.  Bailey's  dogwood.  "Sand  dunes 
near  Saginaw  Bay."     C.  A.  Davis. 

Cornus  stolonifera  Michx.  Red-osier  dogwood.  Often  called  red 
willow.  Common  near  the  shore  of  Saginaw  Bay  and  occasional  through- 
out in  swampy  ground.  "Common  in  wet  places,  especially  on  the 
prairies  of  Akron  and  Wisner  townships,  where  it  has  spread  rapidly 
since  they  were  drained. "     C.  A.  Davis. 


TUSCOLA  COUNTY 


21 17 


Comas  paniculata  L' 'Her.  Panicled  dogwood.  Common  throughout 
on  borders  of  woods  and  banks  of  streams. 

Cornus  alternifolia  L.f.  Alternate-leaved  dogwood.  Common  in 
open  damp  woods,  especially  near  the  small  lakes. 

Nyssa  sylvatica  Marsh.  Black  gum.  Pepperidge.  Noticed  only 
north  of  Mayville  on  hilly  ground.    Perhaps  frequent  throughout . 

ERICACEAE.     Heath  Family 

Chimaphila  umbellata  (L.)  Nutt.  Prince's  Pine.  Pipsiss* rwa.  \<»i  iced 
under  pines  near  North  Lake.    Probably  frequent  throughout. 

Moneses  uniflora  (L.)  Gray.  Rich  woods.  Frequent.  Liable  to  be 
overlooked. 

Pyrola  secunda  L.  One-sided  wintergreen.  In  rich  woods  near 
Murphy's  Lake.     Probably  frequent  throughout. 

Pyrola  elliptica  Nutt.  Shin  leaf.  On  shaded  hilly  ground  near 
Murprry's  Lake.     Probably  frequent  throughout. 

Pyrola  americana  Sweet.  Round-leaved  wintergreen.  In  dry  shaded 
ground  near  North  Lake.     Probably  frequent  throughout. 

Monotropa  uniflora  L.    Indian  pipe.    Rich  Woods.    Frequent. 

Ledum  groenlandicum  Oeder.    Labrador  tea.    Abundant  in  a   spm 
tamarack  swamp  near  Cat  Lake. 

Kalima  polifolia  Wang.  Pale  laurel.  In  a  spruce-tamarack  swamp 
near  Cat  Lake. 

Andromeda  glaucophyllaJAnk.  Bog  rosemary.  Abundant  in  a  spruce- 
tamarack  swamp  near  Cat  Lake. 

Chamaedaphne  calyculata  (L.)  Moench.    Leather  leaf.    Abundant    in 
a  spruce-tamarack  swamp  near  Cat  Lake.     "Boggy  margins  of  la  I. 
in  Dayton  and  Watertown  townships."     C.  A.  Davis. 

Epigaea  repens  L.     Trailing  arbutus.   Mayflower.     Occasional  un< 
pines  and  in  other  shaded  places.     Apparently  infrequent. 

Gaultheria   procumbens   L.      Teaberry.     Known   as   wintergreen    in 
Michigan  and  Western  Ontario.    In  poor  open  or  shaded  gr<  mnd  thro 
out.    Abundant  and  rank  in  sphagnum  in  a  black  spruce-tamarack  swamp 
near  Cat  Lake. 

Arctostaphylos  uva-ursi  (L.)  Wang.  Bearberry.  Occasional  on  sand 
ridges  near  the  shore  of  Saginaw  Bay. 

Chiogenes  hispidula  (L.)  T.  &  G.  Creeping  snowberry.  Moxieplum. 
"  Cedar  swamps  in  various  parts  of  the  county. "     ('.A.I  ).r 

Gaylussacia  baccata  (Wang.)  C.  Koch.  Black  huckleberry.  Common 
in  poor  open  ground,  dry  open  woods,  and  under  pines.  Also  often 
noticed  in  swampy  ground. 

Vaccinium  pennsylvanicum  L.    Low  sweet  blueberry.     Common 
dry  and  sandy  shaded  ground. 


208  BOTANY  OF  MICHIGAN 

V actinium  pennsylvanicum  nigrum  Wood.  Low  black  blueberry. 
Often  found  with  the  preceding.     Berries  very  black. 

V actinium  corymbosum  L.  High-bush  huckleberry.  Swamp  blue- 
berry. Common  in  swamps  especially  about  the  small  lakes.  Abundant 
in  a  spruce-tamarack  swamp  near  Cat  Lake.  "Abundant  in  a  swamp  in 
Koylton  Township."     C.  A.  Davis. 

Vaccinium  oxycoccus  L.  Small  cranberiy.  Abundant  in  a  spruce- 
tamarack  swamp  near  Cat  Lake.    Probably  frequent  throughout. 

Vaccinium  macrocarpon  Ait.  American  cranberry.  Noticed  about 
Mud  Lake  southwest  of  Fostoria.  "Sphagnum  bogs  in  Dayton  and 
Water  town  townships."     C.  A.  Davis. 

PRIMULACEAE.     Primrose  Family 

Samolus  floribundus  HBK.  Water  pimpernel.  Brookweed.  "Sandy 
banks  of  pools  in  Watertown  Township."     C.  A.  Davis. 

Lysimachia  quaclri folia  L.  Whorled  loosestrife.  Crosswort.  On  dry 
open  ground  near  Murphy's  Lake  and  North  Lake.  "Sandy  soil  in 
Indianfields  and  Vassar  townships."     C.  A.  Davis. 

Lysimachia  terrestris  (L.)  BSP.  Bulb-bearing  loosestrife.  Frequent 
in  damp  and  marshy  ground.  "Borders  of  prairies,  Akron  Township. " 
C.  A.  Davis. 

Lysimachia  nummularia  L.  Moneywort.  Occasional  as  an  escape  in 
the  streets  of  villages.  Often  a  bad  weed  in  lawns.  "Well  established 
b}^  roadsides  near  Columbia  postoffice  on  the  banks  of  a  ditch."  C.  A. 
Davis. 

Lysimachia  thyrsi  flora  L.  Tufted  loosestrife.  Noticed  in  wet  ground 
near  Mayville.     Probably  frequent  throughout. 

Steironema  ciliatum  (L.)  Raf.  Fringed  loosestrife.  Common  through- 
out in  rich  woods  and  thickets. 

Steironema  quadriflorum  (Sims)  Hitchc.  Prairie  moneywort.  Damp 
prairie-like  open  ground  in  northern  part  of  county.     Plentiful. 

Trientalis  americana  (Pers.)  Pursh.  Star  flower.  Common  through- 
out in  rich  woods. 

OLEACEAE.     Olive  Family 

Fraxinus  americana  L.  White  ash.  Common  in  rich  ground  with 
other  trees. 

Fraxinus  pennsylvanica  Marsh.  Red  ash.  Frequent  in  damp  rich 
ground  with  other  trees. 

Fraxinus  pennsylvanica  lanccolata  (Borkh.)  Sarg.  Green  ash.  Rich 
open  woods  with  other  trees,  and  along  streams.     Frequent. 

Fraxinus  nigra  Marsh.  Black  ash.  Formerly  abundant  in  swampy 
ground,  but  becoming  scarce  on  account  of  drainage  and  fires.    Noticed 


TUSCOLA  COUNTY  209 

in  particular  in  swamps  about  the  small  lakes.    "Abundant  in  Akron, 
Wisner  and  Gilford  townships."     C.  A.  Davis. 

Syringa  vulgaris  L.  Common  lilac.  Noticed  as  an  escape  from  culti- 
vation along  roads.     Infrequent. 

GENTIANACEAE.     Gentian  Family 

Gentiana  crinita  Froel.  Fringed  gentian.  Noticed  by  Prof.  C.  A. 
Davis  in  prairie-like  ground  in  the  northern  part  of  Akron  Townshi] 

Gentiana  andrewsii  Griseb.  Closed  gentian.  Near  Mud  Lake  and 
North  Lake.     Probably  frequent  throughout. 

Halenia  deflexa   (Sm.)   Griseb.     Spurred  gentian.     In  woods    m 
Mud  Lake.     "In  swampy  woods  by  the  roadside,  Fremont  Township 
three  miles  north  of  Mayville."     C.  A.  Davis. 

Menyanthes  trifoliaia  L.  Buckbean.  In  very  wet  places  aboul  the 
small  lakes. 

APOCYNACEAE.     Dogbane  Family 

Vinca  minor  L.  Common  periwinkle.  Popularly  known  as  myrtle. 
Becoming  a  permanent  escape  in  the  village  of  Akron. 

Apocynum  androsaemifolium  L.  Spreading  dogbane.  Frequenl  in 
dry  open  woods.     "Sandy  ridges  and  plains,  Indianfields  Township. ' 

Apocynum  cannabinum  L.  Indian  hemp.  Frequent  in  low  ground 
near  the  small  lakes.  "Terraces  of  Cass  River  south  of  Caro.?:  I  .  A. 
Davis. 

Apocynum  cannabinum  hypericifolium  (Ait.)  Gray.  Clasping-leaved 
dogbane.     Frequent  in  low  open  ground  and  the  more  common  form. 

ASCLEPIADACEAE.     Milkweed  Family 

Asclepias  tuberosa  L.  Butterfly-weed.  Occasional  throughout  in 
dry  open  ground. 

Asclepias  purpurascens  L.  Purple  milkweed.  "Frequent  on  the  sandy 
islands  in  the  prairies  of  Akron  and  Wisner  townshi;  I  .  A.  I  >avis. 

Asclepias  incarnata  L.  Swamp  milkweed.  Abundant  throughout  in 
low  damp  ground.    Has  a  strong  fine  fiber  that  may  yet  l"1  made  useful. 

Asclepias  syriaca  L.  Common  milkweed.  On  sand  ridges  near  the 
shore  of  Saginaw  Bay  and  in  dry  open  ground  throughout.  Often  a 
miserable  weed  in  old  fields  and  pastures. 

Asclepias  sullivaniii  Engelm.  Sullivant's  milkweed.  Noticed  in 
abundance  on  prairie-like  ground  in  Akron  Townshi  ially  in  the 

northern  part.     Perhaps  the  northern  limit  of  the  plant. 

Asclepias  phytolaccoides  Pursh.  Poke  milkweed.  "Good  soil  and 
moist  places  in  Akron,  Columbia  and  Fairgrove  townships. '  C.  A. 
Davis. 

27 


210  BOTANY  OF  MICHIGAN 

Acerates  floridana  (Lam.)  Hitchc.  Florida  milkweed.  Often  abun- 
dant in  prairie-like  ground  in  the  northern  part  of  Akron  Township. 
Perhaps  its  northern  limit. 

CONVOLVULACEAE.     Convolvulus  Family 

Convolvulus  spiihamaeus  L.  Upright  bindweed.  Dry  sandy  usually 
open  ground.     Frequent. 

Convolvulus  sepiwn  L.  Hedge  bindweed.  In  damp  open  ground 
especially  in  the  vicinity  of  the  small  lakes. 

Convolvulus  arvensis  L.  Field  bindweed.  Noticed  as  occasional  in 
waste  places  about  villages,  and  along  railroads.  Liable  to  become  a 
bad  weed. 

Cuscuta  gronovii  Willd.  Love-vine.  Gronovius'  dodder.  In  damp 
shaded  or  open  ground  on  willows  and  other  plants  along  streams  and 
near  the  small  lakes. 

POLEMONIACEAE.     Polemonium  Family 

Phlox  divaricata  L.  Blue  phlox.  Abundant  in  rich  woods  near 
Murphy's  Lake.     Probabh^  frequent  throughout. 

HYDROPHYLLACEAE.     Waterleaf  Family 

Hydrophyllum  virginianum  L.  Virginia  waterleaf.  In  rich  woods 
near  Murphy's  Lake.     Probably  frequent  throughout. 

BORAGINACEAE.     Borage  Family 

Cynoglossum  officinale  L.  Common  hound 's-tongue.  Along  roads, 
in  open  dry  woods,  old  fields  and  about  dwellings. 

Cynoglossum  virginianum  L.  Wild  comfrey.  Common  throughout 
in  open  dryish  woods. 

Lappida  echinata  Gilibert.  European  stickseed.  Roadsides  and 
waste  places  throughout. 

Myosotis  virginica  (L.)  BSP.  Earty  scorpion-grass.  "  Sandy  islands 
in  prairies  in  Akron  Township. "     C.  A.  Davis. 

Lithospermum  arvense  L.  Corn  gromwell.  Noticed  as  an  occasional 
weed  in  villages  and  along  railroads. 

Lithospermum  officinale  L.  Common  gromwell.  "Roadsides,  Water- 
town  Township  about  a  mile  south  of  Mayville."    C.  A.  Davis. 

Lithospermum  gmelini  (Michx.)  Hitchc.  Hairy  puccoon.  On  low 
sand  ridges  near  the  shore  of  Saginaw  Bay  and  often  in  sand  on  the 
beach. 

Lithospermum  canescens  (Michx.)  Lehm.  Hoary  puccoon.  Abundant 
on  some  of  the  islands  in  the  northern  part  of  Akron  Township. 


TUSCOLA  COUNTY  211 

Echium  vulgare  L.    Blue-weed.    Blue  devil.    A  weed  along  rail 
and  in  the  waste  places  of  cities  and  village  = . 

VERBENACEAE.     Vervain  Family 

Verbena  urticaefolia  L.  White  vervain.  Occasional  along  roads  and 
in  waste  places. 

Verbena  hastata  L.    Blue   vervain.     Often  abundanl  in  damp  plai 
along  roads  and  in  open  damp  ground. 

LABIATAE.     Mint  Family 

Teucrium  canadense  L.  American  germander.  Wood  sage.  In  rich 
low  open  ground,  especially  along  streams  and  about  the  -mall  laki 

Scutellaria  lateriflora  J j.  Mad-dog  skullcap.  Common  throughout  in 
damp  shaded  ground. 

Scutellaria  galericulata  L.  Hooded  willow-herb.  Marsh  skullcap. 
Frequent  in  swampy  places,  especially  about  the  small  lakes. 

Marrubium  vulgare  L.  Common  horehound.  Frequent  as  an  escape 
about  dwellings. 

AgaMache  nepetoides  (L.)  Ktze.  Catnip.  Giant  hyssop.  Noticed  in 
open  rich  woods  near  Murphy's  Lake.    Probably  frequent  throughout. 

Nepeta  cataria  L.    Catnip.    Common  along  roads,  in  yards  and  wa 
places.     Often  a  weed  in  cultivated  grounds. 

Nepeta  hederacea  (L.)  Trevisan.  Ground  ivy.  Gill-over-the-ground. 
Noticed  throughout  in  damp  shaded  places  and  near  dwellings.  (  tften  a 
vicious  lawn  weed. 

Prunella  vulgaris  L.  Heal-all.  Common  throughout  in  dry  or  .lamp. 
open  or  partially  shaded  ground. 

Leonurus  cardica  L.  Common  motherwort.  Common  as  a  weed  near 
dwellings  and  in  waste  places. 

Stachys  tenuifolia  aspersa  (Michx.)  Fernald.  Rough  hedge  nettle. 
"Prairies  and  open  swamps.    Occasional  throughout."     <  .  A.  1  lavis. 

Stachys  palustris  L.  Hedge  nettle.  Marsh  woundwort.  Frequent  in 
wet  marshy  ground,  especially  near  the  small  lakes. 

Monarda  fistulosa  L.  Wild  bergamot.  "Dry  soil,  common  through- 
out."    C.  A.  Davis. 

Monarda  mollis  L.  Pale  wild  bergamot.  In  hilly  .mound  and  dry 
open  woods  throughout. 

Satureja  vulgaris  (L.)  Fritsch.  Basil.  Mountain  mint.  Occasional 
throughout  in  dry  open  ground  and  dry  open  wood-. 

Pycnanthemum  virginianum  (L.)  Durand.    Virginia  mountain    mini 
Common  throughout  in  damp  and  marshy  places. 

Lycopus  uniflorus  Michx.  Bugle  weed.  Throughout  in  low  damp 
and  often  shaded  ground. 


212  BOTANY  OF  MICHIGAN 

Lycopus  americaniis  Muhl.  Cut-leaved  water  horehound.  Abun- 
dant throughout  in  damp  open  or  shaded  ground.  Often  producing  long 
vine-like  runners  near  the  base  of  the  stem. 

Mentha  spicata  L.  Spearmint.  Occasional  along  roads  and  near 
dwellings. 

Mentha  piperita  L.  Peppermint.  Frequent  in  damp  places  along 
roads. 

Mentha  arvensis  canadensis  (L.)  Briquet.  American  wild  mint.  Fre- 
quent throughout  in  damp  open  or  shaded  ground. 

Collinsonia  canadensis  L.  Stone-root.  Noticed  in  rich  damp  woods 
near  Murphy's  Lake.    Probably  frequent  throughout. 

SOLANACEAE.     Nightshade  Family 

Solanum  dulcamara  L.  Known  mostly  in  Europe  as  bittersweet, 
in  Michigan  and  western  Ontario  as  nightshade.  Very  common  through- 
out. 

Solanum  nigrum  L.  Common  nightshade,  frequent  in  rich  open  or 
shaded  ground  and  common  as  a  garden  and  field  weed.  Ripe  berries 
not  poisonous  as  formerly  supposed. 

Physalis  pruinosa  L.  Strawberry  tomato.  Noticed  in  sandy  places 
in  northern  part  of  Akron  Township  by  Prof.  C.  A.  Davis. 

Physalis  heterophylla  Nees.  Clammy  ground  cherry.  Frequent 
throughout  in  open  sandy  places. 

Lycium  halimijolium  Mill.  Common  matrimoiw  vine.  Planted 
about  dwellings  as  an  ornamental  shrub  and  inclined  to  become  a  per- 
manent escape  in  villages  and  along  country  roads. 

Datura  stramonium  L.  Stramonium.  Occasional  in  waste  places  and 
about  villages.     Seed  poisonous. 

Datura  tatula  L.  Purple  stramonium.  Occasional  in  villages  and 
waste  places.  Also  noticed  as  a  weed  in  bean  fields.  Seed  poisonous  the 
same  as  the  preceding.  A  few  years  ago  five  children  in  Alpena,  Michi- 
gan, were  poisoned  from  eating  the  seed. 

SCROPHULARIACEAE.     Figwort  Family 

Verbascum  thapsus  L.  Common  mullein.  Occasional  along  roads  and 
often  abundant  in  old  fields  and  pastures. 

Linaria  vulgaris  Hill.  Butter  and  eggs.  Along  roads,  about  dwellings 
and  occasional  as  a  weed  in  old  fields. 

Linaria  canadensis  (L.)  Dumont.  Wild  toadflax.  Common  on  sand 
ridges  near  the  shore  of  Saginaw  Bay. 

Linaria  minor  (L.)  Desf.  Small  snap-dragon.  A  recently  introduced 
weed  along  railroads  and  in  waste  places  of  cities  and  villages. 

Scrophularia  leporella  Bicknell.  Hare  figwort.  Noticed  in  rich  open 
ground  near  Cat  Lake. 


TUSCOLA  COUNTY  _,r> 

Chelone  glabra  L.     Turtlehead.    Snakehead.    Balmony.     Frequent  in 

wet  open  ground,  especially  near  the  small  lab 

Mimulus  ringens  L.  Square-stemmed  monkey  flower.  Frequent  in 
ditches,  wet  places  and  along  small  streams. 

Ilysanthes  dubia  (L.)  Barnhart.  Short-stalked  false  pimpernel. 
"Wet  muddy  banks  of  small  ponds  in  Wells  and  Vassar  townships. " 
C.  A.  Davis. 

Veronica  anagallis-aquatica  L.    Water  speedwell.     "Common  in  I 
drained  part  of  the  county."     C.  A.  Davis. 

Veronica  americana  Schwein.  American  brooklime.  "Brooks,  Wells 
Township."     C.  A.  Davis. 

Veronica  scutellata  L.  Marsh  speedwell.  Frequent  throughout  in 
wet  and  swampy  places. 

Veronica  serpyllifolia  L.  Thyme-leaved  speedwell.  Common 
throughout  in  damp  grassy  places. 

Veronica  peregrina  L.  Neckweed.  Purslane  speedwell.  A  common 
weed  in  gardens  and  cultivated  fields. 

Veronica  arvensis  L.    Corn  speedwell.    Occasional  in  edge  of  wo< 
like  a  native  plant.     Noticed  near  Murphy's  Lake. 

Gerardia  pedicularia  L.  Fern-leaved  false  foxglove.  Occasional  in 
dry  open  woods.    Noticed  on  hilly  ground  near  Murphy's  Lake. 

Gerardia  pauper cula  (Gray)  Britton.    Small-flowered   gerardia.     I 
casional  in  damp  ground  near  the  small  lakes.    "Moist  sandy  soil,  Wells 
Township.    Also  shores  of  Saginaw  Bay."    C.  A.  Davis. 

Castilleja  coccinea  (L.)  Spreng.  Scarlet  painted  cup.  Noticed  by 
Prof.  C.  A.  Davis  in  prairie-like  ground  in  northern  part  of  Akron  Town- 
ship. 

Melampyrum  lineare  Lam.     Cow  wheat.     Frequent  in  dry    Bhaded 
ground,  especially  under  pines.     Noticed  in  particular  in  dry  >h:t<: 
ground  about  North  Lake. 

Pediadaris  canadensis  L.  Common  lousewort.  \Y< >ods  betony. 
Frequent  in  shaded  ground. 

Pedicularis  lanceolata  Michx.     Swamp  lousewort.     Noticed   <>n 
number  of  the  "islands"  in  Akron  Township. 

LENTIBULARIACEAE.    Bladderworl  Family 

TJtricxdaria  vulgaris  americana  Cray.     Common  American    bladd 
wort.     Ponds,  small  lakes,  and  slow  streams.     Frequent. 

Utricidaria  intermedia  Flaync.    Flat-leaved  bladderwort.  y  wet 

places,  usually  in  water.     Frequent. 

OROBANCHACEAE.     Broom-rape  Family 

Epifagus  virginiana  (L.)  Bart.    Beech-drops.    Noticed  under 

near  North  Lake.     Probably  frequent  throughout. 


214  BOTANY  OF  MICHIGAN 

BIGNONIACEAE.     Bignonia  Family 

Catalpa  bignonioides  Walt.  Catalpa.  Indian  bean.  Occasionally 
planted  in  villages  but  apparently  not  escaping. 

PHRYMACEAE.     Lopseed  Family 

Phryma  leptostachya  L.  Lopseed.  Noticed  in  damp  rich  woods  near 
Murphy's  Lake.     Probably  frequent  throughout. 

PLANTAGINACEAE.     Plantain  Family 

Plantago  major  L.  Common  plantain.  Common  near  dwellings,  and 
often  in  fields. 

Plantago  rugelii.  Rugel's  plantain.  Common  along  roads,  in  old  fields 
and  pastures. 

Plantago  lanceolata  L.  English  plantain.  A  recent  common  name  is 
buckhorn.  A  common  weed  along-  roads,  in  lawns,  old  fields,  meadows 
and  pastures. 

RUBIACEAE.     Madder  Family 

Galium  aparine  L.  Goose  grass.  Cleavers.  In  shaded  ground 
throughout. 

Galium  circaezans  Michx.  Wild  liquorice.  Frequent  throughout  in 
rich  woods. 

Galium  boreale  L.  Northern  bedstraw.  Common  on  the  " islands'' 
in  Akron  Township  and  frequent  throughout. 

Galium  trifidum  L.  Small  bedstraw.  Frequent  in  swamps  about  the 
small  lakes. 

Galium  tinctorium  L.  Stiff  marsh  bedstraw.  Frequent  throughout 
in  damp  and  marshy  open  places. 

Galium  asprellum  Michx.  Rough  bedstraw.  Common  in  damp 
bushy  places,  especially  about  the  small  lakes. 

Galium  trifloru?n  Michx.  Sweet-scented  bedstraw.  Common  in  rich 
but  dryish  woods. 

Mitchella  repens  L.  Partridge  berry.  Frequent  throughout  in  dry 
woods,  especially  under  pines. 

Cephalanthus  occidentalis  L.  Buttonbush.  Common  in  swamps,  wet 
'  places,  about  small  ponds,  and  along  sluggish  streams. 

CAPRIFOLIACEAE.     Honeysuckle  Family 

Diervilla  lonicera  Mill.  Bush  honeysuckle.  Frequent  in  dry  woods 
and  dry  open  ground.  Noticed  especially  on  dry  hills  about  Cat  Lake 
and  Spruce  Lake. 

Lonicera  canadensis    Marsh.     American    flv    honevsuckle.     Noticed 


TUSCOLA  COUNTY  _.,.- 

in  particular  in  rich  woods  near  Murphy's  Lake.     Probably  common 
throughout. 

Lonicera  oblongifolia  (Goldie)  Hook.  Swamp  fly  honeysuckle. 
Plentiful  in  the  swamps  about  Cat  Lake.  Probably  frequenl  through- 
out. 

Lonicera  glaucescens  Rydb.  Douglas'  honeysuckle.  Frequent 
throughout  and  usually  on  hilly,  dry  or  sandy  ground. 

Lonicera  dioica  L.     Glaucous    honeysuckle.      "Rich   low  groum 
C.  A.  Davis. 

Linnaea  borealis  americana  (Forbes)  Rehder.  Twin-flower.  Abun- 
dant in  the  tamarack  swamps  about  Cat  Lake. 

Triosteum  aurentiacum  Bicknell.  Scarlet-fruited  hors<  _  ntian. 
Occasional  on  the  "islands"  in  Akron  Township. 

Viburnum  opulus  americanum  (Mill.)  Ait.  Cranberry-tree.  High- 
bush  cranberry.  Occasional  in  the  edge  of  rich  wood-  and  along  small 
streams,  especially  near  the  small  lakes. 

Viburnum  acerifolium  L.  Arrow-wood.  Dockmackie.  On  <lvy  hills, 
especially  about  Cat  Lake,  Murphy's  Lake  and  Spruce  Lake 

Viburnum  pubescens  (Ait.)  Pursh.  Downy  arrow-wood.  Noticed  in 
dry  ground  near  Spruce  Lake. 

Viburnum  cassinoides  L.    Withe-rod.    In  damp  open  ground  near  < 
Lake. 

Viburnum  lentago  L.  Nannyberry.  Sweet  viburnum.  Throughout 
in  rich  open  woods  and  along  the  banks  of  small  streams. 

Sambucus  canadensis  L.  Common  elder.  Throughout  in  rich  open 
and  shaded  places. 

Sambucus  racemosa  L.  Red-berried  elder.  Occasional  in  damp  rich 
woods.    Noticed  in  particular  in  rich  woods  near  Murphy's  Lak<  . 

VALERIANACEAE.     Valerian  Family 

Valeriana  uliginosa  (T.  &  G.)  Rydb.  Swamp  valerian.  '  Banks,  cold 
swamps  in  Dayton  Township."     C.  A.  Davis. 

DIPSACACEAE.     Teazel  Family 

Dipsacus  sylvestris  L.  Wild  teasel.  A  few  specimens  noticed  along 
the  road  near  the  village  of  Akron.  "Becoming  common  in  Tuscola 
County  as  a  weed."     C.  A.  Davis. 

CUCURBITACEAE.     Gourd  Family 

Sicyos  angulatus  L.     One-seeded  bur  cucumber.     Occasional 
weed  in  and  about  cities  and  villages. 
Echinocystis  lobata  (Michx.)  (T.  &  G.)  Wild  balsam-apple.    Noticed 

as  an  occasional  escape  in  villages,  and  waste  plaoi  s 


216  BOTANY  OF  MICHIGAN 

CAMPANULACEAE.     Bluebell  Family 

Campanula  rapunculoides  L.  Creeping  bellflower.  Along  the  road 
near  Mayville.     An  escape  and  apparently  rare. 

Campanula  americana  L.  Tall  bellflower.  In  rich  woods  near 
Murphy's  Lake.     Probably  frequent  throughout. 

Campanula  rotundifolia  L.  Harebell,  Bluebell.  On  sand  ridges  near 
the  shore  of  Saginaw  Bay. 

Campanula  aparinoides  Pursh.  Marsh  bellflower.  Common  through- 
out in  wet  grassy  ground. 

LOBELIACEAE.     Lobelia  Family 

Lobelia  cardinalis  L.  Cardinal  flower.  In  a  swampy  open  place  near 
Cat  Lake.     Probably  frequent  throughout. 

Lobelia  siphiliiica  L.  Great  lobelia.  Frequent  in  low  wet  ground, 
especialty  in  the  vicinity  of  the  small  lakes. 

Lobelia  spicata  Lam.  Pale  spiked  lobelia.  Common  in  prairie-like 
ground,  especially  in  the  northern  part  of  Akron  Township. 

Lobelia  kalmii  L.  Brook  lobelia.  Noticed  by  Prof.  C.  A.  Davis  in 
the  northern  part  of  Akron  Township. 

Lobelia  inflata  L.  Indian  tobacco.  Noticed  as  occasional  along  roads 
and  in  old  fields. 

COMPOSITAE.     Composite  Family 

Vernonia  illinoensis  Gleason.  Drummond's  ironweed.  Noticed  in 
prairie-like  ground  in  the  southern  part  of  Akron  Township  by  Prof.  C. 
A.  Davis.     Perhaps  the  northern  limit  at  least  for  Michigan. 

Eupatorium  purpureum  L.  Joe-pye  weed.  Trumpet  weed.  Common 
in  marshy  or  swampy  places,  especially  in  the  vicinity  of  the  small  lakes. 
Often  in  rich  woods  where  the  plant  is  usually  much  larger  and  the 
flowers  much  paler  than  in  the  following  variety. 

Eupatorium  purpureum  maculatum  (L.)  Darl.  Spotted  Joe-pye  weed. 
Frequent.  Generally  shorter  and  in  wetter  and  more  open  places  than 
the  preceding  species. 

Eupatorium  perfoliatum  L.  Thoroughwort.  Boneset.  Very  common 
in  damp  or  wet  open  ground. 

Eupatorium  urticaefolium  Reichard.  White  snakeroot.  Frequent  on 
the  " islands"  and  in  rich  woods,  especially  near  the  small  lakes. 

Liatris  cylindracea  Michx.  Cylindric  blazing  star.  "  Sandy  and 
gravelly  ridges  in  the  Cass  River  valley."     C.  A.  Davis. 

Liatris  spicata  (L.)  Willd.  Dense  button  snakeroot.  Gay-feather. 
Often  abundant  on  prairie-like  ground  in  the  northern  part  of  Akron 
Township.  "Abundant  on  the  prairies  of  Akron  and  Wisner  townships 
and  on  the  sandy  flats  and  borders  of  oak  islands."     C.  A.  Davis. 


TUSCOLA   COUNT Y  217 

Solidago  caesia  L.    Blue-stemmed  goldenrod.    ( Jommon  in  rich  woi 
especially  near  the  small  lakes. 

Solidago  latifolia  L.    Broad-leaved  goldenrod.    In  rich  woods  along 
small  stream  with  high  shaded  bank-.     Near  Murphy's  I.ai         A 
noticed  on  the  low  "islands"  in  Akron  and  Wisner  townships  by  Prof. 
C.  A.  Davis. 

Solidago  hispida  Muhl.  Hairy  goldenrod.  Noticed  on  dvv  hillv 
ground  near  the  small  lakes.     Probably  frequent  throughout . 

Solidago  uliginosa  Nutt.  Bog  goldenrod.  In  wet  boggy  ground  about 
Mud  Lake.     Apparently  not  common. 

Solidago  patida  Muhl.  Rough-leaved  goldenrod.  In  shaded  swampy 
places  about  Cat  Lake  and  Mud  Lake.  "Open  swamps  and  low  ground 
throughout."     C.A.Davis. 

Solidago  juncea  Ait.  Early  goldenrod.  Common  throughout  in  < In- 
open  or  shaded  ground.  "Common  in  sandy  soil,  especially  in  the  I  !ass 
River  valley."     C.  A.  Davis. 

Solidago  ulmifolia  Muhl.    Elm-leaved  goldenrod.     "Swampy  wo< 
in  Columbia  and  Fairgrove  townships."     C.  A.  Davis. 

Solidago  rugosa  Mill.     Wrinkle-leaved   goldenrod.     Common  along 
roads  and  in  open  dry  places.    "Dry  sand}^  soil  throughout  the  county. " 
C.  A.  Davis. 

Solidago  nemoralis  Ait.    Gray  goldenrod.    Field  goldenrod.    On  dry 
hilly  ground  near  Fostoria.    "Abundant  in  dry  sandy  soil,  especially  in 
the  old  pine  lands  in  the  central  and  southern  parts  of  the  county.' 
C.  A.  Davis. 

Solidago  canadensis  L.  Canada  goldenrod.  In  rich  open  ground, 
open  woods  and  thickets.    Common  and  often  abundant. 

Solidago  altissima  L.  Tall  goldenrod.  Common  throughout  in  rich 
open  ground. 

Solidago  serotina  Ait.  Late  goldenrod.  Frequent  throughout  on 
borders  of  woods  and  thickets,  usually  in  rich  ground. 

Solidago  ohioensis  Riddell.  Ohio  Goldenrod.  Often  abundant  in 
prairie-like  ground  in  Akron  Township.  ''Abundant  on  the  wet  parts  of 
prairies  in  Akron  and  Wisner  townships.,:     C.  A.  Davis. 

Solidago  riddellii  Frank.  Riddell's  goldenrod.  "Common  on  the 
prairies  of  Akron  Township."     C.  A.  Davis. 

Solidago  graminifolia  (L.)  Salisb.    Bushy  goldenrod.    Very   common 
in  moist  open  ground  and  often  in  wet  sand  on  and  near  the  1" 
Saginaw  Bay. 

Aster  divaricatus  L.    White  wood  aster.    "Woods.    Common. " 
A.  Davis. 

Aster  macrophyllus  L.    Large-leaved  aster.    Common  throughout  in 

dryish  open  woods  and  thickets. 

Aster  novae-angliae  L.  New  England  aster.  Occasional  in  damp 
ground  along  roads. 


218  BOTANY    OF    MICHIGAN 

Aster  azureus  Lindl.  Sky-blue  aster.  In  open  dry  woods  near  Fos- 
toria.     Plentiful. 

Aster  cordifolius  L.  Common  blue  wood  aster.  In  rich  woods  near 
the  small  lakes. 

Aster  sagittifolius  Wedemeyer.  Arrow-leaved  aster.  Noticed  by 
Prof.  C.  A.  Davis  in  northern  part  of  Akron  Township. 

Aster  laevis  L.  Smooth  aster.  In  dry  hilly  and  shaded  ground  near 
the  small  lakes. 

Aster  ericoides  L.  White  heath  aster.  Noticed  by  C.  A.  Davis  in 
dry  ground. 

Aster  lateriflorus  (L.)  Britton.  Calico  aster.  Common  throughout 
along  roads,  on  borders  of  woods  and  in  old  fields. 

Aster  tradescanti  L.  Tradescant's  aster.  Common  in  low  wet  open 
ground  near  the  small  lakes. 

Aster  paniculatus  Lam.  Panicled  aster.  Common  in  woods  and 
thickets. 

Aster  junceus  Ait.  Rush  aster.  In  wet  bogg}-  ground  about  Mud  Lake. 
Probably  frequent  throughout. 

Aster  puniceus  L.  Red-stalk  aster.  In  damp  open  woods  about 
Mud  Lake.     " Swamps  common."     C.  A.  Davis. 

Aster  umbellatus  Mill.  Tall  flat-top  white  aster.  Common  through- 
out in  damp  thickets. 

Erigeron  pulchellus  Michx.  Robin's  plantain.  "Often  abundant  on 
sandy  islands  in  the  prairies  of  Akron  and  Wisner  townships.'  C.  A. 
Davis. 

Erigeron  philadelphicus  L.  Philadelphia  fleabane.  Field  daisy. 
Common  throughout  along  roads  and  in  fields.  Often  abundant  in  hay 
fields. 

Erigeron  annuus  (L.)  Pers.  Sweet  scabious.  Common  throughout  in 
fields  and  waste  places.     Often  abundant  in  hay  fields. 

Erigeron  ramosus  (Walt.)  BSP.  Daisy  fleabane.  Frequent  and 
usually  in  dry  ground,  along  roads  and  in  fields. 

Erigeron  canadensis  L.  Horse-weed.  Common  as  a  weed  in  gardens, 
fields,  waste  places,  and  along  roads. 

Antennaria  canadensis  Greene.  Canadian  cat's-foot.  Occasional  in 
mats  on  sand  ridges  near  the  shore  of  Saginaw  Bay  and  in  dry  open 
ground  throughout. 

Antennaria  fallax  Greene.  Tall  cat's-foot.  Frequent  in  dry  open 
woods  and  often  on  open  sandy  ground. 

Antennaria  neglecta  Greene.  Field  cat's-foot.  Noticed  in  old  dry 
fields  and  on  border  of  prairie-like  ground  in  Akron  Township. 

Anaphalis  margaritacea  (L.)  B.  &  H.  Pearly  everlasting.  Occasional 
in  poor  ground  along  roads  and  in  dry  open  woods. 


TUSCOLA  COUNTY 

Gnaphaliwn  polycephalum  Michx.     Sweel  balsam.     Very   abundant 

along  roads,  in  dry  fields,  and  on  hilly  ground  about  the  small  lak< 

Gnaphaliwn  decurrens  Ives.  Clammy  everlasting.  Frequent  through- 
out in  dry  poor  ground,  often  growing  with  the  preceding. 

Gnaphaliwn  uliginoswn  L.     Low  cudw< sed.     Frequent  and  in 
very  abundant  in  old  fields  and  pastures. 

Gnaphaliwn  purpurewn  L.  Purplish  cudweed.  Plentiful  in  dry  poor 
open  ground  just  north  of  Mud  Lake.     Xot  noticed  elsewhere. 

Inula  helenium  L.  Elecampane.  Frequent  and  often  abundanl  along 
roads,  in  old  fields,  pastures,  and  occasional  on  the  border  of  dry  open 
woods. 

Silphium  terebinihinaceum  J acq.  Prairie  dock.  Noticed  as  common 
on  and  near  the  "islands"  in  Akron  and  Wisner  township-.  (  tften  on 
roadsides  and  a  weed  in  fields.    Probably  its  northern  limit  in  Michigan. 

Ambrosia  trifida  L.    Great  ragweed.    Occasional  in  villages  and  wj 
places. 

Ambrosia  artemisiifolia  L.  Common  ragweed.  Everywhere  as  a 
weed  along  roads  and  in  cultivated  fields. 

Xanthium  canadense  MiU.  American  cocklebur.  Common  in  damp 
places  along  roads  and  in  villages. 

Rudbeckia  hirta  L.  Yellow  daisy.  Black-eyed  Susan.  Frequent 
throughout  in  dry  open  ground,  but  not  noticed  anywhere  as  abundant . 

Bfudbeckia  laciniata  L.  Tall  cone-flower.  "Open  swamp-.  1":  - 
quent."     C.  A.  Davis. 

Helianthus  annuus  L.  Common  sunflower.  Occasional  a-  an  escape 
in  villages. 

Helianthus  giganteus  L.     Tall  sunflower.     Noticed    in  damp  o] 
ground  near  Murphy's  Lake.    "Common  on  the  prairies  and  frequent  "ii 
borders  of  swamps  elsewhere."     C.  A.  Davis. 

Helianthus  divaricatus  L.  Rough  sunflower.  Frequent  and  often 
abundant  throughout  in  dry  open  woods. 

Helianthus  strumosus  L.  Pale-leaved  wood  sunflower.  Noticed  on 
or  near  the  banks  of  Murphy's  Lake.     Apparently  not  common. 

Helianthus  decapetalus  L.  Thin-leaved  sunflower.  'Frequent  in 
Wells  and  Dayton  townships."     C.  A.  Davis. 

Helianthus  tuber osus  L.  Jerusalem  artichoke.  Noticed  only  in  culti- 
vation. 

Bidens  frondosa  L.     Beggar-ticks.     Common   as   a   weed    in   .'.amp 

ground  and  often  in  cultivated  fields. 

Bidens  comosa  (Gray)  Wiegand.  Leafy-bract cd  tickseed.  In  damp 
ground,  especially  in  the  vicinity  of  the  small  lakes. 

Bidens  connata  Muhl.  Purple-stemmed  swamp  beggar-ticks.  Fre- 
quent throughout  in  ditches  and  wet  places. 


220  BOTANY  OF  MICHIGAN 

Bidens  cemua  L.  Stick-tight.  Common  in  wet  open  places,  especially 
near  the  small  lakes. 

Bidens  laevis  (L.)  BSP.  Larger  bur  marigold.  Common  in  swampy 
open  places  about  the  small  lakes. 

Bidens  trichosperma  tenuiloba  (Gray)  Britton.  Tall  tickseed  sun- 
flower. Occasional  in  swampy  places,  especially  near  the  small  lakes. 
"Marshes  throughout  the  county."     C.  A.  Davis. 

Helenium  autumnale  L.  Sneezeweed.  False  sunflower.  Occasional  in 
wet  marshy  ground,  especially  near  the  small  lakes. 

Achillea  millefolium  L.  Common  yarrow.  Milfoil.  Common  every- 
where as  a  weed  in  dryish  ground. 

Anthemis  cotula  L.  May-weed.  Dog  fennel.  Common  along  roads 
and  about  dwellings. 

Chrysanthemum  leucanthemum  pinnatifidum  Lecoq  &  Lamotte.  Ox- 
eye  daisy.  White  daisy.  Marguerite.  Whiteweed.  Occasional  along 
roads,  in  fields  and  villages.     Not  noticed  as  a  bad  weed. 

Chrysanthemum  balsamita  tanacetoides  Boiss.  Costmary.  Mint 
geranium.  An  escape  from  cultivation  to  roads  and  near-by  fields. 
Frequent  and  well  established. 

Tanacetum  vulgare  L.  Common  tansy.  Frequent  as  an  escape  to 
roadsides  and  well  established. 

Artemisia  caudata  Michx.  Tall  wormwood.  On  sand  ridges  and 
often  in  sand  near  and  on  the  beach  of  Saginaw  Bay. 

Artemisia  abrotanum  L.  Old  Man.  Southernwood.  Noticed  as  per- 
sisting in  old  yards,  but  apparently  not  escaping. 

Artemisia  biennis  Willd.  Biennial  wormwood.  Noticed  as  an  occa- 
sional weed  in  villages  and  depot  grounds. 

Artemisia  absinthium  L.  Wormwood.  Absinthe.  Noticed  as  an  escape 
to  roadsides  near  Mayville. 

Erechtites  hieracifolia  (L.)  Raf.  Fireweed.  Frequent  throughout  in 
moist  woods  and  open  places.  The  common  name  fireweed  has  also  re- 
cently been  given  to  Epilobium  angustifolium  L. 

Cacalia  tuber osa  Nutt.  Tuberous  Indian  plantain.  Plentiful  from 
near  Quanicassee  to  Sebewaing  in  Huron  County  and  even  farther  east. 
"Abundant  in  moist  prairies  in  Akron  and  Wisner  townships."  C.  A. 
Davis. 

Senecio  aureus  L.  Golden  ragwort.  Noticed  in  a  wet  marshy  place 
near  Murphy's  Lake.     Probably  frequent  throughout. 

Senecio  balsamitae  Muhl.  Balsam  groundsel.  Often  very  abundant 
covering  the  prairie-like  ground  with  a  golden  mantle  in  the  northern 
part  of  Akron  Township.  "Very  abundant  on  the  sandy  'islands'  in  the 
prairies  and  along  the  moist  slopes  of  dunes  in  Akron  and  Wisner  town- 
ships. The  sandy  islands  often  covered  with  the  bright  yellow  blossoms 
of  this  form  during  the  last  of  May  and  early  June."     C.  A.  Davis. 


TUSCOLA  COUNTY  001 

Arctium  minus  Bernh.  Common  burdock.  Common  as  a  weed  about 
dwellings  and  in  cultivated  grounds.  Also  occasional  in  open  woods 
and  along  streams. 

Cirsium  lanceolatum  (L.)  Hill.  Common  thistle.  Bull  thistle.  Fre- 
quent on  roadsides  and  in  pastures. 

Cirsium  discolor  (Muhl.)  Spreng.  Field  thistle.  "Cass  River  valley 
in  sandy  and  gravelly  soil."     C.  A.  Davis. 

Cirsium  muticum  Michx.  Swamp  thistle.  Frequent  throughout  in 
low  swampy  places. 

Cirsium  arvense  (L.)  Scop.  Canada  thistle.  Frequenl  throughout. 
Apparently  not  as  vicious  a  weed  here  as  in  Sanilac  and  Huron  count* 

Cichorium  intybus  L.  Common  chicory.  Occasional  on  roadaick  - 
and  in  villages. 

Krigia  virginica  (L.)  Willd.  Carolina  dwarf  dandelion.  "Low sand 
ridges  in  the  prairies  of  Akron  Township."     C.  A.  Davis. 

Krigia  amplexicaulis  Nutt.  Cynthia.  Virginia  goat's  beard.  -Sandy 
soil  in  prairies  of  Akron  Township. "     C.  A.  Davis. 

Tragopogon  porrifolius  L.  Salsify.  Oyster-plant.  Frequent  in  vil- 
lages, along  roads  and  railroads. 

Tragopogon  pratensis  L.  Goat's  beard.  Noticed  as  a  weed  about 
Mayville.  Often  plentiful  along  railroads  and  in  waste  places  of  cities 
and  villages. 

Taraxacum  officinale  Weber.  Common  dandelion.  Common  every- 
where in  cultivated  ground,  lawns  and  pastures. 

Sonchus  arvensis  L.  Field  sow  thistle.  Occasional  about  railway  sta- 
tions, depot  grounds,  and  along  railroads. 

Sonchus  oleraceus  L.  Common,  sow  thistle.  As  a  weed  along  roads, 
in  villages,  gardens  and  fields. 

Sonchus  asper  (L.)  Hill.  Spiny-leaved  sow  thistle.  As  a  weed  in 
villages,  gardens,  cultivated  fields  and  about  dwelling 

Lactuca  scariola  integrata  Gren.  &  Godr.  Prickly  lettuce.  ( Common 
along  roads  and  in  waste  places. 

Lactuca  canadensis  L.  Wild  lettuce.  Frequent  in  rich  damp  ground, 
especially  on  borders  of  and  in  open  woods  and  thickets. 

Lactuca  hirsuta^Sluhl.   Hairy  wood  lettuce.    "Sandy  soil  near  Car 
C.  A.  Davis. 

Lactuca  spicata  (Lam.)  Hitchc.  Tall  blue  lettuce.  Frequent  in  low 
ground  and  rich  open  woods. 

Prenanthes  alba  L.  White  lettuce.  Rattlesnake-root.  Frequeni 
throughout  in  rich  woods  and  thickets. 

Prenanthes  altissima  L.  Tall  white  lettuce.  In  damp  ground  near 
Cat  Lake.     Probably  frequent  throughout. 

Hieracium    venosum    L.      Rattlesnake-weed.       'Sandy    woodlan 
Indianfields  and  Vassar  townships."      ( !.  A.  Davis. 


222  BOTANY  OF  MICHIGAN 

Hieracium  longipilum  Torr.  Long-bearded  hawkweed.  "Abundant 
on  some  of  the  older  dune  ridges  near  and  south  of  Bay  Park.  Not  seen 
elsewhere."     C.  A.  Davis. 

Hieracium  canadense  Michx.  Canada  hawkweed.  Along  the  road  east 
of  Fostoria.     Apparently  infrequent. 


INDEX. 


INDEX. 


Absinthe,  wormwood 7 ■  ■ 

Aceraceae. , I07,  1 

Adder  s  mouth 

Adder's  Tongue  Family '.'.'.'..'.'  is.  , 

Aizoaceae 

Alder  (Birch  Family) '. 

Alder  (Holly  Family) 

Alfalfa 

Alismaceae _- 1 

Alyssum ,,. 

Amaranth  Family 11 

Amaranthacea? 

Amaryllidaceae 

Amaryllis  Family 

Amacardiaceae : 106   II 

Anemone 

Angelica 

Apocynacea? 

Apple 

Aquifoliaceae [07, 

Araceae 

Araliacea? .-,7.  1 

Arbor  vitae 

Arbutus 

Aiethusa 

Aristolochiaceae 

Arrow  Grass  Family 

A  rrowhead 

Arrowwood 

Artichoke 

Arum  Family 

Ascelepiadac'ea? 1. 1 .  ! 

Ash I,  61.  11 

Ash  (mountain) 18.  10 

Ash,  prickly  (Rue  Family) 

Asparagus * 

Aspen 

Aster .  7"    120,  II 

Avens 


B. 


Balsam 

Balsam  apple 

Balsam,  groundsel 

Balsam,  sweet  (Composite  Family) 

Balsaminacese 

Baneberry 

Barberry*  Family 

Basil,  field  ....*. 

Basswood 

Beach  pea 

Beacn  plants  along  Huron  Shore. . . 

Bean,  Indian 

Bean,  wild 

Bearberry 

Beard  tongue 

Bedstraw 

Beach  drops 

Beech  Family 

Beggars  lire 

Beggar  ticks 

Bellflower 

Bellwort 

Berberidacea? 

Bergamot 

29 


1 1 

1  !'.. 

11 

226  INDEX 

Pago 

Betulaceae 37,  94-95,  145,  185-186 

Bibliography  of  C.  K.  Dodge 10 

Bignonia  Family 214 

Bignoniaceae 214 

Bilberry 1 13,  157 

Bindweed 62,  1 14,  21C 

Bindweed  (Buckwheat  Family) 40,  97,  146,  188 

Biography  of  C.  K.  Dodge 7-9 

Birch  Family 37,  94-95,  145,  185-186 

Birthwort  Family 187 

Bishop's  cap 47,  102,  150,  194 

Bitternut 37,  185 

Bittersweet  i  Nightshade  Family) 63,  116,  212 

Bittersweet  (Staff  Tree  Family) 53,  107,  201 

Black  alder  (Holly  Family) 53,  107,  153,  201 

Blackberry 50,  104,  152,  197 

Black-eyed  susan 71,  121,  163,  219 

Black  grass 207 

Bladdernut  Family : 201 

Bladderwort  Family 65,  1 17,  160,  213 

Blazing  star 68,  2 1 0 

Blephilia 1 59 

Bloodroot 44,  100,  1 92 

Blue  beach 37,  1 86 

Bluebell  Family 67-68,  118,  161,  216 

Blueberry 59,  60,  112,  157,  207 

Blue  cohosh 100 

Blue  weed 62,  115,  211 

Boneset 68,  119,  161,  216 

Borage  Family 62,  114-115,  15S,  210-211 

Boraginacete 62,  114-115,  158,  210-211 

Bouncing  bet 42,  98,  1 90 

Box  elder  (Maple  Family) 53,  107,  153,  202 

Brake 18,  78,  129,  167 

Brookline 64,  116,  159,  213 

Broom-rape  Family 65,  1 17,  160,  213 

Buckbean .« 61,  114,  158,  209 

Buckthorn  Family 54,  107,  154,  202 

Buckwheat  Family 39-40,  96-99,  146-147,  187-188 

Buffalo-berry 56,  109 

Bugleweed 63,  115,  159,  211 

Bug  seed 97 

Bulrush 26,  87,  138,  176 

Burdock 72,  122,  221 

Bur-marigold 121,  163,  220 

Bur-reed  Family 21,  82.  133,  170 

Butter-and-eggs 64,  115,  159,  212 

Buttercup 43,  99,  148,  191 

Butterflv  weed 209 

Butternut 36,  94,  185 

Butterwort 65,  117 

Button-bush 66,  214 

Button-wood 195 

C. 

Cactaceae ' 56 

Cact  us  Family 56 

(alamint 63,  115 

( 'alia,  wild 90,  18C 

Callitrichaceae 106 

( lalypso 35,  93 

Campanulaceae 67-68,  118,  161,  216 

Campion 41,  98,  147,  19C 

Cancer  root 6.5 

( !aper  Family 46 

( !apparidaceae 46 

Caprifoliacese 66-67,  118,  160-161,  214-215 

( laraway 57,  ill,  156 

Cardinal  flower 21f 

( !arpetweed  Family 41,  18!' 

Carrot 58,  111,  20C 

Caryophyllaceae 41-42,  97-98,  147,  19C 

shew  Family 53,  106-107,  153,  201 

Catalpa 214 

Catchfly 41,  98,  19C 

Catnip 63,  115,  159,  211 

Cat's-foot 70,  120,  163,  21S 

( lat-tail  Family 20,  82,  133,  17f 

<  edar 20,  81,  132,  133,  17< 

Celastracete 53,  107.  201 

(  elerv 21,  83,  134,  171 

( 'harl'ock 1 9:; 

<  henopodiacea1 40,  97,  147,  18t 

Cherry 50,  104,  152,  Wt 


Index. 

Chess 

Chestnut . .  ... 

Chickory 

Chickweed 

Chippewa  County,  annotated  list  of  plants  in 

botanical  survey  of 

habitats  of 

surface  conditions  of 

Cistaceae 

Club  moss  Family 

Chokeberry 

( 'hnstinas  green 

Cicily.  . 

( iinquefoil 

<  'leavers 

( "lintonia 

( 'lover 

Cocklebur 71 

( lonosn,  blue 

Coltsfoot 

Columbine "j  I 

Comfrey 

Composite 68  74,  119    123,  L61 

Composite  Family fix   ,  1.  1  1 '.»-]_•.',,  1  * .  1    [64, 

Cone-flower 121,11 

Convolvulacea3 

( 'onvolvulus  Family 

Coral-root 

Cornacese 58,  111, 

Cornel 

Cornspurry 41,  97,  14^ 

Corydalis 

Costmary 72    12 

Cotton-grass 

Cotton-grass,  Alpine 

Cottonwood 

Cowherb 

Cow  wheat 6c        . 

Crab 

Cranberry 60,  1 13, 

Cranberry-tree 

Cranesbill 

Crassaulaceae 16,  101 ,  1 5 

Cress it.  15,  16,  100,  101, 

Crinkleroot 

Crowberry  Family 

Crowfoot  Family 1-'.  14,  99    100,  I 

Cruciferse 1 1    16,  loo   [01,  I  19 

Cuckoo  flower 

Cucurbitaces 

Cucumber-bur 

Cucumber  root,  Indian 

Cudweed 

Currant » ■ 

Cyperacea; 25    10,  81  141,  17 

Cystopteris 


D. 


Daisy 

Dandelion 

Davis,  Prof.  C.  A.,  work  of  in  Tuscola  County. 

Deer-hair 

Dewberry 

Dioscoreacea? 

Dioseracese 

Dipsacaceae 

Dock 

Dock,  prairie  (Composite  Family) 

Dodge,  Charles  Keene,  bibliography  of 

biography  of 

Dogbane  Family 

Dog  fennel  (Mayweed) 

Dogwood  Family 

Dragon's  mouth 

Drop-seed 

Duckweed  Family 

Dutchman's  breeches 


71, 

121, 

- 

ill. 

1 1 

E. 

Elseagnacese . , , l7    it 

Elder,  box  (Maple  Family) 

Elder 

30 


228  INDEX. 

Page 

Elecampane 219 

Elm 38,  95,  146,  187 

Empetracea? 1 06 

Equisetaceae 18,  79,  130,  168 

Ericaceae 58-60,  1 1 1-112,  156-158,  207-208 

Friocaulaceae 30,  141 

Euphorbiaeeae 52-53,  106,  200 

Evening  Primrose  Family 56,  109-110,  155,  204-205 

Everlasting 70-71,  120,  121,  163,  218 


Fagaceae 37,  95,  145,  186 

False  flax 45,  100 

Fern  Family 17,  78-79,  129-130,  167-168 

FeVerfeW  .  ."  72 

Figwort  Family  . . ... '.    '. '. '.    '. '. '. '. '. '.  .  . '.  . '. '. '. '. '. '. '. '. '. '. '. '. '. '. '. '. '. '. '. '. '. '. '. '. '.  .  64-65,  116-117,  159,  212-213 

Fireweed  (Composite  Family) 72,  122,  220 

(Evening  Primrose  Family) 56,  109,  155 

Five  finger 49,  151,  196 

Flag 33,  92,  142,  182 

Flax  Family 51,  105,  169 

Fleabane 70,  120,  162-163,  218 

Flowering  Fern  Family 18,  79,  168 

Fox-glove,  false 213 

Fox-tail  grass 22,  135,  172 

Frogs  Bit  Family 21,  83,  134,  171 

Frostweed 55,  108,  154,  203 

Fumariacese 44,  100,  149,  193 

Fumitory  Family 44,  100,  149,  193 

G. 

Gentian  Family 61,  113-114,  158,  209 

Gentian,  horse  (Honeysuckle  Family) 215 

Gentianaceae 61,  113-114,  158,  209 

Geraniacea? 52,  106,  200 

Geranium  Family 52,  106,  200 

Gerardia 65,  116,  213 

Germander 211 

Ginseng  Family 57,  110,  155,  205 

Goat's  beard 73,  122,  221 

Golden  alexanders 206 

Goldenrod 68-69,  119,  161-162,  217 

Golden  seal 44 

Gold-of-pleasure 93 

Goldthread 43,  99,  148,  192 

Gooseberry 47,  102,  195 

Goosefoot  Family 40,  97,  147,  189 

Goose  grass 66,  214 

Gourd  Family - 67,  1 18,  21 5 

Gramineae.  .  ! 21-25,  83-86,  134-137,  171-175 

Grape 54,  108,  202 

Grape  fern  (Adders's  Tongue  Family) 168 

Grass  Family 21-25,  83-86,  134-137,  171-175 

Grass-of-parnassus 47,  102,  150,  195 

Grass-pink 34,  92,  142,  183 

Greenbriar 32,  182 

Gromwell 62,  114,  210 

Ground  cherry 64,  116,  159,  212 

Ground  hemlock 80,  169 

Ground  ivy 63,  115,  159,  211 

Ground  pine 19,  80,  130-131,  169 

Groundsel 72,  122,  164,  220 

Gun-plant 68,  1 1 9 

H. 

Haloragidaceae 56-57,  110,  205 

Hamamelidacese 47,  195 

Hardhack 102,  195 

Harebell 68,  118,  161,  2  Hi 

Hare  figwort 159,  212 

Hare's-tail 87,  138,  176 

Haw ' 196 

Hawkweed 74,  123,  164,  222 

Hazelnut 37,  94,  145,  185 

Heal-all 159,  21 1 

Heath  Family 58-60,  111-112,  156-158,  207-208 

Heather,  false 55,  108 

Heliol  rope 67 

Hemlock  (Pine  Family) 20,  81,  132,  170 

Hemlock,  poison  (Parsley  Family) 57,  141,  156,  206 


INDEX. 

r 

Hemp  (Nettle  Family) 

Hemp,  Indian  (Dogbane  Family) 

Henbane 

Herb  robert 

Hickory 

Holly  Family 

Hollyhock 

Honewort 

Honeysuckle  Family 

Hop 

Horehouiul 

Horehound,  cut-leaved,  water 

Horse-chestnut 

Horseradish 

Horsetail  Family 

Horseweed 

Hound's  tongue Ml 

Houstonia 

Huckleberry 1 1  _'.  I  ' 

Hydrocharitacea- 21 

Hydrophyllaceae 

Hypericaceae 

I. 

Iridacea? 

Iris 

Ironweed,  drummonds 

Ironwood 

Indian  bean 

Indian  cucumber  root 

Indian  hemp 

Indian  pipe 

Indian  plantain  (Composite  Family) 

Indian  tobacco 

Indian  turnip 

J. 


Jack-in-the-pulpit 

Jerusalem  oak 

Joe-pye  weed 

Joint-weed 

Juglandaceae 

Juncaceae ". 30  31,  90  91,  III 

Juncaginaceae 

Juneberry ■ 

Juniper 

K. 

Knotgrass 

Knot  weed 


I 


Labiatae •'•  ' 

Labrador  tea 

Lady's  slipper ! 

Lady's  thumb 

Lady's  tresses 

Lake  Huron  shore,  botanical  survey  of 

land  and  surface  near 

Lamb's  quarters 

Larch,  American 

Lauraceae 

Laurel  Family 

Laurel,  (Heath  Family) 

Leather  leaf 

Leatherwood 

Leek,  wild 

Leguminosae 

Lemnacea? 

Lentibulariaceae 

Letters  of  transmittal 

Lettuce 

Lilac 

Liliacea? 

Lily  Family 

Linaceae 

Linden  Family 

Liquorice 


31 

230  INDEX. 

Page 

Live-for-ever i 46,  101,  150,  194 

Liver  leaf 43,  99,  148,  191 

Lizard's  tail 184 

Lobelia  Family 68,  119,  161,  216 

Lobeliaceae 68,  119,  161,  216 

Locust 51,  198 

Locust,  honey 198 

Loosestrife  Family 204 

Loosestrife  (Primrose  Family) 60,  1 13,  158,  208 

Lopseed 214 

Loranthacese 39,  96 

Lousewort , 65,213 

Love-vine 210 

Lupine 50 

Lycopodiaceae 19,  80,  130-131,  169 

Lythracege 204 

M. 

Madder  Family 66,  117,  160,  214 

Magnolia  Family 1 92 

Magnoliaeeae 1 92 

Maiden-hair  fern 17,  78,  129,  167 

Mallow  Family 54,  108,  154,  203 

Mandrake 192 

Malvaceae 54,  108,  154,  203 

Maple  Family 53,  107,  153,  201-202 

Mare's  tail  (Water  milfoil  Family) 110 

Marsh  elder 71,  121 

Marsh  marigold 43,  99,  148,  192 

Matrimony  vine 64,  116,  212 

May  apple 192 

May-cherry 48,  103,  151,  196 

May-weed 71,  121,  163,  220 

Meadow  rue 43,  99,  148,  191 

Meadow-sweet 48,  102,  150,  1 95 

Melilot 198 

Menispermaceae 192 

Mermaid  weed 57,  205 

Mezereum  Family 56,  109,  204 

Milfoil,  water,  Family 56-57 

Milkweed  Family 61 .  1 14,  209  -2 1 0 

Milkwort  Family 52,  106,  153,  200 

Mint  Family 63,  115-1  16,  158-159,  21  1-212 

Mistletoe  Family :v.K  96 

Miterwort 47,  194 

Monkey  flower 64,  116,  159,  213 

Moneywort 60,  208 

Moonseed 192 

Moose-wood 56,  100,  204 

Motherwort 63,  1 15,  21 1 

Mountain  ash 48,  103,  151,  196 

Moxie  plum 207 

Mugwort 121 

Mullein 64,  116,  159,  212 

Mullein  pink 98,  190 

Mumulus 64 

Mustard 44-46,  100-101,  149,  193-194 

Myricacece 36,  94,  145,  185 

N. 

Nanny  berry 67,  118,  161,  215 

Najadacese 21,  82,  133-134,  170 

Nettle,  hemp 63,  115,  159,  211 

Nettle  Family 38,  95,  146,  187 

New  Jersey  tea 54,  202 

Nightshade  Family 63-64,  116,  159,  212 

Nightshade,  enchanter's  (Evening  Primrose  Family) 110,  155,  205 

Nine-bark 47,  102,  150,  195 

Nipple-wort 73 

Nutgrass 175 

Nymphseaceae 42,  98,  148,  190 


O. 

Oak  (Beech  Family) 37,  38,  95,  145,  186 

Oat  ...  .    84-85,  136,  174 

Oats,  water 22,  136,  173 

Oleaceae 60-61,  113,  158,  208 

Oleaster  Family 56,  109 

Olive  Family 60-61,  113,  158,  208 

Onagracea? 56,  109-110,  155,  204-205 


INDEX. 


231 


Ophioglossaceae I  s    , 

2ra£he 

Orchidacea? 33 

Orchis  Family 33, 

Orobanchacete 117      . 

Orpine  Family ,,j    ,  -,, 

Osage  orange 1  k7 

Osmundacea1 

( )yster  plant 

Oxalidacea? 52,  105   106.  l 

Ox-eye  daisy 7  _•.  \j  \ .  ; . 


Pansy 

Papaveraceae 11    1 1  »<  >.  [92 

Papoose  root 

Parsley  Family 57  58,  110-1 1 1.  151 

Partridge  berry 1 17.  14 

Parsnip 

Peach 

Peanut,  hog 

Penny  cress 

Pepper 

Pepper  grass 100.  1411 

Pepper,  wild,  water 

Peppermint 212 

Persicaria 39,  96,  l  I 

Periwinkle 61 

Phlox 

Phrymaceae -'  1  » 

Phvtolaccaceae 

Pickerel-weed 

Pigeon  berry 

Pigweed  (Amaranth  Family) 41,  147 

Pigweed  (Goosefoot  Family) 

Pimpernel  (Parsley  Family) 

Pimpernel  (Primrose  Family) 

Pimpernel,  false 

Pinacese 19.  81.  131    13  70 

Pine  Family 19,  81,  131    133.  II 

Pine  drop 

Pink  Family II    12.  97-98    147 

Pinweed 

Piperaceae 

Pipewort 

Pitcher-plant.  .  .  , 16,  101,  I 

Plane  tree 

Plantaginaceffi 

Plantain  Family 117,  II 

Plantain  Indian  (Composite  Family) 

Plantanacea? 

Plum  ""    ' 

Pogonia 

Poison  ivy 

Pointed  blue-eyed  grass 

Pokeweed 

Polemoniaceae 

Polemonium 

Polygala,  fringed . 

Polygalacese _       -     '  - 

Polylonaceaa 39  40,  96  9      1   6  -  •  .      - 

Polypodiaceae 17-18.  78    129     30. 

Pondweed  Family 

Pontederiacea? 

Poplar,  balsam  (Willow  Family) 

Poppy 

Portulacacea? 

Prefatory  note 

Prickly  pear __   . ...    . 

Primrose  Family 

Pnmulacea? 

Prince's  feather 

Prince's  pine  (Pipsisseria) 

Prince's  pine 

Puccoon 

Pulse  Family     

Purslane  Family 

Purslane,  milk  (Spurge  Family) 

Putty  root 


Quassia  Family , 


Q. 

52,  200 


232  INDEX. 

R. 

Tage 

Radish,  wild 293 

Ragweed 71,  121,  163,  219 

Ragwort : 72,  122,  164,  220 

Raminculacea? 42-44,  99-100,  148-149,  191-19'' 

Raspberry 49,  50,  104,  151,  196 

Rattlesnake  fern 18,  79    130    168 

Rattlesnake  plantain  (Orchis  Family) '.  .  34,  93'  1 43 

Rattlesnake  weed 74/  12.3    1^4'  221 

Red-osier,  dogwood 58,  lll|  156,'  206 

Red-root 54,  202 

Red  top 84,  173 

Rhamnaceae 54,  107,  154,  202 

Rice 22,  23,  83-84,  135,  172 

Rice,  mountain 84    135    173 

Rice,  wild 22,  83-84^  13o!  172 

Richweed j  37 

Robin's  plantain 70   2 1 8 

Rockrose  Family 55,  Yog,  154',  203 

Rosacea? 47-50,  102-105,  150-152,  195-198 

Rose  Family 47-50,  102-105,  150-152,  195-198 

Rosemary,  bog 59,  112,  156,  207 

Rubiacea? 66,  117,  160,  214 

Rue  Family 52,  200 

Rue,  meadow  (Crowfoot  Family) 43(  ggt  143   191 

Rush  Family 30-31,  90-91,  141-142',  180^-181 

Rush  (Sedge  Family) 25,  86,  87,  137,  138,  1 76 

Rush,  scouring 80   130 

Russian  thistle 41,  97,  147,'  189 

Rutacea? 52,  200 

Rye 25,  86,  137,  175 


St.  John's  wort  Family 54,  108,  154,  203 

Salmon  berry 49,  1 04 

Salsify  (Oyster  Plant) 73,  122!  221 

Salicacese 35-36,  93-94,  144,  184-185 

Sandalwood  Family 38-39,  95-96,  146,  187 

Sand  bur. 83,  135,  172 

Sandwort 41,  97,  190 

Santalacese 38-39,  95-96,  146,  187 

Sapindaceas 53,  202 

Sarraceniacea? 46,  101 ,  1  50,  194 

Sarsaparilla  (Gensing  Family) 57,  1 10,  155,  205 

Sasaf  rass 192 

Saw  fly,  attack  of  on  tamarack 81,131 

Saxifragacea? 47,  102,  150,  194-195 

Saxifrage  Family 47,  1 02,  150,  194-195 

Scarlet  painted  cap 65,  1 16,  213 

Schoolcraft  County,  Annotated  list  of  plants  of 78-123 

Botanical  Survey  of 75-1 23 

Surface  conditions  of 75 

Scorpion-grass 62,  210 

Scrophulariacese 64-65,  116-117,  159,  212-213 

Sea-rocket 1 93 

Sedge  Family 25-30,  86-90,  137-141,  175-180 

Selaginella  Family 19,  80,  131,  169 

Selaginellaceae 19,  80,  131,  169 

Self-heal 115 

Shepherd's  purse 45,  100,  149,  193 

Shrubs  of  wide  range 77 

Silverweed 49,  103,  1 96 

Simarubacea? 52,  200 

Skull  cap 63,  115,  158,  211 

Skunk  cabbage 141,  180 

Smart  weed 39,  96,  146,  188 

Smilax '. 182 

Snakehead 159,  213 

Snakeroot,  black  (Parsley'Family) 110,  205 

Snakeroot ,  (Composite  Family) 68,  1 1 9,  2 1  6 

Snakeroot,  (Milkwort  Family) 52,  200 

Snap  dragon 212 

Sneeze  wreed 220 

Snowberry  (Heath  Family) - 112,  157,  207 

Snowberry  (Honeysuckle  Family) 67.  160 

Soapberry  Family 53,  202 

Soapwort 42,  98,  190 

Solanaceae 63-64,  116,  159,  212 

Solomon's  seal 32,  91,  142,  181 

Sorrel 39,  96,  146,  188 

Southernwood 72,  220 

Sour-top 60,  112,  157 

Sow  thistle  (Composite  Family) 221 

Sparganiaceae 21,  82,  133,  170 


INDEX. 


r 

17 


Spearmint 

Spearwort 

Species,  limitation  of  along  Huron  .shore 

Speedwell 

Spice  bush 

Spikenard 

Spikenard,  false 

Spirea 

Spleenwort .  .  . 
Spring  beauty. 

Spruce 

Spurge  Family 

Squaw-root 

Squirrel  corn 

Staff  Tree  Family 

Staphyleacea? 

Starflower 

Stargrass 

Steeple  bush 
Stickti 


• 


14. 


113, 


ight 


71 


Stickweed 62,  1 

Stitchwort 

Stone  crop 101 .  1 

Stoneroot 


Stramonium 

St  rawberry 

Strawberry  blite 

Strawberry  bush 

Strawberry  tomato 

Sugar-beet 

Sugarberry 

Sumach 53 

Sundew  Family 16    101 

Sundrop 

Sunflower 71. 

Sunflower,  false 

Sweetbriar 50,  104,  l    i 




Sweet  fern 

Sweet  flag 

Sweet  Gale  Family 
Sycamore 


• 


Tamarack .  . 

Tansy 

Taxaceae . . . 
Tea  berry .  . 
Tearthumb 
Teazel .... 


72.   121, 
10,  R 


Thistle 

Thorn ' s 

Thymelaeaceae 

Tickseed 

Tick-trefoil 

Tiliacea? 

Timothy 

Toadflax 

Toadflax  (Sandalwood  Family) 

Todofieldia 

Toothwort 

Touch-me-not  Family 

Tree  of  heaven 

Trees  of  wide  range 

Trillium 

Trumpet  weed,  Joe-pye  weed 

Tulip  tree 

Tumble-weed 

Turtle  head 

Tuscola  ( 'ount.v.  Annotated  list  of  plants  in 

botanical  survey  in 

geography,  surface  conditions  of 

Twayblade. .  * 

Twinberry 

Twin  flower 

Typnacea? 


103, 


.".». 


A,  107 


1  .".  1  . 
71. 


I  I 


161. 


Umbellif  eras . 

1'rticacea?. .  . 


1". 


I  in   III.  |-»< 

- 


234  INDEX. 

V. 

Pagi 

Valerian  Family 67,  118,  161,  21, 

Valerianaceae 67,  118,  161,  21. 

Velvet  leaf 20: 

Verbenacere 62,  115,  21 

Vervain  Family 62,  115,  21 

Vetch 51,  105,  198,  19! 

Vetchling 51,  105,  153,  19! 

Vine  Family ■  .  .  54,  108,  20: 

Violacese 55,  109,  155,  203-20' 

Violet  Family 55,  109,  155,  203-20- 

Viburnum,  sweet 21; 

Virgin's  bower 43,  99,  148,  19 

Virginia  creeper 10! 

Vitacese 54,  108,  20: 

W. 

Wake-robin 32,  91,  142,  18: 

Walnut  Family 36,  94,  18i 

Wartweed 5: 

Watercress 101,  149,  19; 

Water-leaf 2H 

Water  Lily  Family 42,  98,  148,  19< 

Water  Milfoil  Family 56-57,  110,  20, 

Water-plantain 21,  83,  134,  17 

Water  purslane  (Evening  Primrose  Family) 56,  20' 

Water-star  grass 3i 

Water  Starwort  Family 10« 

Water  weed 21,  83,  134,  17 

Water  willow 20- 

White  adder's  tongue 91,14: 

White  wood 19: 

Wild  calla : 90,  18i 

Wild  celery 21,  83,  134,  17 

Wild  garlic 18 

Wild  ginger 18' 

Wild  Fice    22,  83-84,  135,  17: 

Willow  Family 35-36,  93-94,  144,  184-18. 

Willow-herb  (Mint  Family) 115,  21 

Willow-herb  (Evening  Prinrose  Family) 56,  109,  155,  204,  20, 

Wind-flower 43,  99,  19 

Winter  berry 53,  107,  153,  20 

Wintergreen 58,  59,  112,  156,  157,  20' 

Witch-hazel  Family 47,  19, 

Withe-rod,  (Wild  raisin) 67,  118,  161,  21; 

Wolfberry _ ,     6. 

Woodbine o4,  20. 

Wood  Sorrel  Family 52,  105-106,  153,  201 

Wool  grass 26,  87,  138,  17i 

Wormwood 72,  121,  122,  163,  164,  22i 


Xyridacete 3l 

Y. 

Yam  

Yarrow.'. '.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.. ".71,  121,  163,  221 

Yellow-eyed  grass in   on   mi    ia! 

Yew  Family 19,  80,  131,  16! 


N.  C,  State  College 


